stature

身長 　 　 　

WordNet

1. high level of respect gained by impressive development or achievement; "a man of great stature"
2. (of a standing person) the distance from head to foot (同)height
3. the vertical dimension of extension; distance from the base of something to the top (同)tallness

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『背』(せい),身長(height) / (身体の,また道徳的・知的な)発達,成長,進歩
2. 〈U〉(物の)『高さ』《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《時にa~》(一定の平面からの)高さ,海抜,標高 / 〈U〉〈C〉身長 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で単数扱い》高い所,高台 / 〈C〉《the~》『絶頂』,極致,まっ最中

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/23 21:07:50」(JST)

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"Tall" redirects here. For other uses, see Tall (disambiguation).

Human height is the distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head in a human body, standing erect.

When populations share genetic background and environmental factors, average height is frequently characteristic within the group. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from average) within such a population is sometimes due to gigantism or dwarfism, which are medical conditions caused by specific genes or endocrine abnormalities.

In regions of extreme poverty or prolonged warfare, environmental factors like chronic malnutrition during childhood or adolescence may account for delayed growth and/or (in severe cases) marked reductions in adult stature even without the presence of any of these medical conditions.

Determinants of growth and height

Median (50th percentile) growth curves for male and female 0–20 years.

The study of height is known as auxology. Growth has long been recognized as a measure of the health of individuals, hence part of the reasoning for the use of growth charts. For individuals, as indicators of health problems, growth trends are tracked for significant deviations and growth is also monitored for significant deficiency from genetic expectations. Genetics is a major factor in determining the height of individuals, though it is far less influential in regard to populations. Average height is increasingly used as a measure of the health and wellness (standard of living and quality of life) of populations.^{[citation needed]} Attributed as a significant reason for the trend of increasing height in parts of Europe are the egalitarian populations where proper medical care and adequate nutrition are relatively equally distributed. Changes in diet (nutrition) and a general rise in quality of health care and standard of living are the cited factors in the Asian populations. Average height in the United States has remained essentially stagnant since the 1950s even as the racial and ethnic background of residents has shifted. Malnutrition including chronic undernutrition and acute malnutrition is known to have caused stunted growth in various populations (WHO, 2012: Public Health Nutrition 2012;15:142-8.). This has been seen in North Korean, portions of African, certain historical European, and other populations. Countries such as Guatemala have rates of stunting as high as 82% in children under 5 (ENSMI 2008-2009).^{[citation needed]}

Height measurements are by nature subject to statistical sampling errors even for a single individual. In a clinical situation, height measurements are seldom taken more often than once per office visit, which may mean sampling taking place a week to several months apart. The smooth 50th percentile male and female growth curves illustrated above are aggregate values from thousands of individuals sampled at ages from birth to age 20. In reality, a single individual's growth curve shows large upward and downward spikes. Partly due to actual differences in growth velocity, and partly due to small measurement errors. For example, a typical measurement error of plus or minus 0.5 cm may completely nullify 0.5 cm of actual growth resulting in either a "negative" 0.5 cm growth (due to overestimation in the previous visit combined with underestimation in the latter), up to a 1.5 cm growth (the first visit underestimating and the second visit overestimating) in the same elapsed time period between measurements. Note there is a discontinuity in the growth curves at age 2, which reflects the difference in recumbent length (with the child on his or her back), used in measuring infants and toddlers, and standing height typically measured from age 2 onwards.

Sir Francis Galton's (1889) data showing the relationship between offspring height (928 individuals) as a function of mean parent height (205 sets of parents). The correlation was 0.57.

Height, like other phenotypic traits, is determined by a combination of genetics and environmental factors. A child's height based on parental heights is subject to regression toward the mean, therefore extremely tall or short parents will likely have correspondingly taller or shorter offspring, but their offspring will also likely be closer to average height than the parents themselves. Genetic potential and a number of hormones, minus illness, is a basic determinant for height. Other factors include the genetic response to external factors such as diet, exercise, environment, and life circumstances. Humans grow fastest (other than in the womb) as infants and toddlers, rapidly declining from a maximum at birth to roughly age 2, tapering to a slowly declining rate, and then during the pubertal growth spurt, a rapid rise to a second maximum (at around 11–12 years for female, and 13–14 years for male), followed by a steady decline to zero. On average, female growth speed trails off to zero at about 15 or 16 years, whereas the male curve continues for approximately 3 more years, going to zero at about 18–20. These are also critical periods where stressors such as malnutrition (or even severe child neglect) have the greatest effect.

Moreover, the health of a mother throughout her life, especially during her critical periods, and of course during pregnancy, has a role. A healthier child and adult develops a body that is better able to provide optimal prenatal conditions. The pregnant mother's health is important as gestation is itself a critical period for an embryo/fetus, though some problems affecting height during this period are resolved by catch-up growth assuming childhood conditions are good. Thus, there is a cumulative generation effect such that nutrition and health over generations influences the height of descendants to varying degrees.

The age of the mother also has some influence on her child's height. Studies in modern times have observed a gradual increase in height with maternal age, though these early studies suggest that trend is due to various socio-economic situations that select certain demographics as being more likely to have a first birth early in the mother's life. These same studies show that children born to a young mother are more likely to have below-average educational and behavioural development, again suggesting an ultimate cause of resources and family status rather than a purely biological explanation.

