身長

関: height、stature

WordNet

high level of respect gained by impressive development or achievement; "a man of great stature"
(of a standing person) the distance from head to foot (同)height
invest with or as with a body; give body to (同)personify
the external structure of a vehicle; "the body of the car was badly rusted"
the main mass of a thing
a natural object consisting of a dead animal or person; "they found the body in the lake" (同)dead body
the entire structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being); "he felt as if his whole body were on fire" (同)organic structure, physical structure
a collection of particulars considered as a system; "a body of law"; "a body of doctrine"; "a body of precedents"
a group of persons associated by some common tie or occupation and regarded as an entity; "the whole body filed out of the auditorium"; "the student body"; "administrative body"
an individual 3-dimensional object that has mass and that is distinguishable from other objects; "heavenly body"
the central message of a communication; "the body of the message was short"
the vertical dimension of extension; distance from the base of something to the top (同)tallness
the decade from 1880 to 1889 (同)1880s
the decade from 1980 to 1989 (同)1980s
the time of life between 80 and 90 (同)mid-eighties

PrepTutorEJDIC

『背』(せい),身長(height) / (身体の,また道徳的・知的な)発達,成長,進歩
〈C〉『身体』,肉体 / 〈C〉(人・動物の)『胴体』 / 〈C〉)物の)『主要部』,本体《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)『団体』,群れ:(…のたくさんの)集まり《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉物体,…体 / 〈U〉実質;(酒・味などの)こく / 〈C〉《話》人
〈U〉(物の)『高さ』《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《時にa~》(一定の平面からの)高さ,海抜,標高 / 〈U〉〈C〉身長 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で単数扱い》高い所,高台 / 〈C〉《the~》『絶頂』,極致,まっ最中
《英話》人;(特に)男

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/05/15 17:26:55」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Human height is the distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head in a human body, standing erect. It is usually measured in centimetres when using the metric system, and feet and inches when using the imperial system. Human height has varied from under 60 centimetres (2 ft 0 in) to over 260 centimetres (8 ft 6 in). On average, males are taller than females.

When populations share genetic background and environmental factors, average height is frequently characteristic within the group. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from average) within such a population is sometimes due to gigantism or dwarfism, which are medical conditions caused by specific genes or endocrine abnormalities.^[1]

In regions of poverty or warfare, environmental factors like chronic malnutrition during childhood or adolescence may account for delayed growth and/or marked reductions in adult stature even without the presence of any of these medical conditions.

1 Determinants of growth and height
2 Birth order and height
3 Process of growth
4 Height abnormalities
5 Role of an individual's height
- 5.1 Height and health
- 5.2 Height and occupational success
6 Sports
7 History of human height
8 Average height around the world
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links

Determinants of growth and height

Median (50th percentile) growth curves for male and female 0–20 years.

The study of height is known as auxology.^[2] Growth has long been recognized as a measure of the health of individuals, hence part of the reasoning for the use of growth charts. For individuals, as indicators of health problems, growth trends are tracked for significant deviations and growth is also monitored for significant deficiency from genetic expectations. Genetics is a major factor in determining the height of individuals, though it is far less influential in regard to differences among populations. Average height is relevant to the measurement of the health and wellness (standard of living and quality of life) of populations.^[3] Attributed as a significant reason for the trend of increasing height in parts of Europe are the egalitarian populations where proper medical care and adequate nutrition are relatively equally distributed.^[4] Changes in diet (nutrition) and a general rise in quality of health care and standard of living are the cited factors in the Asian populations. Average height in the United States has remained essentially stagnant since the 1950s even as the racial and ethnic background of residents has shifted. Malnutrition including chronic undernutrition and acute malnutrition is known to have caused stunted growth in various populations.^[5] This has been seen in North Korea, portions of African, certain historical European, and other populations.^[6] Developing countries such as Guatemala have rates of stunting in children under 5 living as high as 82.2% in Totonicapán, and 49.8% nation-wide.^[7]

Height measurements are by nature subject to statistical sampling errors even for a single individual. In a clinical situation, height measurements are seldom taken more often than once per office visit, which may mean sampling taking place a week to several months apart. The smooth 50th percentile male and female growth curves illustrated above are aggregate values from thousands of individuals sampled at ages from birth to age 20. In reality, a single individual's growth curve shows large upward and downward spikes. Partly due to actual differences in growth velocity, and partly due to small measurement errors. For example, a typical measurement error of plus or minus 0.5 cm may completely nullify 0.5 cm of actual growth resulting in either a "negative" 0.5 cm growth (due to overestimation in the previous visit combined with underestimation in the latter), up to a 1.5 cm growth (the first visit underestimating and the second visit overestimating) in the same elapsed time period between measurements. Note there is a discontinuity in the growth curves at age 2, which reflects the difference in recumbent length (with the child on his or her back), used in measuring infants and toddlers, and standing height typically measured from age 2 onwards.

Sir Francis Galton's (1889) data showing the relationship between offspring height (928 individuals) as a function of mean parent height (205 sets of parents). The correlation was 0.57.

Height, like other phenotypic traits, is determined by a combination of genetics and environmental factors. A child's height based on parental heights is subject to regression toward the mean, therefore extremely tall or short parents will likely have correspondingly taller or shorter offspring, but their offspring will also likely be closer to average height than the parents themselves. Genetic potential and a number of hormones, minus illness, is a basic determinant for height. Other factors include the genetic response to external factors such as diet, exercise, environment, and life circumstances. Humans grow fastest (other than in the womb) as infants and toddlers, rapidly declining from a maximum at birth to roughly age 2, tapering to a slowly declining rate, and then during the pubertal growth spurt, a rapid rise to a second maximum (at around 11–12 years for female, and 13–14 years for male), followed by a steady decline to zero. On average, female growth speed trails off to zero at about 15 or 16 years, whereas the male curve continues for approximately 3 more years, going to zero at about 18–20. These are also critical periods where stressors such as malnutrition (or even severe child neglect) have the greatest effect.

Moreover, the health of a mother throughout her life, especially during her critical periods, and of course during pregnancy, has a role. A healthier child and adult develops a body that is better able to provide optimal prenatal conditions.^[6] The pregnant mother's health is important as gestation is itself a critical period for an embryo/fetus, though some problems affecting height during this period are resolved by catch-up growth assuming childhood conditions are good. Thus, there is a cumulative generation effect such that nutrition and health over generations influences the height of descendants to varying degrees.

The age of the mother also has some influence on her child's height. Studies in modern times have observed a gradual increase in height with maternal age, though these early studies suggest that trend is due to various socio-economic situations that select certain demographics as being more likely to have a first birth early in the mother's life.^[8]^[9]^[10] These same studies show that children born to a young mother are more likely to have below-average educational and behavioural development, again suggesting an ultimate cause of resources and family status rather than a purely biological explanation.^[9]^[10]

The precise relationship between genetics and environment is complex and uncertain. Differences in human height is 60%–80% heritable, according to several twin studies^[11] and has been considered polygenic since the Mendelian-biometrician debate a hundred years ago.^{[citation needed]} The only gene known to have an influence on human height is HMGA2. People who carry two copies of the "tall" allele of the HMGA2 gene are up to 1 cm taller than those who carry two copies of the "short" allele.^[12] A genome-wide association (GWA) study of more than 180,000 individuals has identified hundreds of genetic variants in at least 180 loci associated with adult human height.^[13]

The effect of environment on height is illustrated by studies performed by anthropologist Barry Bogin and coworkers of Guatemala Mayan children living in the United States. In the early 1970s, when Bogin first visited Guatemala, he observed that Mayan Indian men averaged only 1.575 m (5 ft 2 in) in height and the women averaged 1.422 m (4 ft 8 in).^{[citation needed]} Bogin took another series of measurements after the Guatemalan Civil War had erupted, during which up to a million Guatemalans had fled to the United States. He discovered that Maya refugees, who ranged from six to twelve years old, were significantly taller than their Guatemalan counterparts.^[14] By 2000, the American Maya were 10.24 cm (4.03 in) taller than the Guatemalan Maya of the same age, largely due to better nutrition and access to health care.^[15] Bogin also noted that American Maya children had a significantly lower sitting height ratio, (i.e., relatively longer legs, averaging 7.02 cm (2.76 in) longer) than the Guatemalan Maya.^[15]^[16]

The Nilotic peoples of Sudan such as the Shilluk and Dinka have been described as some of the tallest in the world. Dinka Ruweng males investigated by Roberts in 1953–54 were on average 1.813 m tall, and Shilluk males averaged 1.826 m.^[17] The Nilotic people are characterized as having long legs, narrow bodies and short trunks, an adaptation to hot weather.^[18] However, male Dinka and Shilluk refugees measured in 1995 in Southwestern Ethiopia were on average only 1.764 m and 1.726 m tall, respectively.^[19]

In Tibet, the khampas are known for their great height. Khampa males are on average 180 cm tall (5 ft 11 in).^[20] Anthropologist Michael Peissel described the Khampa in 1964: "The Khampas stood a good six feet in height."^[21]

The people of the Dinaric Alps are on record as being among the tallest in the world, with a male average height of 185.6 cm (6 ft 1.1 in) and a female average height of 171.0 cm (5 ft 7.3 in).

