WordNet

an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
being long-lasting and recurrent or characterized by long suffering; "chronic indigestion"; "a chronic shortage of funds"; "a chronic invalid"
of long duration; "chronic money problems" (同)continuing
habitual; "a chronic smoker" (同)inveterate
caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; "diseased tonsils"; "a morbid growth"; "pathologic tissue"; "pathological bodily processes" (同)morbid, pathologic, pathological
a light strong brittle grey toxic bivalent metallic element (同)Be, glucinium, atomic number 4

PrepTutorEJDIC

(体の)『病気』,疾患 / (精神・道徳などの)病気,病弊
女性の話術芸人 =diseur
(病気が)長期にわたる,慢性の / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》常習の,癖になった
病気にかかった / 病的な,不健全な(morbid)
ベリリウム(金属元素;化学記号は『Be』)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/19 22:23:45」(JST)

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Berylliosis, or chronic beryllium disease (CBD), is a chronic allergic-type lung response and chronic lung disease caused by exposure to beryllium and its compounds, a form of beryllium poisoning. As an occupational lung disease, it is most classically associated with aerospace manufacturing, beryllium mining or manufacturing of fluorescent light bulbs (which once contained beryllium compounds in their internal phosphor coating).^[1]^[2]

The condition is incurable, but symptoms can be treated.^[3]

Symptoms

With single or prolonged exposure by inhalation, the lungs become hypersensitive to beryllium causing the development of small inflammatory nodules, called granulomas. Of note, the authors of a 2006 study suggested that beryllium inhalation was not the only form of exposure and perhaps skin exposure was also a cause, as they found that a reduction in beryllium inhalation did not result in a reduction in CBD or beryllium sensitization.^[4]

Granulomas are seen in other chronic diseases, such as tuberculosis and sarcoidosis, and it can occasionally be hard to distinguish berylliosis from these disorders. Note, however, that the granulomas of CBD will typically be non-caseating, i.e. not characterized by necrosis and therefore not exhibiting a cheese-like appearance grossly.^[5]

Ultimately, this process leads to restrictive lung disease (a decrease in diffusion capacity).

Clinically, patients experience cough and shortness of breath. Other symptoms include chest pain, joint aches, weight loss, and fever.

Rarely, one can get granulomas in other organs including the liver.

The onset of symptoms can range from weeks up to tens of years from the initial exposure. In some individuals a single exposure can cause berylliosis.

Diagnosis

The differential diagnosis for berylliosis includes:^[6]

Sarcoidosis
Granulomatous lung diseases
- Tuberculosis
- Fungal infections
- Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Asthma

Of these possibilities, berylliosis presents most similarly to sarcoidosis. Some studies suggest that up to 6% of all cases of sarcoidosis are actually berylliosis.^[7]

History as occupational disease

Cases of bronchitis and pneumonia-like symptoms were reported in Germany and Russia in the 1930s, among workers mining and refining beryllium. By 1946, a cluster of cases associated with fluorescent lamp manufacturers were apparent in the United States, and the lamp industry stopped using beryllium in 1949. The level of reaction of individuals varies greatly, with some not developing symptoms until years after exposure within industrial plants, but other workers only exposed to traces of dust became affected as well. A study found 1% of people living within 3/4 of a mile of a beryllium plant in Lorain, Ohio, had berylliosis after exposure to concentrations estimated to be less than 1 milligram per cubic metre of air. In the United States the Beryllium Case Registry contained 900 records, early cases relating to extraction and fluorescent lamp manufacture, later ones coming from the aerospace, ceramics and metallurgical industries. ^[8]^[9]