The precise relationship between genetics and environment is complex and uncertain. Differences in human height is 60%–80% heritable, according to several twin studies and has been considered polygenic since the Mendelian-biometrician debate a hundred years ago.^{[citation needed]} The only gene known to have an influence on human height is HMGA2. People who carry two copies of the "tall" allele of the HMGA2 gene are up to 1 cm taller than those who carry two copies of the "short" allele. A genome-wide association (GWA) study of more than 180,000 individuals has identified hundreds of genetic variants in at least 180 loci associated with adult human height.

The Nilotic peoples of Sudan such as the Shilluk and Dinka have been described as some of the tallest in the world. Dinka Ruweng males investigated by Roberts in 1953–54 were on average 1.813 m tall, and Shilluk males reached even 1.826 m. The Nilotic people are characterized as having long legs, narrow bodies and short trunks, an adaptation to hot weather. However, male Dinka and Shilluk refugees measured in 1995 in Southwestern Ethiopia were on average only 1.764 m and 1.726 m tall, respectively.

The Polynesian peoples of Samoa and Tonga have been described since European contact as being tall and muscular. Samoan males investigated by University of Hawaii–54 averaged 1.778 m tall, and Tongan males reached even 1.8034 m.^{[citation needed]} The Samoan and Tongan people are characterized as having large, muscular physiques, an adaptation to long ocean voyages.

Process of growth

Main pathways in endocrine regulation of growth.

Growth in stature, determined by its various factors, results from the lengthening of bones via cellular divisions chiefly regulated by somatotropin (human growth hormone (hGH)) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Somatotropin also stimulates the release of another growth inducing hormone Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mainly by the liver. Both hormones operate on most tissues of the body, have many other functions, and continue to be secreted throughout life; with peak levels coinciding with peak growth velocity, and gradually subsiding with age after adolescence. The bulk of secretion occurs in bursts (especially for adolescents) with the largest during sleep.

The majority of linear growth occurs as growth of cartilage at the epiphysis (ends) of the long bones which gradually ossify to form hard bone. The legs compose approximately half of adult human height, and leg length is a somewhat sexually dimorphic trait. Some of this growth occurs after the growth spurt of the long bones has ceased or slowed. The majority of growth during growth spurts is of the long bones. Additionally, the variation in height between populations and across time is largely due to changes in leg length. The remainder of height consists of the cranium. Height is sexually dimorphic and statistically it is more or less normally distributed, but with heavy tails.

Height abnormalities

Most intra-population variance of height is genetic. Short stature and tall stature are usually not a health concern. If the degree of deviation from normal is significant, hereditary short stature is known as familial short stature and tall stature is known as familial tall stature. Confirmation that exceptional height is normal for a respective person can be ascertained from comparing stature of family members and analyzing growth trends for abrupt changes, among others. There are, however, various diseases and disorders that cause growth abnormalities. Most notably, extreme height may be pathological, such as gigantism resulting from childhood hyperpituitarism, and dwarfism which has various causes. Rarely, no cause can be found for extreme height; very short persons may be termed as having idiopathic short stature. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003 approved hGH treatment for those 2.25 standard deviations below the population mean (approximately the lowest 1.2% of the population). An even rarer occurrence, or at least less used term and recognized "problem", is idiopathic tall stature.

If not enough growth hormone is produced and/or secreted by the pituitary gland, then a patient with growth hormone deficiency can undergo treatment. This treatment involves the injection of pure growth hormone into thick tissue to promote growth.

Role of an individual's height

Main article: Height and intelligence

Height and health

Certain studies have shown that height is a factor in overall health while some suggest tallness is associated with better cardiovascular health and shortness with longevity. Cancer risk has also been found to grow with height.

At the extreme end, being excessively tall can cause various medical problems, including cardiovascular problems, because of the increased load on the heart to supply the body with blood, and problems resulting from the increased time it takes the brain to communicate with the extremities. For example, Robert Wadlow, the tallest man known to verifiable history, developed trouble walking as his height increased throughout his life. In many of the pictures of the later portion of his life, Wadlow can be seen gripping something for support. Late in his life, although he died at age 22, he had to wear braces on his legs and walk with a cane; and he died after developing an infection in his legs because he was unable to feel the irritation and cutting caused by his leg braces. Excessive tallness and excessive shortness each can cause social exclusion and discrimination for both men and women (heightism).

Sources are in disagreement about the overall relationship between height and longevity. On the other hand, Samaras and Elrick, in the Western Journal of Medicine, demonstrate an inverse correlation between height and longevity in several mammals including humans.

Women whose height is under 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) may have a small pelvis, resulting in such complications during childbirth as shoulder dystocia.

A study done in Sweden has shown that there is a strong inverse correlation between height and suicide among Swedish men.

Height and occupational success

See also: Heights of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States

There is a large body of research in psychology, economics, and human biology that has assessed the relationship between several seemingly innocuous physical features (e.g., body height) and occupational success. The correlation between height and success was explored decades ago. Shorter people are considered to have an advantage in certain sports (e.g., gymnastics, race car driving, etc.). Meanwhile, in many sports taller people have a major advantage. They include certain professional sports (see section "Sports"), fashion modelling, etc. In most occupational fields, body height is not relevant to how well people are able to perform. A correlation has been found between body height and occupational success in several studies, although there may be other factors such as gender or socioeonomic status that may have been influencing the subjects' heights as well as their occupational success.

A demonstration of the height-success association can be found in the realm of politics. In the United States presidential elections, the taller candidate won 22 out of 25 times in the 20th century. Nevertheless, Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuits, was 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) and several prominent world leaders of the twentieth century, such as Vladimir Lenin, Benito Mussolini, Nicolae Ceaușescu and Joseph Stalin were of below average height. Further, growing evidence suggests that height may be a proxy for confidence, which is likewise strongly correlated with occupational success.