Birth order and height

It has been observed that first-born males are shorter than later-born males.^[22]

Process of growth

Main pathways in endocrine regulation of growth.

Growth in stature, determined by its various factors, results from the lengthening of bones via cellular divisions chiefly regulated by somatotropin (human growth hormone (hGH)) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Somatotropin also stimulates the release of another growth inducing hormone Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mainly by the liver. Both hormones operate on most tissues of the body, have many other functions, and continue to be secreted throughout life; with peak levels coinciding with peak growth velocity, and gradually subsiding with age after adolescence. The bulk of secretion occurs in bursts (especially for adolescents) with the largest during sleep.

The majority of linear growth occurs as growth of cartilage at the epiphysis (ends) of the long bones which gradually ossify to form hard bone. The legs compose approximately half of adult human height, and leg length is a somewhat sexually dimorphic trait. Some of this growth occurs after the growth spurt of the long bones has ceased or slowed. The majority of growth during growth spurts is of the long bones. Additionally, the variation in height between populations and across time is largely due to changes in leg length. The remainder of height consists of the cranium. Height is sexually dimorphic and statistically it is more or less normally distributed, but with heavy tails.

Height abnormalities

Female Stature vs Age (US CDC)

Male Stature vs Age (US CDC)

Most intra-population variance of height is genetic. Short stature and tall stature are usually not a health concern. If the degree of deviation from normal is significant, hereditary short stature is known as familial short stature and tall stature is known as familial tall stature. Confirmation that exceptional height is normal for a respective person can be ascertained from comparing stature of family members and analyzing growth trends for abrupt changes, among others. There are, however, various diseases and disorders that cause growth abnormalities. Most notably, extreme height may be pathological, such as gigantism resulting from childhood hyperpituitarism, and dwarfism which has various causes. Rarely, no cause can be found for extreme height; very short persons may be termed as having idiopathic short stature. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003 approved hGH treatment for those 2.25 standard deviations below the population mean (approximately the lowest 1.2% of the population). An even rarer occurrence, or at least less used term and recognized "problem", is idiopathic tall stature.

If not enough growth hormone is produced and/or secreted by the pituitary gland, then a patient with growth hormone deficiency can undergo treatment. This treatment involves the injection of pure growth hormone into thick tissue to promote growth.

Role of an individual's height

Height and health

Certain studies have shown that height is a factor in overall health while some suggest tallness is associated with better cardiovascular health and shortness with longevity.^[23] Cancer risk has also been found to grow with height.^[24]

Nonetheless, modern westernized interpretations of the relationship between height and health fail to account for the observed height variations worldwide.^[25] Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza note that variations in height worldwide can be partly attributed to evolutionary pressures resulting from differing environments. These evolutionary pressures result in height related health implications. While tallness is an adaptive benefit in colder climates such as found in Europe, shortness helps dissipate body heat in warmer climatic regions.^[25] Consequently, the relationships between health and height cannot be easily generalized since tallness and shortness can both provide health benefits in different environmental settings.

At the extreme end, being excessively tall can cause various medical problems, including cardiovascular problems, because of the increased load on the heart to supply the body with blood, and problems resulting from the increased time it takes the brain to communicate with the extremities. For example, Robert Wadlow, the tallest man known to verifiable history, developed trouble walking as his height increased throughout his life. In many of the pictures of the later portion of his life, Wadlow can be seen gripping something for support. Late in his life, although he died at age 22, he had to wear braces on his legs and walk with a cane; and he died after developing an infection in his legs because he was unable to feel the irritation and cutting caused by his leg braces. Excessive tallness and excessive shortness each can cause social exclusion and discrimination for both men and women (heightism).

Sources are in disagreement about the overall relationship between height and longevity. Samaras and Elrick, in the Western Journal of Medicine, demonstrate an inverse correlation between height and longevity in several mammals including humans.^[23]

Women whose height is under 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) may have a small pelvis, resulting in such complications during childbirth as shoulder dystocia.^[26]

A study done in Sweden has shown that there is a strong inverse correlation between height and suicide among Swedish men.^[27]

Height and occupational success

There is a large body of research in psychology, economics, and human biology that has assessed the relationship between several seemingly innocuous physical features (e.g., body height) and occupational success.^[28] The correlation between height and success was explored decades ago.^[29]^[30] Shorter people are considered to have an advantage in certain sports (e.g., gymnastics, race car driving, etc.), whereas in many other sports taller people have a major advantage. In most occupational fields, body height is not relevant to how well people are able to perform, but nonetheless has been found to correlate with their success in several studies, although there may be other factors such as gender or socioeonomic status that explain this.^[28]^[29]^[31]^[32]

A demonstration of the height-success association can be found in the realm of politics. In the United States presidential elections, the taller candidate won 22 out of 25 times in the 20th century.^[33] Nevertheless, Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuits, was 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) and several prominent world leaders of the twentieth century, such as Vladimir Lenin, Benito Mussolini, Nicolae Ceaușescu and Joseph Stalin were of below average height. Further, growing evidence suggests that height may be a proxy for confidence, which is likewise strongly correlated with occupational success.^[34]

Sports

History of human height

Troops of the Eight-Nation Alliance in 1900, shows British and American soldiers significantly taller than continental European soldiers. Left-to-right: Britain, United States, Australian, British India, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Japan.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Europeans in North America were far taller than those in Europe and were the tallest in the world.^[4] The original indigenous population of Plains Native Americans was also among the tallest populations of the world at the time.^[35]

In the late nineteenth century, the Netherlands was a land renowned for its short population, but today its population is among the world's tallest with young men averaging 183.8 cm (6 ft 0.4 in) tall.^[36] The tallest average for a subpopulation in Europe is in the Dinaric Alps, with young men averaging 186 cm (6 ft 1 in), and young women averaging 171 cm (5 ft 7 in).^[37]

According to a study by Economist John Komlos and Francesco Cinnirella, in the first half of 18th century, the average height of English male was 165 cm (5 ft 5 in), the average height of Irish male was 168 cm (5 ft 6 in). The estimated mean height of English, German, and Scottish soldiers are 163.6 cm – 165.9 cm (5 ft 4.4 in – 5 ft 5.3 in) for the period as a whole, while that of Irish was 167.9 cm (5 ft 6.1 in). The average height of male slaves and convicts in North America was 171 cm (5 ft 7 in).^[38]

American-born colonial soldiers of the late 1770s were on average more than three inches taller than their English counterparts who served in Royal Marines at the same time.^[39]

Average height of Americans and Europeans decreased during periods of rapid industrialization, possibly due to rapid population growth and increased economic inequality.^[40] In early 19th century England, the difference between average height of English upper class youth (students of Sandhurst military academy) and English lower class youth (marine society boys) reached 22 cm (8.7 in), the highest that has been observed.^[41]

Data derived from burials show that before 1850, the mean stature of male and female in Leiden, Netherlands was respectively 166.7 cm (5 ft 5.6 in) and 156.7 cm (5 ft 1.7 in). The average height of 19-year-old Dutch orphans in 1865 was 160 cm (5 ft 3 in).^[42]

