| Butylated hydroxytoluene |
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IUPAC name
2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenol
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Other names
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol
2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (DBPC)
3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene
BHT
E321
AO-29
Avox BHT
Additin RC 7110
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| Identifiers |
| CAS number |
128-37-0 Y |
| ChemSpider |
13835296 Y |
| UNII |
1P9D0Z171K Y |
| EC number |
204-881-4 |
| KEGG |
D02413 Y |
| ChEBI |
CHEBI:34247 Y |
| ChEMBL |
CHEMBL146 Y |
| RTECS number |
GO7875000 |
| Jmol-3D images |
Image 1 |
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CC(C)(C)c1cc(C)cc(c1O)C(C)(C)C
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InChI=1S/C15H24O/c1-10-8-11(14(2,3)4)13(16)12(9-10)15(5,6)7/h8-9,16H,1-7H3 Y
Key: NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
InChI=1/C15H24O/c1-10-8-11(14(2,3)4)13(16)12(9-10)15(5,6)7/h8-9,16H,1-7H3
Key: NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYAU
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| Properties |
| Molecular formula |
C15H24O |
| Molar mass |
220.35 g/mol |
| Appearance |
White powder |
| Density |
1.048 g/cm3, solid |
| Melting point |
70–73 °C |
| Boiling point |
265 °C (538 K) |
| Solubility in water |
1.1 mg/L (20 °C)[1] |
| Hazards |
| MSDS |
External MSDS |
| R-phrases |
22-36 37 38 |
| S-phrases |
26-36 |
| Main hazards |
Flammable |
| NFPA 704 |
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| Flash point |
127 °C (261 °F; 400 K) |
| Related compounds |
| Related compounds |
Butylated hydroxyanisole |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa) |
| Y (verify) (what is: Y/N?) |
| Infobox references |
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Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), also known as butylhydroxytoluene, is a lipophilic organic compound, chemically a derivative of phenol, that is useful for its antioxidant properties. European and U.S. regulations allow small percentages to be used as a food additive. While there may be some dispute in BHT's use in the human diet, the chemical is widely used in industry wherever oxidation in fluids (e.g. fuel, oil) and other materials must be treated, and free radicals must be kept in check.
Contents
- 1 Production
- 2 Applications
- 3 Reactions
- 4 Research
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Production
BHT is prepared by the reaction of p-cresol (4-methylphenol) with isobutylene (2-methylpropene) catalyzed by sulfuric acid: [2]
- CH3(C6H4)OH + 2 CH2=C(CH3)2 → ((CH3)3C)2CH3C6H2OH
Alternatively, BHT is prepared from 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol by hydroxymethylation or aminomethylation followed by hydrogenolysis.
A study has found that phytoplankton, including the green algae, Botryococcus braunii, as well as three different cyanobacteria (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria sp.) are capable of producing this compound. Confirmation was made via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis.[3]
Applications
Butylated hydroxytoluene is primarily used as a food additive that exploits its antioxidant properties. It is approved for use in European Union under E321 and in the U.S. by the Food and Drug Administration via regulation: For example, 21 CFR §137.350(a)(4) allows BHT up to 0.0033% by weight in "enriched rice", while 9 CFR §381.147(f)(1) allows up to 0.01% in poultry "by fat content".
BHT is also documented as an antioxidant additive in such diverse products as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, rubber, electrical transformer oil (at 0.35%),[4] and embalming fluid. In the petroleum industry, where BHT is known as the fuel additive AO-29, it also finds uses in hydraulic fluids, turbine and gear oils, and jet fuels,[5] among other applications. BHT is also used to prevent peroxide formation in diethyl ether and other laboratory chemicals.[6]
Some additive products contain BHT as their primary ingredient, while others contain the chemical merely as a component of their formulation, sometimes alongside butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA).
Reactions
The species behaves as a synthetic analogue of vitamin E, primarily acting as a terminating agent that suppresses autoxidation, a process whereby unsaturated (usually) organic compounds are attacked by atmospheric oxygen. BHT stops this autocatalytic reaction by converting peroxy radicals to hydroperoxides. It effects this function by donating a hydrogen atom:
- RO2. + ArOH → ROOH + ArO.
- RO2. + ArO. → nonradical products
where R is alkyl or aryl, and where ArOH is BHT or related phenolic antioxidants. Each BHT consumes two peroxy radicals.[7]
Research
Debate surrounds the link of BHT to cancer risk, asthma and behavioral issues in children;[8] some studies show a potential to increase and some showing a decrease in risk.[9][10][11] Some food industries have voluntarily eliminated this additive from their products, and since the 1970s, it has been steadily replaced with BHA.
BHT is marketed as a health food supplement in capsule form. It has been reported to have anti-viral effects, particularly in use against herpes family viruses and in combination with L-lysine and vitamin C.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18] This latter use has made it into some of the more popular literature.[19][20][21]
Closely related phenol antioxidants exhibit low toxicity. For example, the LD50 of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is greater than 9 g/kg.[2]
See also
- Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)
References
- ^ KEMI - Swedish Chemicals Agency - read the 1'st of Marts 2010 on
- ^ a b Helmut Fiege, Heinz-Werner Voges, Toshikazu Hamamoto, Sumio Umemura, Tadao Iwata, Hisaya Miki, Yasuhiro Fujita, Hans-Josef Buysch, Dorothea Garbe, Wilfried Paulus "Phenol Derivatives" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_313 Article Online Posting Date: June 15, 2000.
