WordNet

especially of some bacteria; growing well in an acid medium (同)acidophilous, aciduric
of or relating to eosinophil
an organism that thrives in a relatively acid environment (同)acidophile

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/08 16:09:29」(JST)

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Acidophiles or acidophilic organisms are those that thrive under highly acidic conditions (usually at pH 2.0 or below). These organisms can be found in different branches of the tree of life, including Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes.

List of acidophilic organisms

A list of these organisms includes:

Archaea

Sulfolobales, an order in the Crenarchaeota branch^[1] of Archaea
Thermoplasmatales, an order in the Euryarchaeota branch^[1] of Archaea
ARMAN, in the Euryarchaeota branch^[1] of Archaea
Acidianus brierleyi, A. infernus, facultatively anaerobic thermoacidophilic archaebacteria
Halarchaeum acidiphilum, acidophilic member of the Halobacteriacaeae^[2]
Metallosphaera sedula, thermoacidophilic

Bacteria

Acidobacterium,^[3] a phylum of Bacteria
Acidithiobacillales, an order of Proteobacteria e.g. A.ferrooxidans, A. thiooxidans
Thiobacillus prosperus, T. acidophilus, T. organovorus, T. cuprinus
Acetobacter aceti, a bacterium that produces acetic acid (vinegar) from the oxidation of ethanol.
Alicyclobacillus, a genus of bacteria that can contaminate fruit juices.^[4]

Eukaryotes

Mucor racemosus^[5]
Urotricha^[5]
Dunaliella acidophila^[5]
Philodina roseola^[5]

Mechanisms of adaptation to acidic environments

Most acidophile organisms have evolved extremely efficient mechanisms to pump protons out of the intracellular space in order to keep the cytoplasm at or near neutral pH. Therefore, intracellular proteins do not need to develop acid stability through evolution. However, other acidophiles, such as Acetobacter aceti, have an acidified cytoplasm which forces nearly all proteins in the genome to evolve acid stability.^[6] For this reason, Acetobacter aceti has become a valuable resource for understanding the mechanisms by which proteins can attain acid stability.

Studies of proteins adapted to low pH have revealed a few general mechanisms by which proteins can achieve acid stability. In most acid stable proteins (such as pepsin and the soxF protein from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius), there is an overabundance of acidic residues which minimizes low pH destabilization induced by a buildup of positive charge. Other mechanisms include minimization of solvent accessibility of acidic residues or binding of metal cofactors. In a specialized case of acid stability, the NAPase protein from Nocardiopsis alba was shown to have relocated acid-sensitive salt bridges away from regions that play an important role in the unfolding process. In this case of kinetic acid stability, protein longevity is accomplished across a wide range of pH, both acidic and basic.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c http://141.150.157.117:8080/prokPUB/index.htm
^ Singh OV (2012). Extremophiles: Sustainable Resources and Biotechnological Implications. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 76–79. ISBN 978-1-118-10300-5.
^ Quaiser et al., Mol. Micro. 50, p.563.^{[full citation needed]}
^ Pettipher GL; Osmundson ME; Murphy JM (March 1997). "Methods for the detection and enumeration of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris and investigation of growth and production of taint in fruit juice and fruit juice-containing drinks". Letters in Applied Microbiology 24 (3): 185–189. doi:10.1046/j.1472-765X.1997.00373.x. PMID 9080697.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rawlings, Douglas; Johnson, D. Barrie. "Eukaryotic Acidophiles". Encyclopedia of Life Support System (EOLSS). Eolss Publishers. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
^ Menzel, U.; Gottschalk, G. (1985). "The internal pH of Acetobacterium wieringae and Acetobacter aceti during growth and production of acetic acid". Arch Microbiol 143 (1): 47–51. doi:10.1007/BF00414767.

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English Journal

Culture dependent and independent genomic identification of Alicyclobacillus species in contaminated commercial fruit juices.

Osopale BA1, Witthuhn CR2, Albertyn J2, Oguntoyinbo FA3.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2016 Jun;56:21-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.11.014. Epub 2015 Dec 17.
Alicyclobacillus is a genus of thermo-acidophilic, endospore-forming, bacteria species which occasionally cause spoilage of heat-processed fruit juices by producing guaiacol taint. In this study, Alicyclobacillus contamination of commercial fruit juices in West Africa was investigated using culture-
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Analyses of methyltransferases across the pathogenicity spectrum of different mycobacterial species point to an extremophile connection.

Grover S1, Gupta P, Kahlon PS, Goyal S, Grover A, Dalal K, Sabeeha, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE.
Molecular bioSystems.Mol Biosyst.2016 May 26;12(5):1615-25. doi: 10.1039/c5mb00810g. Epub 2016 Mar 17.
Tuberculosis is a devastating disease, taking one human life every 20 seconds globally. We hypothesize that professional pathogens such as M.tb have acquired specific features that might assist in causing infection, persistence and transmissible pathology in their host. We have identified 121 methyl
PMID 26983646

Formaldehyde as a carbon and electron shuttle between autotroph and heterotroph populations in acidic hydrothermal vents of Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park.

Moran JJ1, Whitmore LM2,3, Isern NG4, Romine MF5, Riha KM2, Inskeep WP6, Kreuzer HW2.
Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions.Extremophiles.2016 May;20(3):291-9. doi: 10.1007/s00792-016-0821-2. Epub 2016 Mar 19.
The Norris Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park contains a large number of hydrothermal systems, which host microbial populations supported by primary productivity associated with a suite of chemolithotrophic metabolisms. We demonstrate that Metallosphaera yellowstonensis MK1, a facultative aut
PMID 26995682

Japanese Journal

Acidic β-mannanase from Penicillium pinophilum C1: Cloning, characterization and assessment of its potential for animal feed application(ENZYMOLOGY, PROTEIN ENGINEERING, AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY)

Cai Hongying,Shi Pengjun,Luo Huiying,Bai Yingguo,Huang Huoqing,Yang Peilong,Yao Bin
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 112(6), 551-557, 2011-12
The β-mannanase gene, man5C1, was cloned from Penicillium pinophilum C1, a strain isolated from the acidic wastewater of a tin mine in Yunnan, China, and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The sequence ana …
NAID 110008897327

Phylogenetic diversity of acidophilic actinomycetes from Malaysia

MURAMATSU Hideyuki,MURAKAMI Ryuji,IBRAHIM Zool Hilmi,MURAKAMI Kana,SHAHAB Neelam,NAGAI Koji
Journal of antibiotics 64(9), 621-624, 2011-09-25
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