According to a study by J.W. Drukker and Vincent Tassenaar, the average height of Dutch decreased from 1830 to 1857, even while Dutch real GNP per capita was growing at an average rate of more than 0.5 percent per year. The worst decline were in urban areas that in 1847, the urban height penalty was 2.5cms (1 in). Urban mortality was also much higher than rural regions. In 1829, the average urban and rural Dutchman was 164 cm (5 ft 4.6 in). By 1856, the average rural Dutchman was 162 cm (5 ft 3.8 in) and urban Dutchman was 158.5 cm (5 ft 2.4 in).^[43]

A 2004 report citing a 2003 UNICEF study on the effects of malnutrition in North Korea, due to "successive famines," found young adult males to be significantly shorter.^[specify] In contrast South Koreans "feasting on an increasingly Western-influenced diet," without famine, were growing taller. The height difference is minimal for Koreans over 40, who grew up at a time when economic conditions in the North were roughly comparable to those in the South, while height disparities are most acute for Koreans who grew up in the mid-1990s – a demographic in which South Koreans are about 12 cm (4.7 in) taller than their North Korean counterparts – as this was a period during which the North was affected by a harsh famine.^[44] A study by South Korean anthropologists of North Korean children who had defected to China found that 18-year-old males were 5 inches shorter than South Koreans their age due to malnutrition.^[45]

Average height around the world

The average height for each sex within a population varies significantly, with men being (on average) taller than women. Women ordinarily reach their greatest height at a younger age than men, because puberty generally occurs earlier in women than in men. Vertical growth stops when the long bones stop lengthening, which occurs with the closure of epiphyseal plates. These plates are bone growth centers that disappear ("close") under the hormonal surges brought about by the completion of puberty. Adult height for one sex in a particular ethnic group follows more or less a normal distribution.^{[citation needed]}

Adult height between populations often differs significantly. For example, the average height of women from the Czech Republic is greater than that of men from Malawi. This may be caused by genetic differences, childhood lifestyle differences (nutrition, sleep patterns, physical labor), or both.

The tallest living man is Sultan Kösen of Turkey, at 2.51 m (8 ft 3 in). The tallest man in modern history was Robert Pershing Wadlow (1918–1940), from Illinois, in the United States, who was 2.72 m (8 ft 11 in) at the time of his death. The tallest female in medical history was Zeng Jinlian of Hunan, China, who stood 2.48 m (8 ft 1 ¹⁄₂ in) when she died at the age of 17. The shortest adult human on record is Chandra Bahadur Dangi of Nepal at 0.546 m (1 ft 9 ¹⁄₂ in).

Depending on sex, genetic and environmental factors, shrinkage of stature may begin in middle age in some individuals but tends to be universal in the extremely aged. This decrease in height is due to such factors as decreased height of inter-vertebral discs because of desiccation, atrophy of soft tissues and postural changes secondary to degenerative disease.

Below are average adult heights by country/geographical region. The original studies and sources should be consulted for details on methodology and the exact populations measured, surveyed, or considered.

As with any statistical data, the accuracy of this data may be questionable for various reasons:

Some studies may allow subjects to self-report values.
Test subjects may have been invited instead of chosen at random, resulting in sampling bias.
A relatively small sample of the population may have been measured, which makes it uncertain whether this sample accurately represents the entire population.
The height of a person can vary over the course of a day, due to factors such as the amount of exercise done directly before measurement (normally inversely correlated), or the time elapsed since lying down for a significant period of time (normally inversely correlated). For example, one study revealed a mean difference of 1.54 centimetres (0.61 in) in the height of 100 children from getting out of bed in the morning to between 4 and 5 p.m. that same day.^[46] Such factors may not have been controlled in some of the studies.

Note: Data in green are representative of the majority of the country or region's adult population.^[47]