References

^ U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. "USACHPPM: Just the Facts: Beryllium Exposure & Berylliosis". Retrieved 2013-11-10.
^ General Electric Fluorescent Lamps TP 111R, Dec. 1978, says on pg. 23 that since 1949 GE lamps used relatively inert phosphates found to be safe in ordinary handling of either the intact or broken lamp.
^ Dweik, Raed A (2008-11-19). "Berylliosis: Treatment & Medication". Medscape. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
^ Day, GA; Stefaniak, AB; Weston, A; Tinkle, SS (February 2006). "Beryllium exposure: dermal and immunological considerations.". International archives of occupational and environmental health 79 (2): 161–4. doi:10.1007/s00420-005-0024-0. PMID 16231190.
^ Sawyer, Richard T.; Abraham, Jerrold L.; Daniloff, Elaine; Newman, Lee S. "Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy Demonstrates Retention of Beryllium in Chronic Beryllium Disease Granulomas". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 47 (12): 1218–1226. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000184884.85325.36.
^ Newman, LS (March 1995). "Beryllium disease and sarcoidosis: clinical and laboratory links.". Sarcoidosis 12 (1): 7–19. PMID 7617981.
^ Rossman, MD; Kreider, ME (June 2003). "Is chronic beryllium disease sarcoidosis of known etiology?". Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases : official journal of WASOG / World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders 20 (2): 104–9. PMID 12870719.
^ David Geraint James, Alimuddin Zumla, The granulomatous disorders, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-59221-6, pages 336-337
^ Brown University Medical School. "Berylliosis". Retrieved 2012-08-20.

External links

ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Beryllium Toxicity U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
CDC - Research on Beryllium Sensitization and Chronic Beryllium Disease - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
Beryllium Network
Health-cares.net
Instant insight from the Royal Society of Chemistry examining the molecular basis of chronic beryllium disease
Rosner, David; Markowitz, Gerald E. (February 1987). "Ch. 7: Salem Sarcoid:The Origins of Beryllium Disease". Dying for work: workers' safety and health in twentieth-century America. Indiana University Press. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-0-253-31825-1.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 慢性ベリリウム症（ベリリウム症） chronic beryllium disease berylliosis
2. 職業性肺疾患のイメージング imaging of occupational lung diseases
3. 異物肉芽腫 foreign body granulomatosis
4. 間質性肺疾患における肺生検結果の解釈 interpretation of lung biopsy results in interstitial lung disease
5. 間質性肺疾患の診断における気管支肺胞洗浄検査の役割 role of bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosis of interstitial lung disease

English Journal

Metal-specific CD4+ T-cell responses induced by beryllium exposure in HLA-DP2 transgenic mice.

Falta MT1, Tinega AN1, Mack DG1, Bowerman NA1, Crawford F2, Kappler JW2, Pinilla C3, Fontenot AP4.
Mucosal immunology.Mucosal Immunol.2015 Jul 1. doi: 10.1038/mi.2015.54. [Epub ahead of print]
Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is a granulomatous lung disorder that is associated with the accumulation of beryllium (Be)-specific CD4+ T cells into the lung. Genetic susceptibility is linked to HLA-DPB1 alleles that possess a glutamic acid at position 69 (βGlu69), and HLA-DPB1*02:01 is the most
PMID 26129650

Multiple inorganic toxic substances contaminating the groundwater of Myingyan Township, Myanmar: arsenic, manganese, fluoride, iron, and uranium.

Bacquart T1, Frisbie S2, Mitchell E1, Grigg L3, Cole C4, Small C5, Sarkar B6.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2015 Jun 1;517:232-45. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.038. Epub 2015 Mar 5.
In South Asia, the technological and societal shift from drinking surface water to groundwater has resulted in a great reduction of acute diseases due to water borne pathogens. However, arsenic and other naturally occurring inorganic toxic substances present in groundwater in the region have been li
PMID 25748724

Gene-environment interaction from international cohorts: impact on development and evolution of occupational and environmental lung and airway disease.

Gaffney A1, Christiani DC1.
Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine.Semin Respir Crit Care Med.2015 Jun;36(3):347-57. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1549450. Epub 2015 May 29.
Environmental and occupational pulmonary diseases impose a substantial burden of morbidity and mortality on the global population. However, it has been long observed that only some of those who are exposed to pulmonary toxicants go on to develop disease; increasingly, it is being recognized that gen
PMID 26024343