関: fibula、fibular、peroneal

WordNet

the outer and thinner of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle (同)calf_bone
of or relating to the fibula or the outer part of the leg below the knee
remove the bones from; "bone the turkey before roasting it" (同)debone
the porous calcified substance from which bones are made (同)osseous_tissue
consisting of or made up of bone; "a bony substance"; "the bony framework of the body"
a shade of white the color of bleached bones (同)ivory, pearl, off-white
rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates (同)os
fine leather from the skin of a calf (同)calfskin
young of domestic cattle
young of various large placental mammals e.g. whale or giraffe or elephant or buffalo
the muscular back part of the shank (同)sura
having bones as specified; "his lanky long-boned body"
having had the bones removed; "a boneless rib roast"; "a boned (or deboned) fish" (同)deboned
a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance (同)castanets, clappers, finger cymbals

PrepTutorEJDIC

(下腿部の)腓骨(ひこつ)
〈C〉骨 / 〈U〉骨を作っている物質,骨質 / 《複数形で》骨格;死骸(がい) / 〈魚など〉‘の'骨を取る
{C}『子牛』 / 〈C〉(象・鯨・アザラシ・鹿などの)幼獣 / 〈U〉=calfskin
ふくらはぎ
(魚など)骨を取り除いた / (衣服が)(コルセットなどで)骨で張りをつけた[ような]
circa

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/02 15:37:06」(JST)

wiki en

The fibula (/ˈfɪbjᵿlə/^[1]^[2]) or calf bone is a leg bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and, in proportion to its length, the slenderest of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the level of the knee joint, and excluded from the formation of this joint. Its lower extremity inclines a little forward, so as to be on a plane anterior to that of the upper end; it projects below the tibia, and forms the lateral part of the ankle-joint.

Structure

The bone has the following components:

Lateral malleolus
Interosseous membrane connecting the fibula to the tibia, forming a syndesmosis joint
The superior tibiofibular articulation is an arthrodial joint between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula.
The inferior tibiofibular articulation (tibiofibular syndesmosis) is formed by the rough, convex surface of the medial side of the lower end of the fibula, and a rough concave surface on the lateral side of the tibia.

Blood supply

The blood supply is important for planning free tissue transfer because the fibula is commonly used to reconstruct the mandible. The shaft is supplied in its middle third by a large nutrient vessel from the fibular artery. It is also perfused from its periosteum which receives many small branches from the fibular artery. The proximal head and the epiphysis are supplied by a branch of the anterior tibial artery. In harvesting the bone the middle third is always taken and the ends preserved (4 cm proximally and 6 cm distally)

Development

The fibula is ossified from three centers, one for the shaft, and one for either end. Ossification begins in the body about the eighth week of fetal life, and extends toward the extremities. At birth the ends are cartilaginous.

Ossification commences in the lower end in the second year, and in the upper about the fourth year. The lower epiphysis, the first to ossify, unites with the body about the twentieth year; the upper epiphysis joins about the twenty-fifth year.

Head

The upper extremity or head of the fibula is of an irregular quadrate form, presenting above a flattened articular surface, directed upward, forward, and medialward, for articulation with a corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the tibia. On the lateral side is a thick and rough prominence continued behind into a pointed eminence, the apex (styloid process), which projects upward from the posterior part of the head.

The prominence, at its upper and lateral part, gives attachment to the tendon of the biceps femoris and to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint, the ligament dividing the tendon into two parts.

The remaining part of the circumference of the head is rough, for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. It presents in front a tubercle for the origin of the upper and anterior fibers of the peroneus longus, and a surface for the attachment of the anterior ligament of the head; and behind, another tubercle, for the attachment of the posterior ligament of the head and the origin of the upper fibers of the soleus.

Body

The body of the fibula presents four borders - the antero-lateral, the antero-medial, the postero-lateral, and the postero-medial; and four surfaces - anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral.

Borders

The antero-lateral border begins above in front of the head, runs vertically downward to a little below the middle of the bone, and then curving somewhat lateralward, bifurcates so as to embrace a triangular subcutaneous surface immediately above the lateral malleolus. This border gives attachment to an intermuscular septum, which separates the extensor muscles on the anterior surface of the leg from the peronaei longus and brevis on the lateral surface.

The antero-medial border, or interosseous crest, is situated close to the medial side of the preceding, and runs nearly parallel with it in the upper third of its extent, but diverges from it in the lower two-thirds. It begins above just beneath the head of the bone (sometimes it is quite indistinct for about 2.5 cm. below the head), and ends at the apex of a rough triangular surface immediately above the articular facet of the lateral malleolus. It serves for the attachment of the interosseous membrane, which separates the extensor muscles in front from the flexor muscles behind.