Country/Region	Average male height	Average female height	Stature ratio (male to female)	Sample population / age range	Share of pop. over 15 covered^[48]	Methodology	Year	Source
Argentina	173.48 cm (5 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in)	160.76 cm (5 ft 3 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.08	17 (healthy)	N/A	Measured	1998–2001	^[49]
Argentina	N/A	159.6 cm (5 ft 3 in)	N/A	19–49	N/A	Measured	2004–2005	^[50]
Armenia	N/A	158.1 cm (5 ft 2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005	^[51]
Australia	175.6 cm (5 ft 9 in)	161.8 cm (5 ft 3 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.09	18+	N/A	Measured	2011–2012	^[52]
Australia	177.8 cm (5 ft 10 in)	163.8 cm (5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.09	18-24	N/A	Measured	2011–2012	^[52]
Austria	179.2 cm (5 ft 10 ¹⁄₂ in)	167.6 cm (5 ft 6 in)	1.07	21	N/A	Self-reported	2001	^[53]
Azerbaijan	171.8 cm (5 ft 7 ¹⁄₂ in)	165.4 cm (5 ft 5 in)	1.04	16+	97.0%	Measured	2005	^[54]
Bahrain	165.1 cm (5 ft 5 in)	154.2 cm (5 ft ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	19+	91.1%	Measured	2002	^[55]
Bangladesh	N/A	150.6 cm (4 ft 11 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2007	^[51]
Belgium	178.6 cm (5 ft 10 ¹⁄₂ in)	168.1 cm (5 ft 6 in)	1.06	21	N/A	Self-reported	2001	^[53]
Benin	N/A	159.3 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2006	^[51]
Bolivia	N/A	151.8 cm (5 ft 0 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2003	^[51]
Bolivia	160.0 cm (5 ft 3 in)	142.2 cm (4 ft 8 in)	1.13	Aymara, 20–29	N/A	Measured	1970	^[56]
Brazil	174.1 cm (5 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in)	161 cm (5 ft 3 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	18+	93.2%	Measured	2008–2009	^[57]
Brazil	175 cm (5 ft 9 in)	165 cm (5 ft 5 in)	N/A	-21	N/A	Measured	2003	^[58]
Bulgaria	175.2 cm (5 ft 9 in)	163.2 cm (5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	N/A	N/A	Measured	2010	^[59]
Burkina Faso	N/A	161.6 cm (5 ft 3 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2003	^[51]
Cambodia	N/A	152.4 cm (5 ft 0 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005	^[51]
Cameroon	170.6 cm (5 ft 7 in)	161.3 cm (5 ft 3 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.06	Urban, 15+	N/A	Measured	2003	^[60]
Canada	176.0 cm (5 ft 9 ¹⁄₂ in)	163.3 cm (5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.08	25–44	34.8%	Measured	2005	^[61]
Canada	175.1 cm (5 ft 9 in)	162.3 cm (5 ft 4 in)	1.08	18–79	90.0%	Measured	2007–2009	^[62]
Central African Republic	N/A	158.9 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1994	^[51]
Chad	N/A	162.6 cm (5 ft 4 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2004	^[51]
Chile	171 cm (5 ft 7 ¹⁄₂ in)	159.1 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	15–24	21.9%	Measured	2009–2010	^[63]
Chile	169.6 cm (5 ft 7 in)	156.1 cm (5 ft 1 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.09	15+	100.0%	Measured	2009–2010	^[63]
Chile	171.2 cm (5 ft 7 ¹⁄₂ in)	157.2 cm (5 ft 2 in)	1.09	25–44	37.3%	Measured	2009–2010	^[63]
China, Mainland	172.1 cm (5 ft 8 in)	160.1 cm (5 ft 3 in)	1.07	19	N/A	Measured	2010	^[64]
China, People's Republic of	166.3 cm (5 ft 5 ¹⁄₂ in)	157 cm (5 ft 2 in)	1.06	Rural, 17	N/A	Measured	2002	^[65]
China, People's Republic of	170.2 cm (5 ft 7 in)	158.6 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	Urban, 17	N/A	Measured	2002	^[65]
Colombia	N/A	155 cm (5 ft 1 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2004	^[51]
Colombia	170.6 cm (5 ft 7 in)	158.7 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	18–22	N/A	Measured	2002	^[66]
Comoros	N/A	154.8 cm (5 ft 1 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1996	^[51]
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	N/A	157.7 cm (5 ft 2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005	^[51]
Congo, Republic of the	N/A	159 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2007	^[51]
Croatia	180.5 cm (5 ft 11 in)	166.3 cm (5 ft 5 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.09	18	N/A	Measured	2006–2008	^[67]
Cuba	168 cm (5 ft 6 in)	156 cm (5 ft 1 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.08	Urban, 15+	N/A	Measured	1999	^[68]
Czech Republic	180.31 cm (5 ft 11 in)	167.22 cm (5 ft 6 in)	1.08	17	N/A	Measured	2001	^[69]
Denmark	182.6 cm (6 ft 0 in)	168.7 cm (5 ft 6 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.08	23	N/A	Self-reported	2001	^[53]
Dinaric Alps	185.6 cm (6 ft 1 in)	171.1 cm (5 ft 7 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.08	17	N/A	Measured	2005	^[37]
Dominican Republic	N/A	156.4 cm (5 ft 1 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1996	^[51]
El Salvador	165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in)	160.3 cm (5 ft 3 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2007	^[51]
Egypt	N/A	159.5 cm (5 ft 3 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2008	^[51]
Egypt	170.3 cm (5 ft 7 in)	158.9 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	20–24	N/A	Measured	2008	^[70]
Estonia	179.1 cm (5 ft 10 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	N/A	17	N/A	Measured	2003	^[71]
Ethiopia	N/A	157.6 cm (5 ft 2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1997	^[51]
Finland	177 cm (5 ft 9 ¹⁄₂ in)	163 cm (5 ft 4 in)	1.09	25–74	75.8%	Measured	2007	^[72]
Finland	179 cm (5 ft 10 ¹⁄₂ in)	165 cm (5 ft 5 in)	1.08	25–34	14.7%	Measured	2007	^[72]
France	177 cm (5 ft 9 ¹⁄₂ in)	164.6 cm (5 ft 5 in)	1.08	20–29	N/A	Measured	2001	^[73]
France	175.6 cm (5 ft 9 in)	162.5 cm (5 ft 4 in)	1.08	18–70	81.7%	Measured	2003–2005	^[74]
Gabon	N/A	158.4 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2000	^[51]
Gambia	168 cm (5 ft 6 in)	157.8 cm (5 ft 2 in)	1.06	Rural, 21–49	N/A	Measured	1950–1974	^[75]
Germany	181 cm (5 ft 11 ¹⁄₂ in)	168 cm (5 ft 6 in)	1.08	18–25	N/A	Self-reported	2009	^[76]
Germany	178 cm (5 ft 10 in)	165 cm (5 ft 5 in)	1.08	18+	96.5%	Self-reported	2009	^[76]
Ghana	N/A	159.3 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2008	^[51]
Ghana	169.5 cm (5 ft 6 ¹⁄₂ in)	158.5 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	25–29	N/A	Measured	1987–1989	^[77]
Greece	178.06 cm (5 ft 10 in)	N/A	N/A	Conscripts, 18-26	N/A	Measured	2006–2007	^[78]
Greece	178.3 cm (5 ft 10 in)	166.6 cm (5 ft 5 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	21	N/A	Self-reported	2001	^[53]
Guatemala	N/A	147.3 cm (4 ft 10 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1998	^[51]
Guinea	N/A	158.8 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005	^[51]
Haiti	N/A	158.6 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005	^[51]
Honduras	N/A	152 cm (5 ft 0 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005	^[51]
Hong Kong	171.7 cm (5 ft 7 ¹⁄₂ in)	158.7 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.08	18	N/A	Measured	2006	^[79]
Hungary	177.3 cm (5 ft 10 in)	N/A	N/A	18	N/A	Measured	2008	^[80]
Hungary	176 cm (5 ft 9 ¹⁄₂ in)	164 cm (5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	Adults	N/A	Measured	2000s	^[81]
India	164.7 cm (5 ft 5 in)	151.9 cm (5 ft 0 in)	1.08	20–49	63.7%	Measured	2005–2006	^[82]
India	166.3 cm (5 ft 5 ¹⁄₂ in)	152.6 cm (5 ft 0 in)	1.09	20	2.7%	Predicted	2005–2006	^[83]
India	161.2 cm (5 ft 3 ¹⁄₂ in)	152.1 cm (5 ft 0 in)	1.06	Rural, 17+	N/A	Measured	2007	^[83]
Indonesia	158 cm (5 ft 2 in)	147 cm (4 ft 10 in)	1.07	50+	N/A	Self-reported	1997	^[84]
Iran	173.4 cm (5 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in)	159.8 cm (5 ft 3 in)	1.09	21–25	16.0%	Measured	2005	^[85]
Iran	170.3 cm (5 ft 7 in)	157.2 cm (5 ft 2 in)	1.08	21+	78.5%	Measured	2005	^[85]
Iraq – Baghdad	165.4 cm (5 ft 5 in)	155.8 cm (5 ft 1 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.06	18–44	N/A	Measured	1999–2000	^[86]
Ireland	177.5 cm (5 ft 10 in)	163.5 cm (5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.09	21	N/A	Self-reported	2001	^[53]
Israel	177 cm (5 ft 9 ¹⁄₂ in)	166 cm (5 ft 5 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	18–21	N/A	Measured	2010	^[87]
Italy	177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in)	167.8 cm (5 ft 6 in)	1.06	21	N/A	Self-reported	2001	^[53]
Italy	176 cm (5 ft 9 ¹⁄₂ in)	165 cm (5 ft 5 in)	1.07	18–40	37.0%	Measured	2005	^[88]
Ivory Coast	N/A	159.8 cm (5 ft 3 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1998	^[51]
Ivory Coast	170.1 cm (5 ft 7 in)	159.1 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	25–29	N/A	Measured	1985–1987	^[77]
Jamaica	171.8 cm (5 ft 7 ¹⁄₂ in)	160.8 cm (5 ft 3 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	25–74	64.5%	Measured	1994–1996	^[89]
Japan	170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in)	158 cm (5 ft 2 in)	1.08	17	N/A	Measured	2011	^[90]
Jordan	N/A	158.2 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2007	^[51]
Kazakhstan	N/A	159.8 cm (5 ft 3 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1999	^[51]