Sports

Main article: Height in sports

History of human height

Troops of the Eight nations alliance in 1900, shows British and American soldiers significantly taller than continental European soldiers. Left-to-right: Britain, United States, Australian, British India, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Japan.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Europeans in North America were far taller than those in Europe and were the tallest in the world. The original indigenous population of Plains Native Americans was also among the tallest populations of the world at the time. Several nations, including many nations in Europe, have now surpassed the US, particularly the Netherlands, and the Scandinavian nations. Now, the average height of White Americans is about the same as for the Europeans they are descended from.

In the late nineteenth century, the Netherlands was a land renowned for its short population, but today its population is among the world's tallest with young men averaging 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) tall. The tallest average in Europe is in the Dinaric Alps, with young men averaging 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in), and young women averaging 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in).

According to a Spanish study by endocrinologist Carrascosa Lezcano, the average height of a Spaniard is 1.816 m (5 foot 11.5 inches). The average height of a Spaniard female is 1.701 m (5 foot 7 inches). Throughout the period of the study, an increase of 1.8 cm, 1.4 cm and 3.3 cm were observed in adult height for percentiles 3, 50 and 97 in males respect to BIB 88 and 2.5 cm, 3.3 cm and 3.8 respect to CAT 87. In females these values were 3.5 cm, 2.5 cm and 4.2 cm respect to BIB 88 and 3.5 cm, 3.1 cm and 3.9 cm respect to CAT 87.

According to study by Economist John Komlos and Francesco Cinnirella, in the first half of 18th century, the average height of English male was 165 cm, the average height of Irish male was 168 cm. The estimated mean height of English, German, and Scottish soldiers are 163.6 cm - 165.9 cm for the period as a whole, while that of Irish was 167.9 cm. The average height of male slaves and convicts in North America was 171 cm.

Average height of Americans and Europeans decreased during period of rapid industrialization, possibly due to rapid population growth and increased economic inequality. In early 19th century England, the difference between average height of English upper class youth (students of Sandhurst military academy) and English lower class youth (marine society boys) reached 22 cm, the highest that has been observed.

Data derived from burials show that before 1850, the mean stature of male and female in Leiden, Netherlands was respectively 166.7 cm and 156.7 cm. The average height of 19 years old Dutch orphans in 1865 was 160 cm.

According to study by J.W. Drukker and Vincent Tassenaar, the average height of Dutch decreased from 1830 to 1857, even while Dutch real GNP per capita was growing at an average rate of more than 0.5 percent per year. The worst decline were in urban areas that in 1847, the urban height penalty was 2.5cms. Urban mortality was also much higher than rural regions. In 1829, the average urban and rural Dutchman was 164 cm. By 1856, the average rural Dutchman was 162 cm and urban Dutchman was 158.5 cm.

In the South Pacific the height of the Samoan and Tongan populations have long been known for their great size and stature. Early descriptions from European explorers of these Polynesians, speak of their great size and physiques. In 2009 a survey by the University of Hawaii found that both islands had males averaging 1.8034 m (5 ft 11 in) tall, while immigrants descending from both nations equalled that of Dinarians and Dutch at 1.857 m (6 ft 1 in) tall.^{[citation needed]} The reasons for this is believed that the Polynesians of Samoa and Tonga are truly genetically the largest people in the world.^{[citation needed]} This is based on the fact that, though the environmental and dietary factors contribute to Dinarian and Dutch heights, this is not the case for the height of peoples of Samoan and Tongan heritage. This makes them one of the tallest peoples in the world and history, as the 9000 year old skeleton of the Kennewick man (also of Polynesian origin) was 1.778 m (5 ft 10 in) in height. The suspected reason for their great stature is due to a long practices of eugenics by selecting tall strong warriors as mates^{[citation needed]}. Sālote Mafile‘o Pilolevu Tupou III the late former queen of Tonga was 1.905 m (6 ft 3 in) and Tui Manuʻa Elisala the king of the Samoan island of Manu'a was recorded as being 1.9812 m (6 ft 6 in) in height. Valerie Adams (formerly known as Valerie Vili); a reigning shot putter in women's Olympic champion and three-time World champion, two-time Commonwealth and World Indoor champion is 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) in height.

Average male height in impoverished Vietnam and North Korea remains comparatively small at 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) and 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in), respectively. Currently, young adult North Korean males are actually significantly shorter. This contrasts greatly with the extreme growth occurring in surrounding Asian populations with correlated increasing standards of living. Young South Koreans are about 12 cm (4.7 in) taller than their North Korean counterparts, on average. There is also an extreme difference between older North Koreans and young North Koreans who grew up during the famines of the 1990s–2000s. North Korean and South Korean adults older than 40, who were raised when the North and South's economies were about equal, are generally of the same average height.

In the early 1970s, when anthropologist Barry Bogin first visited Guatemala, he observed that Mayan Indian men averaged only 1.575 m (5 ft 2 in) in height and the women averaged 1.422 m (4 ft 8 in). Bogin took another series of measurements after the Guatemalan Civil War had erupted, during which up to a million Guatemalans had fled to the United States. He discovered that Maya refugees, who ranged from six to twelve years old, were significantly taller than their Guatemalan counterparts. By 2000, the American Maya were 10.24 cm (4.03 in) taller than the Guatemalan Maya of the same age, largely due to better nutrition and access to health care. Bogin also noted that American Maya children had a significantly lower sitting height ratio, (i.e., relatively longer legs, averaging 7.02 cm (2.76 in) longer) than the Guatemalan Maya.