- ^ Babu B, Wu JT (December 2008). "Production of Natural Butylated Hydroxytoluene as an Antioxidant by Freshwater Phytoplankton". Journal of Phycology 44 (6): 1447–1454. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00596.x.
- ^ Ficha de Datos de Seguridad, Transformador 64, page 1, retrieved December 29, 2008, (español).
- ^ Michael Ash, Irene Ash, Handbook of Preservatives, Synapse Information Resources, 2004. ISBN 1-890595-66-7.
- ^ "Diethyl ether, contains 1 ppm BHT as inhibitor, anhydrous, ≥99.7%". Sigma Aldrich. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
- ^ Burton, G. W.; Ingold, K. U., "Autoxidation of biological molecules. 1. Antioxidant activity of vitamin E and related chain-breaking phenolic antioxidants in vitro", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1981, volume 103, pp 6472 - 6477. doi:10.1021/ja00411a035
- ^ "Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)", IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 1986;40:161-206.
- ^ Kensler TW, Egner PA, Trush MA, Bueding E, Groopman JD, "Modification of aflatoxin B1 binding to DNA in vivo in rats fed phenolic antioxidants, ethoxyquin and a dithiothione", Carcinogenesis, 1985;6(5):759-63.
- ^ Williams GM, Iatropoulos MJ, "Inhibition of the hepatocarcinogenicity of aflatoxin B1 in rats by low levels of the phenolic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene", Cancer Lett. 1996;104(1):49-53.
- ^ Franklin RA, "Butylated hydroxytoluene in sarcoma-prone dogs", Lancet. 1976;1(7972):1296.
- ^ Snipes W, Person S, Keith A, Cupp J, "Butylated hydroxytoluene inactivates lipid-containing viruses", Science. 1975;188(4183):64-6.
- ^ Brugh M Jr, "Butylated hydroxytoluene protects chickens exposed to Newcastle disease virus. Science", 1977;197(4310):1291-2.
- ^ Richards JT, Katz ME, Kern ER, "Topical butylated hydroxytoluene treatment of genital herpes simplex virus infections of guinea pigs", Antiviral Res. 1985;5(5):281-90.
- ^ Kim KS, Moon HM, Sapienza V, Carp RI, Pullarkat R, "Inactivation of cytomegalovirus and Semliki Forest virus by butylated hydroxytoluene", J Infect Dis. 1978;138(1):91-4.
- ^ Pirtle EC, Sacks JM, Nachman RJ, "Antiviral effectiveness of butylated hydroxytoluene against pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s disease) virus in cell culture, mice, and swine", Am J Vet Res. 1986;47(9):1892-5.
- ^ Chetverikova LK, Ki’ldivatov II, Inozemtseva LI, Kramskaia TA, Filippov VK, et al. "Factors of antiviral resistance in the pathogenesis of influenza in mice", Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR. 1989;(11):63-8. [in Russian]
- ^ Chetverikova LK, Inozemtseva LI, "Role of lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of influenza and search for antiviral protective agents" Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. 1996;(3):37-40. [in Russian]
- ^ Pearson D, Shaw S, "Life Extension: A Practical Scientific Approach", New York, NY: Warner Books, Inc.; 1982:206-207.
- ^ Mann JA, Fowkes SW, "Wipe Out Herpes with BHT", Manhattan Beach, Calif: MegaHealth Society; 1983.
- ^ Fowkes SW, "The BHT Book", 2010, a free PDF e-publication, downloadable from Project Wellbeing (/steve page).
External links
- Why are BHA and BHT in foods? Are they safe?
- Bioassay of BHT, includes structure
- BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE (ICSC)
- CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
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Motor fuels
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| Fuel types |
- Gasoline/petrol
- Diesel
- Biodiesel
- Lead Replacement Petrol
- Kerosene
- Compressed natural gas
- Hydrogen
- Ethanol
- Butanol fuel
- Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead)
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| Fuel additives |
- Butyl rubber
- Butylated hydroxytoluene
- 1,2-Dibromoethane
- 1,2-Dichloroethane
- Dimethyl methylphosphonate
- 2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
- Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid
- 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol
- Ecalene
- Ethylenediamine
- Metal deactivator
- Methyl tert-butyl ether
- Nitromethane
- Tetraethyllead
- Tetranitromethane
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| Fluids |
- Motor oil
- Antifreeze
- Automatic transmission fluid
- Brake fluid
- Gear oil
- Windshield washer fluid
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| Retail |
- Fuel card
- Full service
- MTBE controversy
- Pay at the pump
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Antioxidants
|
|
| Food antioxidants |
- Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)
- Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)
- Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
- Carotenoids (Vitamin A)
- Curcumin
- Edaravone
- Polyphenols
- Glutathione
- Hydroxytyrosol
- L-Carnitine
- Ladostigil
- Melatonin
- Mofegiline
- N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)
- N-Acetylserotonin (NAS)
- Oleocanthal
- Oleuropein
- Rasagiline
- Resveratrol
- Selegiline
- Selenium
- Tocopherols (Vitamin E)
- Tocotrienols (Vitamin E)
- Tyrosol
- Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q)
- Uric Acid
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| Fuel antioxidants |
- Butylated hydroxytoluene
- 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol
- 1,2-Diaminopropane
- 2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
- Ethylenediamine
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| Measurements |
- Folin method
- ORAC
- TEAC
- FRAP
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