beta-adrenergic agonist

• βアドレナリン受容体刺激薬、βアドレナリン作動薬、βアドレナリン作用薬

関

beta-adrenergic receptor agonist

WordNet

1. to remain unmolested, undisturbed, or uninterrupted -- used only in infinitive form; "let her be"
2. work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function; "He is a herpetologist"; "She is our resident philosopher" (同)follow
3. have life, be alive; "Our great leader is no more"; "My grandfather lived until the end of war" (同)live
4. be identical to; be someone or something; "The president of the company is John Smith"; "This is my house"
5. happen, occur, take place; "I lost my wallet; this was during the visit to my parents house"; "There were two hundred people at his funeral"; "There was a lot of noise in the kitchen"
6. have the quality of being; (copula, used with an adjective or a predicate noun); "John is rich"; "This is not a good answer"
7. occupy a certain position or area; be somewhere; "Where is my umbrella?" "The toolshed is in the back"; "What is behind this behavior?"
8. spend or use time; "I may be an hour"
9. stake on the outcome of an issue; "I bet $100 on that new horse"; "She played all her money on the dark horse" (同)wager, play
10. the act of gambling; "he did it on a bet" (同)wager
11. maintain with or as if with a bet; "I bet she will be there!" (同)wager
12. second in order of importance; "the candidate, considered a beta male, was perceived to be unable to lead his party to victory"
13. the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet
14. preliminary or testing stage of a software or hardware product; "a beta version"; "beta software"
15. (biochemistry) a drug that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiological reaction
16. a muscle that contracts while another relaxes; "when bending the elbow the biceps are the agonist"
17. someone involved in a contest or battle (as in an agon)
18. drug that has the effects of epinephrine (同)adrenergic_drug
19. relating to epinephrine (its release or action) (同)sympathomimetic

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 《連結語として補語を伴なって…『である』,…だ,…です / 《位置・場所を表す語句を伴って》(…に)『ある』,いる(occupy a place or situation) / 〈物事が〉『存在する』,ある(exist);〈生物が〉生存する,生きている(live) / 行われる,起こる,発生する(take place, occur) / 存続する,そのままでいる(remain as before) / 《『be to』 do》 / …する予定である,…することになっている / …すべきだ / 《受動態の不定詞を伴って》…できる / 《命令》…するのだ / 《条件節に》…する意図がある / 《『if…were to』 do》…するとしたなら / 《『be』 do『ing』》《進行形》 / 《進行中の動作》…している,しつつある / 《近い未来》…しようとしている,するつもり / 《動作の反復》(いつも)…している / 《『be』+『他動詞の過去分詞』》《受動態》…される,されている / 《『be』+『自動詞の過去分詞』》《完了形》…した[状態にある]
2. 『かけ』・(…との)かけ《+『with』+『名』》 / かけた物(金) / かけの対象 / 〈金・物〉'を'『かける』 / (かけ事・ゲームなどで)〈人〉‘と'『かけをする』《+『名』〈人〉+『on』+『名』》 / (…に)『かける』《+『on』(『against』)+『名』(one's do『ing』)》
3. ベータ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第2文字;B,β;英語のB,b に遭当)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/23 19:38:28」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Beta Adrenergic receptor agonists
Drug class
Skeletal structor formula of Salbutamol. A widely used medication to treat asthma attacks
Use	Bradycardia, Asthma, heart failure, etc.
Biological target	Adrenergic receptors (β subtype)
ATC code	R03
External links
MeSH	D000318

Beta-adrenergic agonists or Beta-agonists are medications that relax muscles of the airways, which widens the airways and results in easier breathing. They are a class of sympathomimetic agents which act upon the beta adrenoceptors. In general, pure beta-adrenergic agonists have the opposite function of beta blockers. Beta adrenoreceptor agonist ligands mimic the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine signaling in the heart, lungs and smooth muscle tissue, with epinephrine being the highest affinity. The activation of β1, β2 and β3 activates the enzyme, Adenylate cyclase. This in turn leads to the activation of the secondary messenger Cyclic adenosine monophosphate and induces smooth muscle relaxation and contraction of the cardiac tissue.