Average height around the world

The average height for each sex within a population varies significantly, with men being (on average) taller than women. Women ordinarily reach their greatest height at a younger age than men, because puberty generally occurs earlier in women than in men. Vertical growth stops when the long bones stop lengthening, which occurs with the closure of epiphyseal plates. These plates are bone growth centers that disappear ("close") under the hormonal surges brought about by the completion of puberty. Adult height for one sex in a particular ethnic group follows more or less a normal distribution.^{[citation needed]}

Adult height between populations often differs significantly. For example, the average height of women from the Czech Republic is greater than that of men from Malawi. This may be caused by genetic differences, childhood lifestyle differences (nutrition, sleep patterns, physical labor), or both.

The tallest living man is Sultan Kösen of Turkey, at 2.51 m (8 ft 3 in). The tallest man in modern history was Robert Pershing Wadlow (1918–1940), from Illinois, in the United States, who was 2.72 m (8 ft 11 in) at the time of his death. The tallest female in medical history was Zeng Jinlian of Hunan, China, who stood 2.48 m (8 ft 1 ¹⁄₂ in) when she died at the age of 17. The shortest adult human on record is Chandra Bahadur Dangi of Nepal at 0.546 m (1 ft 9 ¹⁄₂ in).

Depending on sex, genetic and environmental factors, shrinkage of stature may begin in middle age in some individuals but tends to be universal in the extremely aged. This decrease in height is due to such factors as decreased height of inter-vertebral discs because of desiccation, atrophy of soft tissues and postural changes secondary to degenerative disease.

Below are average adult heights by country/geographical region. The original studies and sources should be consulted for details on methodology and the exact populations measured, surveyed, or considered.

As with any statistical data, the accuracy of this data may be questionable for various reasons:

• Some studies may allow subjects to self-report values.
• Test subjects may have been invited instead of chosen at random, resulting in sampling bias.
• A relatively small sample of the population may have been measured, which makes it uncertain whether this sample accurately represents the entire population.
• The height of a person can vary over the course of a day, due to factors such as the amount of exercise done directly before measurement (normally inversely correlated), or the time elapsed since lying down for a significant period of time (normally inversely correlated). For example, one study revealed a mean difference of 1.54 centimetres (0.61 in) in the height of 100 children from getting out of bed in the morning to between 4 and 5 p.m. that same day. Such factors may not have been controlled in some of the studies.

Note: Data in green are representative of the majority of the country or region's adult population.