Kenya	N/A	159.4 cm (5 ft 3 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2003	^[51]
Korea, NorthNorth Korea	165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in)	154.9 cm (5 ft 1 in)	1.07	20–39 (defectors)	N/A	Measured	2005	^[91]
Korea, SouthSouth Korea	173.74 cm (5 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in)	160.1 cm (5 ft 3 in)	1.08	20-21	N/A	Measured	2013	^[92]
Kyrgyzstan	N/A	158 cm (5 ft 2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1997	^[51]
Lesotho	N/A	157.6 cm (5 ft 2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2004	^[51]
Liberia	N/A	157.3 cm (5 ft 2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2006	^[51]
Lithuania	177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in)	N/A	N/A	Conscripts, 19–25	N/A	Measured	2005^[93]	^[94]
Lithuania	181.3 cm (5 ft 11 ¹⁄₂ in)	167.5 cm (5 ft 6 in)	1.08	18	N/A	Measured	2005	^[95]
Madagascar	N/A	154.3 cm (5 ft ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2003	^[51]
Malawi	166 cm (5 ft 5 ¹⁄₂ in)	155 cm (5 ft 1 in)	1.07	Urban, 16–60	N/A	Measured	2000	^[96]
Malaysia	170.2 cm (5 ft 7 in)	157.4 cm (5 ft 2 in)	1.07	18+	84.6%	Measured	1996	^[97]
Mali – southern Mali	171.3 cm (5 ft 7 ¹⁄₂ in)	160.4 cm (5 ft 3 in)	1.07	Rural adults	N/A	Measured	1992	^[98]
Malta	175.2 cm (5 ft 9 in)	163.8 cm (5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	25–34	16.5%	Self-reported	2003	^[99]
Malta	169.9 cm (5 ft 7 in)	159.9 cm (5 ft 3 in)	1.06	18+	94.8%	Self-reported	2003	^[99]
Mexico	172 cm (5 ft 7 ¹⁄₂ in)	160 cm (5 ft 3 in)	1.08	18–39	N/A	Measured	2003–2011	^[100]^[101]
Mexico – Morelos	167 cm (5 ft 5 ¹⁄₂ in)	155 cm (5 ft 1 in)	1.08	18–76	N/A	Self-reported	1998–1999	^[102]
Moldova	N/A	161.2 cm (5 ft 3 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005	^[51]
Mongolia	172 cm (5 ft 7 ¹⁄₂ in)	160.7 cm (5 ft 3 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	25–34	N/A	Measured	2006	^[103]
Montenegro	183.2 cm (6 ft 0 in)	168.4 cm (5 ft 6 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.09	18–37	N/A	Measured	2011	^[104]
Morocco	N/A	158.5 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2003	^[51]
Mozambique	N/A	156 cm (5 ft 1 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2003	^[51]
Namibia	N/A	160.7 cm (5 ft 3 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2006	^[51]
Nepal	N/A	150.8 cm (4 ft 11 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2006	^[51]
Netherlands	183.8 cm (6 ft ¹⁄₂ in)	170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in)	N/A	−21	N/A	Measured	2009	^[105]
Netherlands	180.8 cm (5 ft 11 in)	167.5 cm (5 ft 6 in)	1.08	20+	92.6%	Self-reported	2010	^[106]^[48]^[107]
Netherlands	183.2 cm (6 ft 0 in)	169.9 cm (5 ft 7 in)	1.08	20–30	N/A	Self-reported	2010	^[106]
New Zealand	177 cm (5 ft 9 ¹⁄₂ in)	165 cm (5 ft 5 in)	1.07	19–45	51.7%	Estimates	1993–2007	^[108]
New Zealand	174.5 cm (5 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in)	163 cm (5 ft 4 in)	1.07	45–65	28.6%	Estimates	1993–2007	^[108]
Nicaragua	170.18 cm (5 ft 7 in)	153.7 cm (5 ft ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2001	^[51]
Nigeria	163.8 cm (5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in)	157.8 cm (5 ft 2 in)	1.04	18–74	86.7%	Measured	1994–1996	^[89]
Norway	182.4 cm (6 ft 0 in)	168 cm (5 ft 6 in)	1.09	20–25	9.0%	Measured	2008–2009	^[109]
Norway	181.6 cm (5 ft 11 ¹⁄₂ in)	168.2 cm (5 ft 6 in)	1.08	26–35	15.2%	Measured	2008–2009	^[109]
Norway	180.3 cm (5 ft 11 in)	167 cm (5 ft 5 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.08	20–85	88.8%^[110]	Measured	2008–2009	^[109]^[48]^[107]
Peru	164 cm (5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in)	151 cm (4 ft 11 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.09	20+	85.4%	Measured	2005	^[111]
Philippines	163.4 cm (5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in)	151.7 cm (4 ft 11 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.08	20–39	49.5%	Measured	2003	^[112]
Philippines	161.9 cm (5 ft 3 ¹⁄₂ in)	150.2 cm (4 ft 11 in)	1.08	20+	83.1%	Measured	2003	^[112]
Poland	178.5 cm (5 ft 10 ¹⁄₂ in)	165.1 cm (5 ft 5 in)	1.08	18	N/A	Measured	2010	^[113]
Portugal	176 cm (5 ft 9 ¹⁄₂ in)	163.1 cm (5 ft 4 in)	1.08	20-24	N/A	Measured	2008	^[114]
Rwanda	N/A	157.7 cm (5 ft 2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005	^[51]
Senegal	N/A	163 cm (5 ft 4 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005	^[51]
Serbia	182 cm (5 ft 11 ¹⁄₂ in)	166.8 cm (5 ft 5 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.09	18–30	N/A	Measured	2012	^[115]
Singapore	170.6 cm (5 ft 7 in)	160 cm (5 ft 3 in)	1.07	17–25	N/A	N/A	2003	^[116]
Slovakia	179.4 cm (5 ft 10 ¹⁄₂ in)	165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in)	1.08	18	N/A	Measured	2004	^[117]
Slovenia – Ljubljana	180.3 cm (5 ft 11 in)	167.4 cm (5 ft 6 in)	1.08	19	N/A	Measured	2011	^[118]
South Africa	169 cm (5 ft 6 ¹⁄₂ in)	159 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.06	25–34	N/A	Measured	1998	^[119]
Spain	178 cm (5 ft 10 in)	166.2 cm (5 ft 5 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	21	N/A	Self-reported	2001	^[53]
Sri Lanka	163.6 cm (5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in)	151.4 cm (4 ft 11 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.08	18+	93.6%	Measured	2005–2006	^[120]
Swaziland	N/A	159.1 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2006	^[51]
Sweden	181.5 cm (5 ft 11 ¹⁄₂ in)	166.8 cm (5 ft 5 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.09	20–29	N/A	Measured	2008	^[121]
Sweden	177.9 cm (5 ft 10 in)	164.6 cm (5 ft 5 in)	1.08	20–74	82.4%	Self-reported	1987–1994	^[122]
Switzerland	175.4 cm (5 ft 9 in)	164 cm (5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	20–74	84.8%	Self-reported	1987–1994	^[122]
Switzerland	178.1 cm (5 ft 10 in)	N/A	N/A	Conscripts, 18–21	N/A	Measured	2005	^[123]
Switzerland	178.2 cm (5 ft 10 in)	N/A	N/A	Conscripts, 19	N/A	Measured	2009	^[124]
Tanzania	N/A	156.6 cm (5 ft 1 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2004	^[51]
Thailand	170.3 cm (5 ft 7 in)	159 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	15–19, STOU students	N/A	Self-reported	2005	^[125]
Togo	N/A	159 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1998	^[51]
Turkey	N/A	156.4 cm (5 ft 1 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2003	^[51]
Turkey – Ankara	176.1 cm (5 ft 9 ¹⁄₂ in)	162 cm (5 ft 4 in)	1.09	18–29	N/A	Measured	2004–2006	^[126]
Turkey – Ankara	174 cm (5 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in)	158.9 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.10	18–59	N/A	Measured	2004–2006	^[126]
Uganda	N/A	159.2 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2006	^[51]
United Arab Emirates	173.4 cm (5 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in)	156.4 cm (5 ft 1 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.11	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	^[127]
U.K. – England	175.4 cm (5 ft 9 in)	161.9 cm (5 ft 3 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.08	16+	N/A	Measured	2010	^[128]
U.K. – England	177.1 cm (5 ft 9 ¹⁄₂ in)	164.4 cm (5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.08	16–24	N/A	Measured	2010	^[128]
U.K. – England	177.6 cm (5 ft 10 in)	163.7 cm (5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.08	25–34	N/A	Measured	2010	^[128]
U.K. – Scotland	175 cm (5 ft 9 in)	161.3 cm (5 ft 3 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.08	16+	N/A	Measured	2008	^[129]
U.K. – Scotland	178.2 cm (5 ft 10 in)	163.5 cm (5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.09	25–34	N/A	Measured	2008	^[129]
U.K. – Wales	177.0 cm (5 ft 9 ¹⁄₂ in)	162.0 cm (5 ft 4 in)	1.09	16+	N/A	Self-reported	2009	^[130]
U.S.	177.6 cm (5 ft 10 in)	163.2 cm (5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.09	All Americans, 20–29	17.4%	Measured	2003–2006	^[131]
U.S.	176.3 cm (5 ft 9 ¹⁄₂ in)	162.2 cm (5 ft 4 in)	1.09	All Americans, 20+	91.0%	Measured	2003–2006	^[131]
U.S.	178 cm (5 ft 10 in)	163.2 cm (5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.09	Black Americans, 20–39	N/A	Measured	2003–2006	^[131]
U.S.	170.6 cm (5 ft 7 in)	158.7 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	1.07	Mexican Americans, 20–39	N/A	Measured	2003–2006	^[131]
U.S.	178.9 cm (5 ft 10 ¹⁄₂ in)	164.8 cm (5 ft 5 in)	1.09	White Americans, 20–39	N/A	Measured	2003–2006	^[131]
Uruguay	170 cm (5 ft 7 in)	158 cm (5 ft 2 in)	1.08	Adults	N/A	Measured	1990	^[132]
Uzbekistan	N/A	159.9 cm (5 ft 3 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1996	^[51]
Vietnam	162.1 cm (5 ft 4 in)	152.2 cm (5 ft 0 in)	1.07	25–29	N/A	Measured	1992–1993	^[77]
Vietnam	165.7 cm (5 ft 5 in)	155.2 cm (5 ft 1 in)	1.07	Students, 20–25	N/A	Measured	2006–2007	^[133]
Zambia	N/A	158.5 cm (5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2007	^[51]
Zimbabwe	N/A	160.3 cm (5 ft 3 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005	^[51]

