WordNet

kill by smashing someones skull
mental ability; "hes got plenty of brains but no common sense" (同)brainpower, learning_ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit
that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord (同)encephalon
the brain of certain animals used as meat
hit on the head
a room where a doctor or dentist can be consulted; "he read the warning in the doctors surgery"
the branch of medical science that treats disease or injury by operative procedures; "he is professor of surgery at the Harvard Medical School"
see ones performance improve; "He levelled the score and then surged ahead"
a sudden or abrupt strong increase; "stimulated a surge of speculation"; "an upsurge of emotion"; "an upsurge in violent crime" (同)upsurge

PrepTutorEJDIC

『脳』,脳髄 / 《しばしば複数形で》『頭脳』,『知力』 / 《話》秀才,知的指導者 / …‘の'頭を打ち砕く
〈U〉『外科,』外科医術 / 〈U〉手術 / 〈C〉《英》診察室;〈C〉〈U〉診察時間
波のように押し寄せる,殺到する / 〈感情が〉こみあげる《+up》 / 急増する,〈株などが〉急騰する / (…が)押し寄せること,(…の)襲来,殺到《+of+名》 / (感情の)高まり,急増,急騰
=brassiere,　brassiere

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/04 11:46:34」(JST)

wiki en

Neurosurgery (or neurological surgery) is the medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system.^[1]

Education and training

In different countries, there are different requirements for an individual to legally practice neurosurgery, and there are varying methods through which they must be educated.

United States

In the United States, a neurosurgeon must generally complete four years of college, four years of medical school, and seven years of residency (PGY-1-7).^[2] Most, but not all, residency programs have some component of basic science or clinical research. Neurosurgeons may pursue an additional training in a fellowship, after residency or in some cases, as a senior resident. These fellowships include pediatric neurosurgery, trauma/neurocritical care, functional and stereotactic surgery, surgical neuro-oncology, radiosurgery, neurovascular surgery, Interventional neuroradiology, peripheral nerve, spine surgery and skull base surgery.^[3] In the U.S., neurosurgery is considered an extremely competitive specialty composed of only 0.6% of all practicing physicians and attracts only the top students of medical schools per year (with a <60% match rate and highest average USMLE scores).

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, students must gain entry into medical school. MBBS qualification (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) takes 4–6 years depending on the student's route. The newly qualified Doctor must then complete Foundation training lasting two years; this is a paid training program in a hospital or clinical setting covering a range of medical specialties including surgery. Junior doctors then apply to enter the neurological pathway. Unlike other surgical specialties, it currently has its own independent training pathway which takes around eight years (ST1-8); before being able to sit consultant exams with great amounts of experience and practice behind them.^[4]

Neurosurgical methods

Neuroradiology methods are used in modern neurosurgical diagnosis and treatment, including computer assisted imaging computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and the stereotactic surgery. Some neurosurgical procedures involve the use of MRI and functional MRI intraoperatively.

Microsurgery is utilized in many aspects of neurological surgery. Microvascular anastomosis are required when EC-IC surgery is performed. The clipping of aneurysms is performed using a microscope. Minimally invasive spine surgery utilizes these techniques. Procedures such as microdiscectomy, laminectomy, and artificial discs rely on microsurgery.^[5]

Minimally invasive endoscopic surgery is utilized by neurosurgeons. Techniques such as endoscopic endonasal surgery is used for pituitary tumors, craniopharyngiomas, chordomas, and the repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Ventricular endoscopy is used for colloid cysts and neurocysticercosis. Endoscopic techniques can be used to assist in the evacuation of hematomas and trigeminal neuralgia. Repair of craniofacial disorders and disturbance of cerebrospinal fluid circulation is done by neurosurgeons, and depending on the situation, maxillofacial and plastic surgeons. Conditions such as chiari malformation, craniosynostosis, and syringomyelia are treated. This is called cranioplasty.

Neurosurgeons are involved in Stereotactic Radiosurgery along with Radiation Oncologists for tumor and AVM treatment. Radiosurgical methods such as Gamma knife, Cyberknife and Novalis Shaped Beam Surgery are used.^[6]

Neurosurgeons have begun to utilize endovascular image guided procedures for the treatment of aneurysms, AVMs, carotid stenosis, strokes, and spinal malformations, and vasospasms. Also, nonvascular procedures such as Vertoplasty and Kyphoplasty are used by neurosurgeons. Techniques such as angioplasty, stenting, clot retrieval, embolization, and diagnostic angiography are utilized.^[7]

Most neurosurgery consists of spinal surgery including cervical, thoracic and lumbar surgery. Indications for surgery are spinal cord compression from trauma or arthritis or spondylosis. Patients may have gait difficulty, balance issues, numbness and tingling in hands or feet, for cervical cord compression. Spondylosis is spinal disc degeneration and arthritis that compresses the spinal canal resulting in bone spurring and disc herniation. A drill and special instruments are used to drill the arthritis out of the spinal canal. Disk herniations from spinal vertebral disks are removed by Kerrison instruments and the remander of the disk is left. This is called a lumbar laminectomy and discectomy. Laminectomies are cutting part of the bone of the spine or the lamina to make room for the compressed nerve.