Country/Region	Average male height	Average female height	Stature ratio (male to female)	Sample population / age range	Share of pop. over 15 covered	Methodology	Year	Source
Argentina	1.7351.7348 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)	1.6081.6076 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)	1.08	17 (healthy)	N/A	Measured	1998–2001
Argentina	N/A	1.596 m (5 ft 3 in)	N/A	19–49	N/A	Measured	2004–2005
Armenia	N/A	1.581 m (5 ft 2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005
Australia	1.784 m (5 ft 10 in)	1.645 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.08	18–24	13.7%	Measured	1995
Australia	1.748 m (5 ft 9 in)	1.634 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.07	18+	94.7%	Measured	1995
Austria	1.792 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)	1.676 m (5 ft 6 in)	1.07	21	N/A	Self-reported	2001
Azerbaijan	1.718 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)	1.654 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.04	16+	97.0%	Measured	2005
Bahrain	1.651 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.542 m (5 ft 1⁄2 in)	1.07	19+	91.1%	Measured	2002
Bangladesh	N/A	1.506 m (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2007
Belgium	1.786 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)	1.681 m (5 ft 6 in)	1.06	21	N/A	Self-reported	2001
Benin	N/A	1.593 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2006
Bolivia	N/A	1.518 m (5 ft 0 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2003
Bolivia	1.600 m (5 ft 3 in)	1.422 m (4 ft 8 in)	1.13	Aymara, 20–29	N/A	Measured	1970
Brazil	1.707 m (5 ft 7 in)	1.588 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	1.07	18+	93.2%	Measured	2008–2009
Brazil	1.731 m (5 ft 8 in)	1.611 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)	1.07	20–24	11.9%	Measured	2008–2009
Bulgaria	1.752 m (5 ft 9 in)	1.632 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.07	N/A	N/A	Measured	2010
Burkina Faso	N/A	1.616 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2003
Cambodia	N/A	1.524 m (5 ft 0 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005
Cameroon	1.706 m (5 ft 7 in)	1.613 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)	1.06	Urban, 15+	N/A	Measured	2003
Canada	1.760 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)	1.633 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.08	25–44	34.8%	Measured	2005
Canada	1.751 m (5 ft 9 in)	1.623 m (5 ft 4 in)	1.08	18–79	90.0%	Measured	2007–2009
Central African Republic	N/A	1.589 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1994
Chad	N/A	1.626 m (5 ft 4 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2004
Chile	1.710 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)	1.591 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	1.07	15–24	21.9%	Measured	2009–2010
Chile	1.696 m (5 ft 7 in)	1.561 m (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)	1.09	15+	100.0%	Measured	2009–2010
Chile	1.712 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)	1.572 m (5 ft 2 in)	1.09	25–44	37.3%	Measured	2009–2010
China, People's Republic of	1.663 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)	1.570 m (5 ft 2 in)	1.06	Rural, 17	N/A	Measured	2002
China, People's Republic of	1.702 m (5 ft 7 in)	1.586 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	1.07	Urban, 17	N/A	Measured	2002
Colombia	N/A	1.550 m (5 ft 1 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2004
Colombia	1.706 m (5 ft 7 in)	1.587 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	1.07	18–22	N/A	Measured	2002
Comoros	N/A	1.548 m (5 ft 1 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1996
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	N/A	1.577 m (5 ft 2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005
Congo, Republic of the	N/A	1.590 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2007
Croatia	1.805 m (5 ft 11 in)	1.663 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)	1.09	18	N/A	Measured	2006–2008
Cuba	1.6801.68 m (5 ft 6 in)	1.5601.56 m (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)	1.08	Urban, 15+	N/A	Measured	1999
Czech Republic	1.8031.8031 m (5 ft 11 in)	1.6721.6722 m (5 ft 6 in)	1.08	17	N/A	Measured	2001
Denmark	1.826 m (6 ft 0 in)	1.687 m (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in)	1.08	23	N/A	Self-reported	2001
Dinaric Alps	1.856 m (6 ft 1 in)	1.711 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)	1.08	17	N/A	Measured	2005
Dominican Republic	N/A	1.564 m (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1996
Egypt	N/A	1.595 m (5 ft 3 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2008
Egypt	1.703 m (5 ft 7 in)	1.589 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	1.07	20–24	N/A	Measured	2008
Estonia	1.791 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)	N/A	N/A	17	N/A	Measured	2003
Ethiopia	N/A	1.576 m (5 ft 2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1997
Finland	1.770 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)	1.630 m (5 ft 4 in)	1.09	25–74	75.8%	Measured	2007
Finland	1.790 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)	1.650 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.08	25–34	14.7%	Measured	2007
France	1.770 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)	1.646 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.08	20–29	N/A	Measured	2001
France	1.756 m (5 ft 9 in)	1.625 m (5 ft 4 in)	1.08	18–70	81.7%	Measured	2003–2005
Gabon	N/A	1.584 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2000
Gambia	1.680 m (5 ft 6 in)	1.578 m (5 ft 2 in)	1.06	Rural, 21–49	N/A	Measured	1950–1974
Germany	1.810 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)	1.680 m (5 ft 6 in)	1.08	18–25	N/A	Self-reported	2009
Germany	1.780 m (5 ft 10 in)	1.650 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.08	18+	96.5%	Self-reported	2009
Ghana	N/A	1.593 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2008
Ghana	1.695 m (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in)	1.585 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	1.07	25–29	N/A	Measured	1987–1989
Greece	1.783 m (5 ft 10 in)	1.666 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)	1.07	21	N/A	Self-reported	2001
Guatemala	N/A	1.473 m (4 ft 10 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1998
Guinea	N/A	1.588 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005
Haiti	N/A	1.586 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005
Honduras	N/A	1.520 m (5 ft 0 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005
Hong Kong	1.717 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)	1.587 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	1.08	18	N/A	Measured	2006
Hungary	1.773 m (5 ft 10 in)	N/A	N/A	18	N/A	Measured	2008
Hungary	1.760 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)	1.640 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.07	Adults	N/A	Measured	2000s
India	1.647 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.519 m (5 ft 0 in)	1.08	20–49	63.7%	Measured	2005–2006
India	1.663 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)	1.526 m (5 ft 0 in)	1.09	20	2.7%	Predicted	2005–2006
India	1.612 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)	1.521 m (5 ft 0 in)	1.06	Rural, 17+	N/A	Measured	2007
Indonesia	1.580 m (5 ft 2 in)	1.470 m (4 ft 10 in)	1.07	50+	N/A	Self-reported	1997
Iran	1.734 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)	1.598 m (5 ft 3 in)	1.09	21–25	16.0%	Measured	2005
Iran	1.703 m (5 ft 7 in)	1.572 m (5 ft 2 in)	1.08	21+	78.5%	Measured	2005
Iraq – Baghdad	1.654 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.558 m (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)	1.06	18–44	N/A	Measured	1999–2000
Ireland	1.775 m (5 ft 10 in)	1.635 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.09	21	N/A	Self-reported	2001
Israel	1.770 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)	1.660 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)	1.07	18–21	N/A	Measured	2010
Italy	1.772 m (5 ft 10 in)	1.678 m (5 ft 6 in)	1.06	21	N/A	Self-reported	2001
Italy	1.760 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)	1.650 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.07	18–40	37.0%	Measured	2005
Ivory Coast	N/A	1.598 m (5 ft 3 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1998
Ivory Coast	1.701 m (5 ft 7 in)	1.591 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	1.07	25–29	N/A	Measured	1985–1987
Jamaica	1.718 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)	1.608 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)	1.07	25–74	64.5%	Measured	1994–1996
Japan	1.707 m (5 ft 7 in)	1.580 m (5 ft 2 in)	1.08	17	N/A	Measured	2011
Jordan	N/A	1.582 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2007
