WordNet

briefly shut the eyes; "The TV announcer never seems to blink" (同)wink, nictitate, nictate
a reflex that closes and opens the eyes rapidly (同)eye blink, blinking, wink, winking, nictitation, nictation
an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus (同)reflex response, reflex action, instinctive reflex, innate reflex, inborn reflex, unconditioned_reflex, physiological reaction
closing the eyes intermittently and rapidly; "he stood blinking in the bright sunlight" (同)winking
small Indian lettuce of northern regions (同)blinking chickweed, water chickweed, Montia lamprosperma
(of leaves) bent downward and outward more than 90 degrees

PrepTutorEJDIC

(無意識に)『まばたきする』 / 〈灯火・星などが〉『明減する』,ぴかぴか光る(twinkle) / (欠点・悪事などを)見て見ぬふりをする《+『at』+『名』》 / (…を見て)目をぱちくりさせて驚く《+『at』+『名』》 / 〈目〉'を'まばたきする / 〈灯火〉'を'点滅させる / …'を'見て見ぬふりをする / またたき / きらめき
反射(刺激に対する無意識の反応) / 《複数形で》反射的な動き / (光などの)反射,反射光;映像 / 反射性の / (カメラが)レフ鋼の,反射型の
《遠回しに》ひどい,いまわしい(bloody)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/26 14:41:41」(JST)

wiki en

The corneal reflex, also known as the blink reflex, is an involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by stimulation of the cornea (such as by touching or by a foreign body), or bright light, though could result from any peripheral stimulus. Stimulation should elicit both a direct and consensual response (response of the opposite eye). The reflex occurs at a rapid rate of 0.1s. The purpose of this reflex is to protect the eyes from foreign bodies and bright lights (the latter known as the optical reflex).^[1] The blink reflex also occurs when sounds greater than 40-60 dB are made.^[2]

The reflex is mediated by:

the nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic branch (V₁) of the 5th cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve) sensing the stimulus on the cornea, lid, or conjunctiva (i.e. it is the afferent).
the temporal and zygomatic branches of the 7th cranial nerve (Facial nerve) initiating the motor response (i.e. it is the efferent).
Mediated by centre in the pons of brainstem.

Use of contact lenses may diminish or abolish the testing of this reflex.

The optical reflex, on the other hand, is slower and is mediated by the visual cortex, which resides in the occipital lobe of the brain. The reflex is absent in infants under 9 months.

The examination of the corneal reflex is a part of some neurological exams, particularly when evaluating coma. Damage to the ophthalmic branch (V₁) of the 5th cranial nerve results in absent corneal reflex when the affected eye is stimulated. Stimulation of one cornea normally has a consensual response, with both eyelids normally closing.

Rates

When awake, the lids spread the tear secretions over the corneal surface, on a typical basis of 2 to 10 seconds (though this may vary individually). However, blinking is not only dependent on dryness and/or irritation.^{[citation needed]} A brain area, the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia, contains a blinking center that controls blinking. Nonetheless, the external stimuli are still involved. Blinking is linked with the extraocular muscles. Blinking is often concurrent with a shift in gaze, and it is believed that this helps the movement of the eye.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ "eye, human."Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009
^ Garde, M.M., & Cowey, A. (2000). "Deaf hearing": Unacknowledged detection of auditory stimuli in a patient with cerebral deafness. Cortex 36(1), 71-80

External links

-751501308 at GPnotebook

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Optimization of hyaluronan-based eye drop formulations.

Salzillo R1, Schiraldi C2, Corsuto L1, D'Agostino A1, Filosa R1, De Rosa M1, La Gatta A3.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2016 Nov 20;153:275-83. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.106. Epub 2016 Jul 29.
Hyaluronan (HA) is frequently incorporated in eye drops to extend the pre-corneal residence time, due to its viscosifying and mucoadhesive properties. Hydrodynamic and rheological evaluations of commercial products are first accomplished revealing molecular weights varying from about 360 to about 12
PMID 27561497

Social stimuli increase physiological reactivity but not defensive responses.

Kosonogov V1,2, Sanchez-Navarro JP2,3, Martinez-Selva JM2,3, Torrente G2,3, Carrillo-Verdejo E2,3.
Scandinavian journal of psychology.Scand J Psychol.2016 Oct;57(5):393-8. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12311. Epub 2016 Jul 22.
Emotional reactions are crucial in survival because they provide approach and withdrawal behaviors. However, an unsolved question is whether the social content of the affective stimuli has a specific effect on emotional responses. We studied whether the social content of affective pictures influence
PMID 27447097

Abnormal blink reflex recovery cycle in manifesting and nonmanifesting carriers of the DYT1 gene mutation.

Fong PY1, Edwards MJ, Lu CS, Chen RS, Rothwell JC, Bhatia KP, Huang YZ.
Neuroreport.Neuroreport.2016 Sep 28;27(14):1046-9. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000653.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the brainstem function in DYT1 carriers manifesting clinical dystonia (MDYT1) and those without clinical symptoms (NMDYT1). Motor cortical inhibition and plasticity were found to be abnormal in MDYT1, whereas these were less abnormal in NMDYT1. However, the spina
PMID 27508977