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^ Komlos, J. (2007). On English Pygmies and giants: The physical stature of English youth in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Research in Economic History 25. pp. 149–168. doi:10.1016/S0363-3268(07)25003-7. ISBN 978-0-7623-1370-9. edit
^ Fredriks, Anke Maria (2004). Growth diagrams: fourth Dutch nation-wide survey. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum. ISBN 9789031343478.
^ Drukker, J. W.; Vincent Tassenaar (2000). "Shrinking Dutchmen in a growing economy: the early industrial growth paradox in the Netherlands". Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte 2000: 77–94. ISSN 0075-2800. Retrieved 2013-04-26.
^ Demick, Barbara (2004-02-14). "Effects of famine: Short stature evident in North Korean generation". Seattle Times (Seattle, Wash.). Retrieved 2013-04-26.
^ "The unpalatable appetites of Kim Jong-il". 8 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
^ Variations in height throughout the day. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Last accessed 8 January 2012.
^ In this case, data that are representative of the majority of the country or region's adult population are those that factor in over 50% of the country or region's population aged 15 or over.
^ ^a ^b ^c Population data from International Data Base, United States Census Bureau.
^ del Pino, Mariana; Bay, Luisa; Lejarraga, Horacio; Kovalskys, Irina; Berner, Enrique; Herscovici, Cecile Rausch (2005). "Peso y estatura de una muestra nacional de 1.971 adolescentes de 10 a 19 años: las referencias argentinas continúan vigentes". Archivos argentinos de pediatría (in Spanish) 103 (4): 323–30.
^ "Documento de Resultados 2007". Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud (in Spanish). Ministerio de Salud de Argentina. 2007. p. 113.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at Subramanian, S. V.; Özaltin, Emre; Finlay, Jocelyn E. (2011). "Height of Nations: A Socioeconomic Analysis of Cohort Differences and Patterns among Women in 54 Low- to Middle-Income Countries". Public Library of Science 6 (4): e18962. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018962.
^ ^a ^b "Australian Health Survey: First Results". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Garcia, Jaume (2007). "The Evolution of Adult Height in Europe: A Brief Note". Economics and human biology 5 (2): 340–9. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2007.02.002. PMID 17412655.
^ "Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee, 2005". Today.az. 2005-05-07. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
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^ Bogin, Barry (1999). Patterns of Human Growth. Cambridge University Press. pp. 226–. ISBN 978-0-521-56438-0.
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^ "VEJA Jovens : Edição Especial". Veja (magazine). Retrieved 2013-11-07.
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^ Kamadjeu RM, Edwards R, Atanga JS, Kiawi EC, Unwin N, Mbanya JC (2006). "Anthropometry measures and prevalence of obesity in the urban adult population of Cameroon: an update from the Cameroon Burden of Diabetes Baseline Survey". BMC Public Health 6: 228. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-228. PMC 1579217. PMID 16970806.
^ Shields, Margot; Gorber, Sarah Connor and Tremblay, Mark S. (2009). "Methodological Issues in Anthropometry: Self-reported versus Measured Height and Weight". Proceedings of Statistic s Canada Symposium 2008. Data Collection: Challenges, Achievements and New Directions.
^ Shields, Margot; Gorber, Sarah Connor; Janssen, Ian and Tremblay, Mark S. (2011). "Bias in self-reported estimates of obesity in Canadian health surveys: An update on correction equations for adult". Health reports / Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Health Information = Rapports sur la sante / Statistique Canada, Centre canadien d'information sur la sante 22 (3): 35–45. PMID 22106788.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Capítulo V: Resultados" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-21.
^ "2010年国民体质监测公报". Retrieved 2013-05-20.
^ ^a ^b Yang XG, Li YP, Ma GS, Hu XQ, Wang JZ, Cui ZH, Wang ZH, Yu WT, Yang ZX, Zhai FY (2005). "[Study on weight and height of the Chinese people and the differences between 1992 and 2002]". Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi (in Chinese) 26 (7): 489–93. PMID 16334998.
^ Meisel, Adolfo and Vega, Margarita. "A TROPICAL SUCCESS STORY: A CENTURY OF IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BIOLOGICAL STANDARD OF LIVING, COLOMBIA 1910–2002" (PDF). Paper prepared for The Fifth World Congress of Cliometrics, Venice International University, Venice, Italy, July 8–11, 2004.
^ Jureša, Vesna; Musil, Vera and Kujundžić Tiljak, Mirjana (2012). "Growth charts for Croatian school children and secular trends in past twenty years". Collegium Antropologicum 36 (supplement 1).
^ "CÁLCULOS DE PESO Y TALLA PROMEDIO DE LA POBLACION POR PROVINCIAS Y CUBA". II Encuesta de Factores de Riesgo para la Salud y Enfermedades no Transmisibles, 2001 (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas de Cuba. 2008. p. 4.
^ Vignerová, J.; Brabec, M.; Bláha, P. (2006). "Two centuries of growth among Czech children and youth". Econ Hum Biol. 2006 Jun;4(2):237-52. Epub 2005 Dec 20. Economics and Human Biology.
^ Egypt – Demographic and Health Survey 2008.
^ Lintsi M, Kaarma H (2006). "Growth of Estonian seventeen-year-old boys during the last two centuries". Economics and Human Biology 4 (1): 89–103. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2005.05.007. PMID 15993666.
^ ^a ^b Peltonen, Markku, et al (2008). "Tutkimuksen toteutus ja tulokset: Taulukkoliite". Kansallinen FINRISKI 2007 -terveystutkimus. Kansanterveyslaitoksen julkaisuja. (page 659).
^ Herpin, Nicolas (2003). "La taille des hommes: son incidence sur la vie en couple et la carrière professionnelle". Économie et Statistique 361 (1): 71–90. doi:10.3406/estat.2003.7355.
^ "La Campagne Nationale de Mensuration" (PDF). ifth.org. 2006-02-02. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
^ Sear, Rebecca. "Size, body condition and adult mortality in rural Gambia: a life history perspective". London School of Economics.
^ ^a ^b "Mikrozensus – Fragen zur Gesundheit – Körpermaße der Bevölkerung" (PDF). Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden. 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Productive Benefits of Improving Health: Evidence from Low-Income Countries, T. Paul Schultz*". Retrieved 2011-01-22.
^ Papadimitriou A, Fytanidis G, Douros K, Papadimitriou DT, Nicolaidou P, Fretzayas A. (2008). "Greek young men grow taller". Acta Paediatrica 97 (8): 1105–7. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00855.x. PMID 18477057.
^ So HK, Nelson EA, Li AM, Wong EM, Lau JT, Guldan GS, Mak KH, Wang Y, Fok TF, Sung RY (2008). "Secular changes in height, weight and body mass index in Hong Kong Children". BMC Public Health 8: 320. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-320. PMC 2572616. PMID 18803873.
^ Mészáros Z, Mészáros J, Völgyi E, Sziva A, Pampakas P, Prókai A, Szmodis M. (2008). "Body mass and body fat in Hungarian schoolboys: Differences between 1980–2005". Journal of physiological anthropology 27 (5): 241–5. doi:10.2114/jpa2.27.241. PMID 18838839.
^ Average height of men and women (National Geographic, Hungarian)^{[dead link]}
^ Mamidi, RS; Kulkarni, B; Singh, A (2011). "Secular trends in height in different states of India in relation to socioeconomic characteristics and dietary intakes". Food and nutrition bulletin 32 (1): 23–34. PMID 21560461.
^ ^a ^b Venkaiah K, Damayanti K, Nayak MU, Vijayaraghavan K (2002). "Diet and nutritional status of rural adolescents in India". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56 (11): 1119–25. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601457. PMID 12428178.
^ "Indonesia Family Life Survey,1997". Repositories.cdlib.org. 2003-04-01. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
^ ^a ^b Haghdoost, AA; Mirzazadeh, A and Alikhani, S (2008). "Secular Trend of Height Variations in Iranian Population Born between 1940 and 1984". Iranian J Publ Health 37 (1): 1–7.
^ Tawfeek H (2002). "Relationship between waist circumference and blood pressure among the population in Baghdad, Iraq". Food and nutrition bulletin 23 (4): 402–6. PMID 16619749.
^ "נתוני גובה ממוצע". Health-pages.co.il. 2007-05-07. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
^ Altezza media per sesso e regione per le persone di 18–40 anni, anno 2006, Received from ISTAT 11 Feb. 2009
^ ^a ^b Okosun IS, Cooper RS, Rotimi CN, Osotimehin B, Forrester T (1998). "Association of waist circumference with risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Nigerians, Jamaicans, and African-Americans". Diabetes Care 21 (11): 1836–42. doi:10.2337/diacare.21.11.1836. PMID 9802730.
^ "Official Statistics by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. e-stat.go.jp". Retrieved 2012-02-11.
^ "Post unification discrimination potential". Yeolchae. 2006-11-20.
^ "대한민국 징병검사 검사 현황". Retrieved 2012-12-31.
^ Note: In this study, the subjects' height was measured twice. The first measurement presumably took place in 2004 and the average height of the conscripts was 176.4 cm. When they measured the same group after a year, the mean height of the conscripts was 177.2 cm
^ "Anthropometrical data and physical fitness of Lithuanian soldiers according to the sociodemographic characteristics" (PDF). medicina.kmu.lt. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
^ Tutkuviene J. (2005). "Sex and gender differences in secular trend of body size and frame indices of Lithuanians". Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht uber die biologisch-anthropologische Literatur 63 (1): 29–44. JSTOR 29542614. PMID 15830586.
^ Msamati BC, Igbigbi PS (2000). "Anthropometric profile of urban adult black Malawians". East African Medical Journal 77 (7): 364–8. PMID 12862154.
^ Distribution of Body Weight, Height and Body Mass Index in a National Sample of Malaysian Adults. PMID 11072496.
^ Katherine A. Dettwyler (July 1992). "Nutritional status of adults in rural Mali". American Journal of Physical Anthropology (American Journal of Physical Anthropology) 88 (3): 309–321. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330880306. PMID 1642319. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
^ ^a ^b "THE MALTESE WAY OF LIFE.....". News Release. National Statistics Office – Malta. 2003-12-10. Note: A 2007 Eurostat study revealed the same results: the average Maltese person is 164.9 cm (5' 4.9") compared to the EU average of 169.6 cm (5' 6.7").^{[citation needed]}
^ Aumenta la estatura de los jóvenes A study published by the University of Guadalajara
^ "¿Cuánto miden los mexicanos?". Mexicanbusinessweb.mx. 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2013-09-02.
^ Ignacio Osuna-Ramírez, M et al. (March–April 2006). "Indice de masa corporal y percepción de la imagen corporal en una población adulta mexicana: la precisión del autorreporte". Salud pública de méxico 48 (2): 94. doi:10.1590/S0036-36342006000200003.
^ Mongolian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors 2006. WHO (2007). ISBN 9992998040
^ Bjelica D et al.. "Body height and its estimation utilising arm span measurements in Montenegrin adults". Anthropological Notebooks 18 (2): 69–83.
^ Schönbeck, Yvonne; Talma, Henk; Van Dommelen, Paula; Bakker, Boudewijn; Buitendijk, Simone E.; Hirasing, Remy A.; Van Buuren, Stef (2012). "The world's tallest nation has stopped growing taller: The height of Dutch children from 1955 to 2009". Pediatric Research 73 (3): 371–7. doi:10.1038/pr.2012.189. PMID 23222908.
^ ^a ^b "Reported height, 20 years or older, Central Bureau of Statistics, 15 February 2012". Statline.cbs.nl. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
^ ^a ^b Note: Calculated using a weighted average of the different age groups.
^ ^a ^b Muscle Minding. p. 60. Based on British norms and their relations to New Zealand values. Occupational Safety and Health Service, Department of Labour, Wellington, New Zealand, ISBN 0477-03598-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Fysisk aktivitet blant voksne og eldre i Norge". Resultater fra en kartlegging i 2008 og 2009 (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Health and Social Affairs. 2009. p. 23. Retrieved 2012-06-25.
^ Figure is for population between the ages of 20 and 84.
^ "Encuesta Nacional de Indicadores Nutricionales, Bioquímicos, Socioeconómicos y Culturales relacionados con las Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas 2005" (PDF). Dirección Ejecutiva de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional (DEVAN), Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS). 5 June 2006. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
^ ^a ^b "PHILIPPINE FACTS AND FIGURES 2003 – Part II. Anthropometric Facts and Figures" (PDF). FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Department of Science and Technology. fnri.dost.gov.ph.
^ Kułaga Z, Litwin M, Tkaczyk M, Palczewska I, Zajączkowska M, Zwolińska D, Krynicki T, Wasilewska A, Moczulska A, Morawiec-Knysak A, Barwicka K, Grajda A, Gurzkowska B, Napieralska E, Pan H (2011). "Polish 2010 growth references for school-aged children and adolescents". European journal of pediatrics 170 (5): 599–609. doi:10.1007/s00431-010-1329-x. PMC 3078309. PMID 20972688. Note: The values represent averages, not medians listed in the study.
^ http://www.efdeportes.com/efd126/avaliacao-antropometrica-das-tunas-academicas-da-universidade.htm
^ Popovic S et al. (2013). "Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Serbian Adults". Int. J. Morphol. 31 (1): 271–279. doi:10.4067/S0717-95022013000100043.
^ Deurenberg P, Bhaskaran K, Lian PL (2003). "Singaporean Chinese adolescents have more subcutaneous adipose tissue than Dutch Caucasians of the same age and body mass index". Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 12 (3): 261–5. PMID 14505987.
^ Ševčíková, Ľ.; Nováková, J.; Hamade, J. and Tatara, M. (2004) Rast a vývojové trendy slovenských detí a mládeže za posledných 10 rokov [Growth and development trends in Slovak children and adolescents during the last 10 years]. In: Životné podmienky a zdravie [Living conditions and health]. Editor: Ľubica Ághová. Bratislava.
^ Starc G and Strel J. "Is there a rationale for establishing Slovenian body mass index references of school-aged children and adolescents". Anthropological Notebooks 17 (3): 89–100.
^ "SOUTH AFRICA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY – 1998" (PDF). doh.gov.za. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
^ Ranasinghe, Priyanga; Jayawardana, M.A. Naveen A.A.D.; Constantine, Godwin R.; Sheriff, M.H. Rezvi; Matthews, David R.; Katulanda, Prasad (2010). "Patterns and correlates of adult height in Sri Lanka". Economics and Human Biology. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
^ "Svenskarna längre och tyngre". Dagens Nyheter. 2008-02-29.
^ ^a ^b Cavelaars, A.E.J.M., Kunst, A.E., Geurts, J.J.M., Crialesi, R., Grotvedt, L., Helmert U. (2000). "Persistent variations in average height between countries and between socio-economic groups: an overview of 10 European countries". Annals of Human Biology 27 (4): 407–21. PMID 10942348.
^ Rühli FJ, Henneberg M, Schaer DJ, Imhof A, Schleiffenbaum B, Woitek U (2008). "Determinants of inter-individual cholesterol level variation in an unbiased young male sample". Swiss Medical Weekly 138 (19–20): 286–91. PMID 18491242.
^ Staub, Kaspar; Rühli, Frank; Woitek, Ulrich; Pfister, Christian (2011). "The average height of 18- and 19-year-old conscripts (N=458,322) in Switzerland from 1992 to 2009, and the secular height trend since 1878". Swiss Medical Weekly. doi:10.4414/smw.2011.13238. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
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Bibliography