Kazakhstan	N/A	1.598 m (5 ft 3 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1999
Kenya	N/A	1.594 m (5 ft 3 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2003
Korea, NorthNorth Korea	1.656 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.549 m (5 ft 1 in)	1.07	20–39 (defectors)	N/A	Measured	2005
Korea, SouthSouth Korea	1.7371.7374 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)	1.6111.6111 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)	1.08	12th grade (typically 17–18)	N/A	Measured	2011
Kyrgyzstan	N/A	1.580 m (5 ft 2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1997
Lesotho	N/A	1.576 m (5 ft 2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2004
Liberia	N/A	1.573 m (5 ft 2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2006
Lithuania	1.772 m (5 ft 10 in)	N/A	N/A	Conscripts, 19–25	N/A	Measured	2005
Lithuania	1.813 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)	1.675 m (5 ft 6 in)	1.08	18	N/A	Measured	2005
Madagascar	N/A	1.543 m (5 ft 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2003
Malawi	1.660 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)	1.550 m (5 ft 1 in)	1.07	Urban, 16–60	N/A	Measured	2000
Malaysia	1.647 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.533 m (5 ft 1⁄2 in)	1.07	20+	84.6%	Measured	1996
Mali – southern Mali	1.713 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)	1.604 m (5 ft 3 in)	1.07	Rural adults	N/A	Measured	1992
Malta	1.752 m (5 ft 9 in)	1.638 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.07	25–34	16.5%	Self-reported	2003
Malta	1.699 m (5 ft 7 in)	1.599 m (5 ft 3 in)	1.06	18+	94.8%	Self-reported	2003
Mexico	1.720 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)	1.600 m (5 ft 3 in)	1.08	18-39	N/A	Measured	2003–2011
Mexico – Morelos	1.670 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)	1.550 m (5 ft 1 in)	1.08	18–76	N/A	Self-reported	1998–1999
Moldova	N/A	1.612 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005
Mongolia	1.684 m (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in)	1.577 m (5 ft 2 in)	1.07	25–34	N/A	Measured	2006
Morocco	N/A	1.585 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2003
Mozambique	N/A	1.560 m (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2003
Namibia	N/A	1.607 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2006
Nepal	N/A	1.508 m (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2006
Netherlands	1.838 m (6 ft 1⁄2 in)	1.707 m (5 ft 7 in)	N/A	-21	N/A	Measured	2009
Netherlands	1.808 m (5 ft 11 in)	1.675 m (5 ft 6 in)	1.08	20+	92.6%	Self-reported	2010
Netherlands	1.832 m (6 ft 0 in)	1.699 m (5 ft 7 in)	1.08	20–30	N/A	Self-reported	2010
New Zealand	1.770 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)	1.650 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.07	19–45	51.7%	Estimates	1993–2007
New Zealand	1.745 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)	1.630 m (5 ft 4 in)	1.07	45–65	28.6%	Estimates	1993–2007
Nicaragua	N/A	1.537 m (5 ft 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2001
Nigeria	1.638 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.578 m (5 ft 2 in)	1.04	18–74	86.7%	Measured	1994–1996
Norway	1.824 m (6 ft 0 in)	1.680 m (5 ft 6 in)	1.09	20–25	9.0%	Measured	2008–2009
Norway	1.816 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)	1.682 m (5 ft 6 in)	1.08	26–35	15.2%	Measured	2008–2009
Norway	1.803 m (5 ft 11 in)	1.670 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)	1.08	20–85	88.8%	Measured	2008–2009
Peru	1.640 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.510 m (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in)	1.09	20+	85.4%	Measured	2005
Philippines	1.634 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.517 m (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in)	1.08	20–39	49.5%	Measured	2003
Philippines	1.619 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)	1.502 m (4 ft 11 in)	1.08	20+	83.1%	Measured	2003
Poland	1.785 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)	1.651 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.08	18	N/A	Measured	2010
Portugal	1.737 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)	1.637 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.06	21	N/A	Self-reported	2001
Rwanda	N/A	1.577 m (5 ft 2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005
Senegal	N/A	1.630 m (5 ft 4 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005
Singapore	1.706 m (5 ft 7 in)	1.600 m (5 ft 3 in)	1.07	17–25	N/A	N/A	2003
Slovakia	1.794 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)	1.656 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.08	18	N/A	Measured	2004
Slovenia – Ljubljana	1.803 m (5 ft 11 in)	1.674 m (5 ft 6 in)	1.08	19	N/A	Measured	2011
South Africa	1.690 m (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in)	1.590 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	1.06	25–34	N/A	Measured	1998
Spain	1.780 m (5 ft 10 in)	1.662 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)	1.07	21	N/A	Self-reported	2001
Sri Lanka	1.636 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.514 m (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in)	1.08	18+	93.6%	Measured	2005–2006
Swaziland	N/A	1.591 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2006
Sweden	1.815 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)	1.668 m (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in)	1.09	20–29	N/A	Measured	2008
Sweden	1.779 m (5 ft 10 in)	1.646 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.08	20–74	82.4%	Self-reported	1987–1994
Switzerland	1.754 m (5 ft 9 in)	1.640 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.07	20–74	84.8%	Self-reported	1987–1994
Switzerland	1.781 m (5 ft 10 in)	N/A	N/A	Conscripts, 18–21	N/A	Measured	2005
Switzerland	1.782 m (5 ft 10 in)	N/A	N/A	Conscripts, 19	N/A	Measured	2009
Tanzania	N/A	1.566 m (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2004
Thailand	1.703 m (5 ft 7 in)	1.5901.59 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	1.07	15–19, STOU students	N/A	Self-reported	2005
Togo	N/A	1.590 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1998
Turkey	N/A	1.564 m (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2003
Turkey – Ankara	1.761 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)	1.620 m (5 ft 4 in)	1.09	18–29	N/A	Measured	2004–2006
Turkey – Ankara	1.740 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)	1.589 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	1.10	18–59	N/A	Measured	2004–2006
Uganda	N/A	1.592 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2006
United Arab Emirates	1.734 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in)	1.564 m (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in)	1.11	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
U.K. – England	1.754 m (5 ft 9 in)	1.619 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)	1.08	16+	N/A	Measured	2010
U.K. – England	1.771 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)	1.644 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.08	16–24	N/A	Measured	2010
U.K. – England	1.776 m (5 ft 10 in)	1.637 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.08	25–34	N/A	Measured	2010
U.K. – Scotland	1.750 m (5 ft 9 in)	1.613 m (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)	1.08	16+	N/A	Measured	2008
U.K. – Scotland	1.782 m (5 ft 10 in)	1.635 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.09	25–34	N/A	Measured	2008
U.K. – Wales	1.770 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)	1.620 m (5 ft 4 in)	1.09	16+	N/A	Measured	2009
U.S.	1.776 m (5 ft 10 in)	1.632 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.09	All Americans, 20–29	17.4%	Measured	2003–2006
U.S.	1.763 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)	1.622 m (5 ft 4 in)	1.09	All Americans, 20+	91.0%	Measured	2003–2006
U.S.	1.780 m (5 ft 10 in)	1.632 m (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)	1.09	Black Americans, 20–39	N/A	Measured	2003–2006
U.S.	1.706 m (5 ft 7 in)	1.587 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	1.07	Mexican Americans, 20–39	N/A	Measured	2003–2006
U.S.	1.789 m (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in)	1.648 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.09	White Americans, 20–39	N/A	Measured	2003–2006
Uruguay	1.7001.70 m (5 ft 7 in)	1.5801.58 m (5 ft 2 in)	1.08	Adults	N/A	Measured	1990
Uzbekistan	N/A	1.599 m (5 ft 3 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	1996
Vietnam	1.621 m (5 ft 4 in)	1.522 m (5 ft 0 in)	1.07	25–29	N/A	Measured	1992–1993
Vietnam	1.657 m (5 ft 5 in)	1.552 m (5 ft 1 in)	1.07	Students, 20–25	N/A	Measured	2006–2007
Zambia	N/A	1.585 m (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2007
Zimbabwe	N/A	1.603 m (5 ft 3 in)	N/A	25–49	N/A	Self-reported	2005