Function

Adrenaline

Activation of β1 receptors induces positive inotropic, chronotropic output of the cardiac muscle, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure, secretion of ghrelin from the stomach, and renin release from the kidneys.

Activation of β2 receptors induces smooth muscle relaxation in the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, uterus, and various blood vessels. Increased heart rate and heart muscle contraction is also associated with the β2 receptors. β3 receptors are mainly located in adipose tissue.

Activation of the β3 receptors induces the metabolism of lipids.

Medical uses

Indications of administration for beta agonists include the following:

• Bradycardia (slow heart rate)
• Asthma
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Heart failure
• allergic reactions
• hyperkalemia
• an antidote to beta blocker poisoning

Side effects

Although minor compared to those of epinephrine, beta agonists usually have mild to moderate adverse effects, which include anxiety, hypertension, increased heart rate and insomnia. Other side effects include headaches and essential tremor. Indications of hypoglycemia were also reported due to secretion of insulin in the body from activation of beta-2 receptors.

In 2013, Zilpaterol, a beta-agonist sold by Merck was temporarily withdrawn due to signs of sickness in some cattle that were fed the drug.

Receptor selectivity

Most agonists of the beta receptors are selective for one or more beta-adrenoreceptors. For example, patients with low heart rate are given beta agonist treatments that are more "cardio-selective" such as dobutamine, which increases the force of contraction of the heart muscle. Patients who are suffering from a chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are treated with albuterol, which mainly induces smooth muscle relaxation in the lungs and less contraction of the heart.

Beta-3 agonists are currently in clinical research and are thought to increase the breakdown of lipids in obese patients.

β₁ agonists

Main article: Beta-1 adrenergic receptor § agonists

β₁ agonists: stimulates adenylyl cyclase activity; opening of calcium channel. (cardiac stimulants; used to treat cardiogenic shock, acute heart failure, bradyarrhythmias). Selected examples are:

• Dobutamine
• Isoproterenol (β₁ and β₂)
• Xamoterol
• epinephrine (non-selective)

β₂ agonists

Main article: Beta₂-adrenergic agonist

β₂ agonists: stimulates adenylyl cyclase activity; closing of calcium channel (smooth muscle relaxants; used to treat asthma and COPD). Selected examples are:

• salbutamol (albuterol in USA)
• Levosalbutamol (Levalbuterol in USA)
• Fenoterol
• Formoterol
• Isoproterenol (β₁ and β₂)
• Metaproterenol
• Salmeterol
• Terbutaline
• Clenbuterol
• Isoetarine
• pirbuterol
• procaterol
• ritodrine
• epinephrine (non-selective)

Undetermined/unsorted

The following agents are also listed as agonists by MeSH.

• arbutamine
• befunolol
• bromoacetylalprenololmenthane
• broxaterol
• cimaterol
• cirazoline
• denopamine
• dopexamine
• etilefrine
• hexoprenaline
• higenamine
• isoxsuprine
• mabuterol
• methoxyphenamine
• nylidrin
• oxyfedrine
• prenalterol
• ractopamine
• reproterol
• rimiterol
• tretoquinol
• tulobuterol
• zilpaterol
• zinterol

See also

• Alpha-adrenergic agonist

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 喘息におけるβ刺激剤：急性期投与および予防的使用 beta agonists in asthma acute administration and prophylactic use
• 2. 喘息におけるβ刺激剤：長期使用に関する議論 beta agonists in asthma controversy regarding chronic use
• 3. 青年や成人の間欠型喘息および軽症持続型喘息の治療 treatment of intermittent and mild persistent asthma in adolescents and adults
• 4. 麻酔後回復室（PACU）における心血管の障害 cardiovascular problems in the post anesthesia care unit pacu
• 5. 小児における喘息の急性増悪：救急外来によるマネージメント acute asthma exacerbations in children emergency department management

English Journal

• Trials in adult critical care that show increased mortality of the new intervention: Inevitable or preventable mishaps?