Fitting the Task to the Man, 1987 (for heights in U.S. and Japan)
Eurostats Statistical Yearbook 2004 (for heights in Germany)
Netherlands Central Bureau for Statistics, 1996 (for average heights)
Mean Body Weight, Height, and body mass index, United States 1960–2002
UK Department of Health – Health Survey for England
Burkhard Bilger. "The Height Gap." The New Yorker
A collection of data on human height, referred to here as "karube" but originally collected from other sources, was originally available here (www.kurabe.net/average_height/^{[dead link]}) but is no longer. A copy is available here.www.psych.ualberta.ca/~phurd/karube/ (an English translation of this Japanese page would make it easier to evaluate the quality of the data...)
cdc.gov
Aminorroaya A, Amini M, Naghdi H, Zadeh AH (2003). "Growth charts of heights and weights of male children and adolescents of Isfahan, Iran". Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 21 (4): 341–6. PMID 15038589.
Blaha, P. et al.: 6. Celostátní antropologický výzkum detí a mládeže 2001, Ceská republika [6th Nationwide anthropological research of children and youth 2001, Czech republic], Charles University in Prague 2005
Bogin, B.A. (2001) The growth of humanity Wiley-Liss
Eveleth, P.B. & Tanner, J.M. (1990) Worldwide variation in human growth, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.
Miura K, Nakagawa H, Greenland P (2002). "Invited commentary: Height-cardiovascular disease relation: where to go from here?". Am. J. Epidemiol. 155 (8): 688–9. doi:10.1093/aje/155.8.688. PMID 11943684.
Ruff, C. (2002) Variation in human body size and shape. Ann. Rev. Anthropol. 31:211–232.
Average height of young Spaniards (in Spanish)
Krishan K, Sharma JC (2002). "Intra-individual difference between recumbent length and stature among growing children". Indian J Pediatr 69 (7): 565–9. doi:10.1007/BF02722678. PMID 12173694.
Case A, Paxson C (2008). "Stature and status: Height, ability, and labor market outcomes". The Journal of Political Economy 116 (3): 499–532. doi:10.1086/589524. PMC 2709415. PMID 19603086.
Sakamaki R, Amamoto R, Mochida Y, Shinfuku N, Toyama K (2005). "A comparative study of food habits and body shape perception of university students in Japan and Korea". Nutrition Journal 4: 31. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-4-31. PMC 1298329. PMID 16255785.
Average height of the Dinkas