See also

• Anthropometry
• Body weight
• Human variability
• List of shortest people
• List of tallest people
• Pygmy peoples

References

Bibliography

• Fitting the Task to the Man, 1987 (for heights in U.S. and Japan)
• Eurostats Statistical Yearbook 2004 (for heights in Germany)
• Netherlands Central Bureau for Statistics, 1996 (for average heights)
• Mean Body Weight, Height, and body mass index, United States 1960–2002
• UK Department of Health – Health Survey for England
• Statistics Norway, Conscripts, by height, Per cent
• Statistics Sweden (in Swedish)
• Burkhard Bilger. "The Height Gap." The New Yorker
• A collection of data on human height, referred to here as "karube" but originally collected from other sources, was originally available here (www.kurabe.net/average_height/) but is no longer. A copy is available here.www.psych.ualberta.ca/~phurd/karube/ (an English translation of this Japanese page would make it easier to evaluate the quality of the data...)
• cdc.gov
• Aminorroaya A, Amini M, Naghdi H, Zadeh AH (December 2003). "Growth charts of heights and weights of male children and adolescents of Isfahan, Iran". Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 21 (4): 341–6. PMID 15038589. 
• Blaha, P. et al.: 6. Celostátní antropologický výzkum detí a mládeže 2001, Ceská republika [6th Nationwide anthropological research of children and youth 2001, Czech republic], Charles University in Prague 2005
• Bogin, B.A. (1999) Patterns of human growth. 2nd ed Cambridge U Press
• Bogin, B.A. (2001) The growth of humanity Wiley-Liss
• Cavelaars, A.E.J.M., Kunst, A.E., Geurts, J.J.M., Crialesi, R., Grotvedt, L., Helmert U. Persistent variations in average height between countries and between socio-economic groups: an overview of 10 European countries. Annals of Human Biology. 27(4),407–421.
• Deurenberg P, Bhaskaran K, Lian PL (2003). "Singaporean Chinese adolescents have more subcutaneous adipose tissue than Dutch Caucasians of the same age and body mass index". Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 12 (3): 261–5. PMID 14505987. 
• Eveleth, P.B. & Tanner, J.M. (1990) Worldwide variation in human growth, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.
• Lintsi M, Kaarma H (January 2006). "Growth of Estonian seventeen-year-old boys during the last two centuries". Econ Hum Biol 4 (1): 89–103. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2005.05.007. PMID 15993666. 
• Miura K, Nakagawa H, Greenland P (April 2002). "Invited commentary: Height-cardiovascular disease relation: where to go from here?". Am. J. Epidemiol. 155 (8): 688–9. doi:10.1093/aje/155.8.688. PMID 11943684. 
• Ruff, C. (2002) Variation in human body size and shape. Ann. Rev. Anthropol. 31:211–232.
• Average height of young Spaniards (in Spanish)
• Krishan K, Sharma JC (2002). "Intra-individual difference between recumbent length and stature among growing children". Indian J Pediatr 69 (7): 565–9. doi:10.1007/BF02722678. PMID 12173694. 
• Case A, Paxson C (2008). "Stature and status: Height, ability, and labor market outcomes". The Journal of Political Economy 116 (3): 499–532. doi:10.1086/589524. PMC 2709415. PMID 19603086. 
• Sakamaki R, Amamoto R, Mochida Y, Shinfuku N, Toyama K (2005). "A comparative study of food habits and body shape perception of university students in Japan and Korea". Nutrition Journal 4: 31. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-4-31. PMC 1298329. PMID 16255785. 
• Average height of the Dinkas