The postero-lateral border is prominent; it begins above at the apex, and ends below in the posterior border of the lateral malleolus. It is directed lateralward above, backward in the middle of its course, backward, and a little medialward below, and gives attachment to an aponeurosis which separates the peronaei on the lateral surface from the flexor muscles on the posterior surface.

The postero-medial border, sometimes called the oblique line, begins above at the medial side of the head, and ends by becoming continuous with the interosseous crest at the lower fourth of the bone. It is well-marked and prominent at the upper and middle parts of the bone. It gives attachment to an aponeurosis which separates the tibialis posterior from the soleus and flexor hallucis longus.

Surfaces

The anterior surface is the interval between the antero-lateral and antero-medial borders. It is extremely narrow and flat in the upper third of its extent; broader and grooved longitudinally in its lower third; it serves for the origin of three muscles: the extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and peroneus tertius.

The posterior surface is the space included between the postero-lateral and the postero-medial borders; it is continuous below with the triangular area above the articular surface of the lateral malleolus; it is directed backward above, backward and medialward at its middle, directly medialward below. Its upper third is rough, for the origin of the soleus; its lower part presents a triangular surface, connected to the tibia by a strong interosseous ligament; the intervening part of the surface is covered by the fibers of origin of the flexor hallucis longus. Near the middle of this surface is the nutrient foramen, which is directed downward.

The medial surface is the interval included between the antero-medial and the postero-medial borders. It is grooved for the origin of the tibialis posterior.

The lateral surface is the space between the antero-lateral and postero-lateral borders. It is broad, and often deeply grooved; it is directed lateralward in the upper two-thirds of its course, backward in the lower third, where it is continuous with the posterior border of the lateral malleolus. This surface gives origin to the peronaei longus and brevis.

Function

The fibula does not carry any significant load (weight) of the body. It extends past the lower end of the tibia and forms the outer part of the ankle providing stability to this joint. It has grooves for certain ligaments which gives them leverage and multiplies the muscle force. It provides attachment points for the following muscles:

Muscle attachments (seen from the front)

Muscle attachments (seen from the back)

Muscle	Direction	Attachment^[3]
Biceps femoris muscle	Insertion	Head of fibula
Extensor hallucis longus muscle	Origin	Medial side of fibula
Extensor digitorum longus muscle	Origin	Proximal part of the medial side of fibulua
Fibularis tertius	Origin	Distal part of the medial side of fibulua
Fibularis longus	Origin	Head and the lateral side of fibula
Fibularis brevis	Origin	Distal 2/3 of the lateral side of fibula
Soleus muscle	Origin	Proximal 1/3 of the posterior side of fibula
Tibialis posterior muscle	Origin	Lateral part of the posterior side of fibula
Flexor hallucis longus muscle	Origin	Posterior side of fibula

Clinical significance

Avulsion fracture

An avulsion fracture of the head of the fibula refers to the fracture of the fibular head because of a sudden contraction of the biceps femoris muscle that pulls its site of attachment on the bone. The attachment of the biceps femoris tendon on the fibular head is closely related to the lateral collateral ligament of the knee. Therefore, this ligament is prone to injury in this type of avulsion fracture.^[4]

History

Etymology

The word fibula can be dated back to c. 1670 to describe a clasp or brooch – see fibula (brooch) – and was first used in English for the smaller bone in the lower leg c. 1706. It derives from Latin fībula, also meaning a clasp or brooch. The bone was so called because it resembles a clasp like a modern safety pin.^[5]

Other animals

Because the fibula bears relatively little weight in comparison with the tibia, it is typically narrower in all but the most primitive tetrapods. In many animals, it still articulates with the posterior part of the lower extremity of the femur, but this feature is frequently lost (as it is in humans). In some animals, the reduction of the fibula has proceeded even further than it has in humans, with the loss of the tarsal articulation, and, in extreme cases (such as the horse), partial fusion with the tibia.^[6]

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ OED 2nd edition, 1989.
^ Entry "fibula" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
^ Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001). Bevægeapparatets anatomi [Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus] (in Danish) (12th ed.). pp. 364–367. ISBN 978-87-628-0307-7.
^ Gottsegen, CJ; Eyer, BA; White, EA; Learch, TJ; Forrester, D (2008). "Avulsion fractures of the knee: imaging findings and clinical significance.". Radiographics. 28 (6): 1755–1770. doi:10.1148/rg.286085503. PMID 18936034.
^ etymonline.com
^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 205. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.