External links

CDC National Center for Health Statistics: Growth Charts of American Percentiles
fao.org, Body Weights and Heights by Countries (given in percentiles)
The Height Gap, Article discussing differences in height around the world
Tallest in the World: Native Americans of the Great Plains in the Nineteenth Century
European Heights in the Early eighteenth Century
Spatial Convergence in Height in East-Central Europe, 1890–1910
The Biological Standard of Living in Europe During the Last Two Millennia
HEALTH AND NUTRITION IN THE PREINDUSTRIAL ERA: INSIGHTS FROM A MILLENNIUM OF AVERAGE HEIGHTS IN NORTHERN EUROPE
Industrialized Nations?

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human height.

UpToDate Contents

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1. Diagnostic approach to children and adolescents with short stature
2. 乳幼児および思春期前の小児における通常の成長パターン normal growth patterns in infants and prepubertal children
3. 小児の身体組成測定 measurement of body composition in children
4. 小児の成長測定 measurement of growth in children
5. 特発性低身長に対する成長ホルモン治療 growth hormone treatment for idiopathic short stature

English Journal

Identifying and mitigating risks for agricultural injury associated with obesity.

King N1, Janssen I2, Hagel L3, Dosman J3, Lawson J3, Trask C3, Pickett W4; Saskatchewan Farm Injury Study Team.
Preventive medicine reports.Prev Med Rep.2016 Jun 7;4:220-4. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.06.003. eCollection 2016.
In some occupational contexts overweight and obesity have been identified as risk factors for injury. The purpose of this study was to examine this hypothesis within farm work environments and then to identify specific opportunities for environmental modification as a preventive strategy. Data on fa
PMID 27413685

Growth and maturity status of elite British junior tennis players.

Myburgh GK1,2, Cumming SP2, Coelho E Silva M3, Cooke K4, Malina RM5.
Journal of sports sciences.J Sports Sci.2016 Oct;34(20):1957-64. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1149213. Epub 2016 Mar 1.
Growth and maturation impact the selection, development and progression of youth athletes. Individual differences in the growth and maturity may afford a performance advantage, clouding coaches and practitioners' perceptions regarding current ability and future potential. This may result in the excl
PMID 26930031

Effects on muscle strength, maximal jump height, flexibility and postural sway after soccer and Zumba exercise among female hospital employees: a 9-month randomised controlled trial.

Barene S1,2, Holtermann A3, Oseland H4, Brekke OL5, Krustrup P2,6.
Journal of sports sciences.J Sports Sci.2016 Oct;34(19):1849-58. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1140906. Epub 2016 Feb 5.
This 9-month randomised controlled workplace physical activity trial investigated the effects of soccer and Zumba exercise, respectively, on muscle strength, maximal jump height, sit-and-reach flexibility and postural sway among female workers. A total of 107 female hospital employees aged 25-63 wer
PMID 26849477

Japanese Journal

Trends in Measures of Childhood Obesity in Korea From 1998 to 2012

Journal of Epidemiology advpub(0), 2016
NAID 130005114016

Body Mass Index and Kidney Stones: A Cohort Study of Japanese Men

Journal of Epidemiology advpub(0), 2016
NAID 130005110417

女子大学生の体格・体力の現状及び経年変化

Science reports of Tokyo Woman's Christian University 65(3), 2001-2012, 20150315-00-00
NAID 120005673166

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「身長」
関連記事	「height」「body」

「身長」

　　[★]

英: body height, stature, height
関: 体重

新生児、乳児、幼児の身長

身長 (x倍数)	生後	生後	身長 (x倍数)
1	0	0	1
1.5	1-1.歳	1-1.歳	1.5
2	4歳	4歳	2
3	12歳	12歳	3

乳児期以降の成長

乳児期：7 cm/y
学童期：5-6 cm/y
思春期：8-10 cm/y　→　思春期発育急進現象

「height」

　　[★]

n.

高さ、身長、絶頂、高地

関: acme、body height、culminant、culmination、pitch、stature

「body」

　　[★]

n.

体、本体、身体、ボディー

[1] Ganong, William F. (2001) Review of Medical Physiology, Lange Medical, pp. 392–397, ISBN 0071605673.

[2] Hermanussen, Michael (ed) (2013) Auxology - Studying Human Growth and Development, Schweizerbart, ISBN 9783510652785.

[3] Bolton-Smith, C. (2000). "Accuracy of the estimated prevalence of obesity from self reported height and weight in an adult Scottish population". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 54 (2): 143–148. doi:10.1136/jech.54.2.143. edit

[kolmos2004-4] Komlos, J.; Baur, M. (2004). "From the tallest to (one of) the fattest: The enigmatic fate of the American population in the 20th century". Economics & Human Biology 2 (1): 57–74. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2003.12.006. PMID 15463993. edit

[onis20122-5] De Onis, M.; Blössner, M.; Borghi, E. (2011). "Prevalence and trends of stunting among pre-school children, 1990–2020". Public Health Nutrition 15 (1): 142–148. doi:10.1017/S1368980011001315. PMID 21752311. edit

[grantham2007-6] Grantham-Mcgregor, S.; Cheung, Y. B.; Cueto, S.; Glewwe, P.; Richter, L.; Strupp, B. (2007). "Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries". The Lancet 369 (9555): 60. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4. edit

[7] "Encuesta Nacional de Salud Materno Infantil, 2008‒2009 (English: Guatemala Reproductive Health Survey 2008‒2009)". Guatemala City, Guatemala: Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social. December 2010. p. 670. Retrieved 2013-04-26.

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