External links

• CDC National Center for Health Statistics: Growth Charts of American Percentiles
• fao.org, Body Weights and Heights by Countries (given in percentiles)
• BMI Calculator Calculate a persons Body Mass Index
• The Height Gap, Article discussing differences in height around the world

Source

• Tallest in the World: Native Americans of the Great Plains in the Nineteenth Century
• European Heights in the Early eighteenth Century
• Spatial Convergence in Height in East-Central Europe, 1890–1910
• Global Height Trends in Industrial and Developing Countries, 1810–1984: An Overview 2006 10 20
• The Biological Standard of Living in Europe During the Last Two Millennia
• HEALTH AND NUTRITION IN THE PREINDUSTRIAL ERA: INSIGHTS FROM A MILLENNIUM OF AVERAGE HEIGHTS IN NORTHERN EUROPE
• Industrialized Nations?
• STATURE IN TRANSITION: A MICRO-LEVEL STUDY FROM NINETEENTH-CENTURY BELGIUM

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 低身長に対する診断的アプローチ diagnostic approach to short stature
• 2. 低身長の原因 causes of short stature
• 3. 小児の成長測定 measurement of growth in children
• 4. 高身長または異常に急激な成長がみられる小児 the child with tall stature or abnormally rapid growth
• 5. 乳幼児および思春期前の小児における通常の成長パターン normal growth patterns in infants and prepubertal children

English Journal

• Practical and reliable enzyme test for the detection of Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (Morquio Syndrome type A) in dried blood samples.

• Camelier MV, Burin MG, De Mari J, Vieira TA, Marasca G, Giugliani R.SourceMedical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Medical Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
• Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.Clin Chim Acta.2011 Sep 18;412(19-20):1805-8. Epub 2011 Jun 12.
• BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA), or Morquio Syndrome type A, is an autosomal recessive disease caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase (GALNS), resulting in excessive lysosomal storage of keratan sulfate in many tissues and organs. This accumula
• PMID 21684269

• Does sitting height ratio affect estimates of obesity prevalence among Canadian Inuit? results from the 2007-2008 Inuit health survey.

• Galloway T, Chateau-Degat ML, Egeland GM, Young TK.SourceCentre for Indigenous People's Nutrition and Environment, School of Dietetics and Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. tracey.galloway@mcgill.ca.
• American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council.Am J Hum Biol.2011 Sep;23(5):655-63. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.21194. Epub 2011 Jun 16.
• OBJECTIVES: High sitting height ratio (SHR) is a characteristic commonly associated with Inuit morphology. Inuit are described as having short leg lengths and high trunk-to-stature proportions such that cutoffs for obesity derived from European populations may not adequately describe thresholds of d
• PMID 21681849

• Microdeletion at 4q21.3 is associated with intellectual disability, dysmorphic facies, hypotonia, and short stature.

• Dukes-Rimsky L, Guzauskas GF, Holden KR, Griggs R, Ladd S, Del Carmen Montoya M, Dupont BR, Srivastava AK.SourceJ.C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina.
• American journal of medical genetics. Part A.Am J Med Genet A.2011 Sep;155(9):2146-53. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34137. Epub 2011 Aug 10.
• Chromosomal imbalances are a major cause of intellectual disability (ID) and multiple congenital anomalies. We have clinically and molecularly characterized two patients with chromosome translocations and ID. Using whole genome array CGH analysis, we identified a microdeletion involving 4q21.3, unre
• PMID 21834054

Japanese Journal

• 児童養護施設入所児の身長発育に関する研究--心理的,社会的背景の身長発育に与える影響

• 吉田 敏子
• 小児保健研究 70(4), 523-528, 2011-07
• NAID 40018907860

• 子どもの発育研究と身体比例チャート

• 佐竹 隆,廣原 紀恵,服部 恒明
• 発育発達研究 (51), 77-80, 2011-03
• NAID 40018865286

• 低身長児が自分の身長に抱くイメージと心理社会的適応の関連--対面式イメージ身長評価法を用いて

• 西村 直子,遠藤 有里,南前 恵子 [他]
• 日本成長学会雑誌 17(1), 33-40, 2011-04
• NAID 40018855763

Related Links

• stature - definition of stature by the Free Online Dictionary ...

The natural height of a human or animal in an upright position. 2. An achieved level; status. [Middle English, from Old French, from Latin stat ra; see st - in Indo-European roots.] stature [?stat??]. n. 1. the height of something, ...

• statureの意味 - 英和辞書 - goo辞書

statureの意味は？英和辞書。goo辞書は無料で使える日本最大級の辞書サービスです。

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「身長」「height」「体格」「body height」
拡張検索	「constitutional short stature」

「身長」

　　[★]

英

body height, stature, height

関

体重

新生児、乳児、幼児の身長

身長 (x倍数)	生後		生後	身長 (x倍数)
1	0		0	1
1.5	1-1.歳		1-1.歳	1.5
2	4歳		4歳	2
3	12歳		12歳	3

乳児期以降の成長

• 乳児期：7 cm/y
• 学童期：5-6 cm/y
• 思春期：8-10 cm/y　→　思春期発育急進現象

「height」

　　[★]

• n.

• 高さ、身長、絶頂、高地

関

acme、body height、culminant、culmination、pitch、stature

　 　

「体格」

　　[★]

英

physique, somatotype, habitus, stature

同

体型

関

気質、構成、構造、組成、体質

「body height」

　　[★]

• 身長

関

height、stature

「constitutional short stature」

　　[★] 家族性低身長