Conditions

Other conditions treated by neurosurgeons include:

Meningitis and other central nervous system infections including abscesses
Spinal disc herniation
Cervical spinal stenosis and Lumbar spinal stenosis
Hydrocephalus
Head trauma (brain hemorrhages, skull fractures, etc.)
Spinal cord trauma
Traumatic injuries of peripheral nerves
Tumors of the spine, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
Intracerebral hemorrhage, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, interdepartmental, and intracellular hemorrhages
Some forms of drug-resistant epilepsy
Some forms of movement disorders (advanced Parkinson's disease, chorea) – this involves the use of specially developed minimally invasive stereotactic techniques (functional, stereotactic neurosurgery) such as ablative surgery and deep brain stimulation surgery
Intractable pain of cancer or trauma patients and cranial/peripheral nerve pain
Some forms of intractable psychiatric disorders
Vascular malformations (i.e., arteriovenous malformations, venous angiomas, cavernous angiomas, capillary telangectasias) of the brain and spinal cord
Moyamoya disease

References

^ AANS – Patient Information
^ ABNS.org
^ http://www.aans.org/medical_students/questions.asp
^ "The society of British neurological surgeons". Retrieved 2011-03-11. ^{[dead link]}
^ Cyber Museum of Neurosurgery
^ Stereotactic Radiosurgery Program | UCLA Neurosurgery
^ Neuroradiology – Information for Patients & Referring Physicians

External links

The Brain that Changed Everything by Luke Dittrich – Esquire, November 2010

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Expression levels of microRNA-199 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha in brain tissue of patients with intractable epilepsy.

Jiang G1, Zhou R1, He X2, Shi Z3, Huang M1, Yu J1, Wang X1.
The International journal of neuroscience.Int J Neurosci.2016 Apr;126(4):326-34. doi: 10.3109/00207454.2014.994209. Epub 2015 Sep 30.
OBJECTIVES: During the last decade, experimental evidence has demonstrated an important role of hypoxia, which leads to neuronal cell death and angiogenesis, in the mechanisms of seizure precipitation and recurrence. MicroRNA-199 targets hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α), which has recently
PMID 25539181

Cerebral imaging in infectious endocarditis: A clinical study.

Champey J1, Pavese P2, Bouvaist H3, Vittoz JP4, Tahon F5, Eker OF6, Goutier S2, Recule C7, Francois P4.
Infectious diseases (London, England).Infect Dis (Lond).2016 Mar;48(3):235-40. doi: 10.3109/23744235.2015.1109704. Epub 2015 Nov 15.
BACKGROUND: Because neurological failure is the most frequent extra-cardiac complication in Infectious Endocarditis (IE), a brain computerised tomography (CT) scan is usually performed. The benefits of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have not been clearly established. This study aims to clarify the
PMID 26567595

Effects of simvastatin on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in a lipopolysaccharide-induced rat model of Parkinson disease.

Tan W1,2, Xue-Bin C3, Tian Z2, Xiao-Wu C2, Pei-Pei H3, Zhi-Bin C2, Bei-Sha T1.
The International journal of neuroscience.Int J Neurosci.2016 Mar;126(3):278-86. doi: 10.3109/00207454.2015.1012758. Epub 2015 Jun 10.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of simvastatin on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the substantia nigra in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat model of Parkinson disease (PD), and to study the mechanisms underlying the
PMID 26000813

Japanese Journal

急性期病棟における取り組み : 脳神経外科･脳卒中科病棟内にリハビリテーション室を設置した経験より (特集脳卒中病棟と回復期リハビリテーション病棟)

浅田由貴,伊勢眞樹,公文範行 [他]
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(はじめに)頭部外傷において、短時間の間に両側の血腫除去術を要する例は稀である。今回我々は受傷後12時間以内に両側の血腫除去術を行った頭部外傷8症例について臨床的検討を行った。(対象)過去10年間に女子医大東医療センターで外傷性頭蓋内血腫除去術を行った168症例のうち、受傷後12時間以内に両側の頭蓋内血腫除去術を行なった8症例(4.8%)を対象とした。(結果)症例の内訳は男性4例、女性4例。受傷機 …
NAID 110009676512

転移性脳腫瘍に対するガンフナイフ治療後の継時的ADC解析の有用性

川﨑康平,永野修,青柳京子 [他]
JART = 日本診療放射線技師会誌 61(2), 156-162, 2014-02
NAID 40019967889

「脳手術」

Neurosurgery
	Intervention
ICD-10-PCS	00-01
ICD-9-CM	01–05
MeSH	D019635
OPS-301 code:	5-01...5-05

Neurosurgery
	Stereotactic guided insertion of DBS electrodes in neurosurgery
Occupation
Activity sectors	Surgery
Description
Education required	Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (M.B.B.S.); Doctor of Medicine (M.D.); Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.);