• Russell JA1,2, Williams MD3.
• Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0120-1. Epub 2016 Feb 24.
• Several promising therapies assessed in the adult critically ill in large, multicenter randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were associated with significantly increased mortality in the intervention arms. Our hypothesis was that there would be wide ranges in sponsorship (industry or not), type(s) of
• PMID 26909519

• Calmodulin kinase II inhibition limits the pro-arrhythmic Ca2+ waves induced by cAMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitors.

• Bobin P1, Varin A1, Lefebvre F1, Fischmeister R1, Vandecasteele G1, Leroy J2.
• Cardiovascular research.Cardiovasc Res.2016 May 1;110(1):151-61. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvw027. Epub 2016 Feb 4.
• AIMS: A major concern of using phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors in heart failure is their potential to increase mortality by inducing arrhythmias. By diminishing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) hydrolysis, they promote protein kinase A (PKA) activity under β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) stim
• PMID 26851245

• Impact of the Arg 16 Allele of the B2AR Gene on the Effect of Withdrawal of LABA in Patients with Moderate to Severe Asthma.

• Slankard M1, Michelis MA2, Mansukhani M3, McGoey B4, Paige A5, Andrews H6, Lederer D7, Canfield S8, DiMango E9.
• The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma.J Asthma.2016 Apr 6:0. [Epub ahead of print]
• INTRODUCTION: Long acting beta agonists (LABAs) are effective for controlling asthma, however questions about their safety have led to concerns over use. Genetic polymorphisms at the 16 amino acid position of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene (B2AR) may be associated with increased risk.METHODS: A
• PMID 27050801

Japanese Journal

• COPD(慢性閉塞性肺疾患)診断と治療のためのガイドライン第4版概論 (特集 COPD update : 最新の診断・治療動向)

• 日本臨床 74(5), 728-732, 2016-05
• NAID 40020826740

• 1E25 気管支拡張剤が酸素輸送効率に与える影響に関する理論的検討

• バイオエンジニアリング講演会講演論文集 2016(28), "1E25-1"-"1E25-5", 2016-01-09
• NAID 110010052070

• 末梢気道の拡張は酸素輸送効率を低下させる：4D肺モデルによる吸入気酸素輸送シミュレーション

• 生体医工学 53(Supplement), S239_03-S239_03, 2015
• NAID 130005163930

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「βアドレナリン受容体刺激薬」「βアドレナリン作用薬」「beta-adrenergic receptor agonist」「βアドレナリン作動薬」
関連記事	「adrenergic agonist」「adrenergics」「adrenergic」「beta」「be」

「βアドレナリン受容体刺激薬」

　　[★]

英

beta-adrenergic receptor agonist、beta-adrenergic agonist

関

βアドレナリン作用薬、βアドレナリン受容体作動薬、βアドレナリン作動薬

「βアドレナリン作用薬」

　　[★]

英

beta-adrenergic agonist

関

βアドレナリン受容体作動薬、βアドレナリン作動薬、βアドレナリン受容体刺激薬

「beta-adrenergic receptor agonist」

　　[★]

• βアドレナリン受容体刺激薬、βアドレナリン受容体作動薬

関

beta-adrenergic agonist

「βアドレナリン作動薬」

　　[★]

英

beta-adrenergic agonist

関

βアドレナリン作用薬、βアドレナリン受容体刺激薬

「adrenergic agonist」

　　[★]

• アドレナリン受容体刺激薬、アドレナリン作動薬、アドレナリン刺激薬、アドレナリン作用薬

関

adrenergic、adrenergic agent、adrenergic drug、adrenergic receptor agonist、adrenergics、adrenomimetic

「adrenergics」

　　[★]

アドレナリン受容体刺激薬、アドレナリン作用薬

関

adrenergic、adrenergic agent、adrenergic agonist、adrenergic drug、adrenergic receptor agonist

「adrenergic」

　　[★]

• adj.

• アドレナリンの、アドレナリン性の

　 　

「beta」

　　[★]

β、ベータ 　 　 　 　

「be」

　　[★]