Additional images

Position of fibula (shown in red)
Shape of fibula (right)
Diagram which depicts ossification of human fibula.
Lower extremity of right fibula. Medial aspect.
Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
Knee and tibiofibular joint.Deep dissection. Anterior view.

External links

Anatomy photo:17:st-1402 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center

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English Journal

Cortical bone resorption following muscle paralysis is spatially heterogeneous.

Ausk BJ, Huber P, Poliachik SL, Bain SD, Srinivasan S, Gross TS.AbstractMechanical loading of the skeleton, as induced by muscle function during activity, plays a critical role in maintaining bone homeostasis. It is not understood, however, whether diminished loading (and thus diminished mechanical stimuli) directly mediates the bone resorption that is associated with disuse. Our group has recently developed a murine model in which we have observed rapid and profound bone loss in the tibia following transient paralysis of the calf muscles. As cortical bone loss is achieved via rapid endocortical expansion without alterations in periosteal morphology, we believe this model holds unique potential to explore the spatial relation between altered mechanical stimuli and subsequent bone resorption. Given the available literature, we hypothesized that endocortical resorption following transient muscle paralysis would be spatially homogeneous. To test this hypothesis, we first validated an image registration algorithm that quantified site-specific cortical bone alterations with high precision and accuracy. We then quantified endocortical expansion in the tibial diaphysis within 21days following transient muscle paralysis and found that, within the analyzed mid-diaphyseal region (3.15mm), site-specific bone loss was focused on the anterior surface in the proximal region but shifted to the posterior surface at the distal end of the analyzed volume. This site-specific, but highly repeatable biologic response suggests active osteoclast chemotaxis or focal activation of osteoclastic resorption underlies the spatially consistent endocortical resorption induced by transient muscle paralysis. Clarifying this relation holds potential to yield unique insight into how the removal of factors critical for bone homeostasis acutely precipitates local modulation of cellular responses within bone.
Bone.Bone.2011 Sep 5. [Epub ahead of print]
Mechanical loading of the skeleton, as induced by muscle function during activity, plays a critical role in maintaining bone homeostasis. It is not understood, however, whether diminished loading (and thus diminished mechanical stimuli) directly mediates the bone resorption that is associated with d
PMID 21920486

Immunomodulative Efficacy of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cultured in Human Platelet Lysate.

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Journal of clinical immunology.J Clin Immunol.2011 Sep 2. [Epub ahead of print]
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are considered to be a promising tool for novel cell-based therapies. Clinical applications in solid organ transplantation were hampered by the dependence on animal serum for hMSCs clinical scale expansion until substitution with human platelet lysate (HPL) becam
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Japanese Journal

術前に二重濾過血漿分離交換法を施行した胃癌,直腸癌合併リンパ形質細胞性リンパ腫の1例

草間啓,袖山治嗣,町田泰一,西尾秋人,中田伸司
日本消化器外科学会雑誌 43(2), 154-159, 2010-02-01
リンパ形質細胞性リンパ腫の全身検索中に発見された胃癌,直腸癌の重複癌の1例を経験したので報告する.症例は71歳の男性で,下腿浮腫,労作時の息切れを主訴に近医受診し,血液検査所見からIgM-Mタンパク血症を指摘された.全身検索のために施行された上部消化管内視鏡検査で胃体部小彎に胃癌を認め,また下部消化管内視鏡検査では直腸Rsに全周性の2型病変を指摘され,精査加療目的にて当院紹介となった.骨髄生検でリ …
NAID 110007539268

Bone Marrow Aplasia with Pancytopenia and Hemorrhage in a Japanese Black Calf

FUKUNAKA Morito,TOYODA Yumi,KOBAYASHI Yoshiyasu,FURUOKA Hidefumi,INOKUMA Hisashi
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 1007300301, 2010
… Severe leukopenia was incidentally found in a newborn Japanese Black calf by blood testing during the clinical trial of an iron dextran drug (day 1). … On day 15, the calf presented with a high rectal temperature and tachypnea. … Necropsy findings revealed subcutaneous petechial hemorrhage and severe bone marrow aplasia. … This is the first confirmed case of pancytopenia and hemorrhage associated with bone marrow aplasia in a Japanese Black calf. …
NAID 130000307699

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「peroneal」「fibular」「腓骨」
関連記事	「calf」「cal」「bone」

「peroneal」

Fibula
	Position of fibula in human (shown in red)
	Cross section of human lower leg, showing fibula in centre (latin terminology)
Details
Articulations	Superior and inferior tibiofibular joint; Ankle
Identifiers
Latin	(os) fibula
MeSH	A02.835.232.043.650.321
TA	A02.5.07.001
FMA	24479
	Anatomical terms of bone [edit on Wikidata]