関: Beta vulgaris、chard

WordNet

biennial Eurasian plant usually having a swollen edible root; widely cultivated as a food crop (同)common beet, Beta_vulgaris
round red root vegetable (同)beetroot
beet lacking swollen root; grown as a vegetable for its edible leaves and stalks (同)Swiss_chard, spinach beet, leaf beet, chard plant, Beta vulgaris cicla
long succulent whitish stalks with large green leaves (同)Swiss_chard, spinach beet, leaf beet
small beetle that likes to bore through the bark of spruce trees and eat the cambium which eventually kills the tree; "the spruce bark beetle is the major tree-killing insect pest of Alaska spruce forests" (同)Dendroctonus rufipennis
any of numerous aquatic beetles usually having a smooth oval body and flattened hind legs for swimming
any of various beetles that exude an oily substance from the leg joints that deters enemies
small weevil having a prolonged snout; destructive to e.g. grains and nuts
to remain unmolested, undisturbed, or uninterrupted -- used only in infinitive form; "let her be"
work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function; "He is a herpetologist"; "She is our resident philosopher" (同)follow
have life, be alive; "Our great leader is no more"; "My grandfather lived until the end of war" (同)live
be identical to; be someone or something; "The president of the company is John Smith"; "This is my house"
happen, occur, take place; "I lost my wallet; this was during the visit to my parents house"; "There were two hundred people at his funeral"; "There was a lot of noise in the kitchen"
have the quality of being; (copula, used with an adjective or a predicate noun); "John is rich"; "This is not a good answer"
occupy a certain position or area; be somewhere; "Where is my umbrella?" "The toolshed is in the back"; "What is behind this behavior?"
spend or use time; "I may be an hour"
any of numerous hairy-bodied insects including social and solitary species
a social gathering to carry out some communal task or to hold competitions

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉《しばしば複数形》(野菜サラダなどに用いる)赤かぶ,サンゴジュナ(red beet)(葉・根ともに食用) / 〈U〉〈C〉《米》その根の部分《英》beetroot) / 〈C〉砂糖大根
〈C〉フダンソウ(大きな根と葉を持つ食用植物) / 〈U〉(食用の)その葉と茎
《連結語として補語を伴なって…『である』,…だ,…です / 《位置・場所を表す語句を伴って》(…に)『ある』,いる(occupy a place or situation) / 〈物事が〉『存在する』,ある(exist);〈生物が〉生存する,生きている(live) / 行われる,起こる,発生する(take place, occur) / 存続する,そのままでいる(remain as before) / 《『be to』 do》 / …する予定である,…することになっている / …すべきだ / 《受動態の不定詞を伴って》…できる / 《命令》…するのだ / 《条件節に》…する意図がある / 《『if…were to』 do》…するとしたなら / 《『be』 do『ing』》《進行形》 / 《進行中の動作》…している,しつつある / 《近い未来》…しようとしている,するつもり / 《動作の反復》(いつも)…している / 《『be』+『他動詞の過去分詞』》《受動態》…される,されている / 《『be』+『自動詞の過去分詞』》《完了形》…した[状態にある]
『はち』,(特に)みつばち(honeybee) / 《米話》(趣味・仕事上の)集会,集い / (親善のための)競技会 / 働き者

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/05 22:50:21」(JST)

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A bundle of beetroot Section through taproot

The beetroot is the taproot portion of the beet plant,^[1] also known in North America as the table beet, garden beet, red or golden beet, or informally simply as the beet. It is any of the cultivated varieties of beet (Beta vulgaris) grown for their edible taproots, especially B. vulgaris L. subsp. conditiva^[2] and their greens. They are among the most commonly encountered varieties in North America, Central America and Europe.

Other than as a food, its uses include food coloring, improving the effectiveness of winter road salt, beet pulp as an animal fodder, table sugar, and as a medicinal plant.

Food

Borscht

The usually deep purple roots of beetroot are eaten either grilled, boiled, or roasted as a cooked vegetable, cold as a salad after cooking and adding oil and vinegar, or raw and shredded, either alone or combined with any salad vegetable. A large proportion of the commercial production is processed into boiled and sterilised beets or into pickles. In Eastern Europe, beet soup, such as borscht, is a popular dish. In Indian cuisine, chopped, cooked, spiced beet is a common side dish. Yellow-coloured beetroots are grown on a very small scale for home consumption.^[3]

Sliced, pickled beetroot

The green, leafy portion of the beet is also edible. It is most commonly served boiled or steamed, in which case it has a taste and texture similar to spinach. Those selected should be bulbs that are unmarked, avoiding those with overly limp leaves or wrinkled skins, both of which are signs of dehydration.

Beetroot can be peeled, steamed, and then eaten warm with butter as a delicacy; cooked, pickled, and then eaten cold as a condiment; or peeled, shredded raw, and then eaten as a salad. Pickled beets are a traditional food of the American South, and are often served on a hamburger in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Arab Emirates.^[4]

A traditional Pennsylvania Dutch dish is pickled beet egg. Hard-boiled eggs are refrigerated in the liquid left over from pickling beets and allowed to marinate until the eggs turn a deep pink-red colour.

In Poland, beet is combined with horseradish to form popular ćwikła, which is traditionally used with cold cuts and sandwiches, but often also added to a meal consisting of meat and potatoes.

When beet juice is used, it is most stable in foods with a low water content, such as frozen novelties and fruit fillings.^[5] Betanins, obtained from the roots, are used industrially as red food colourants, e.g. to intensify the colour of tomato paste, sauces, desserts, jams and jellies, ice cream, sweets, and breakfast cereals.^[3]

Beetroot can also be used to make wine.^[6]

Food shortages in Europe following World War I caused great hardships, including cases of mangelwurzel disease, as relief workers called it. It was a consequence of eating only beets.^[7]

Nutrients and phytochemicals

Beetroot is an excellent source of folate and a good source of manganese,^[8] and contains betaines which may function to reduce the concentration of homocysteine,^[9] a homolog of the naturally occurring amino acid cysteine. High circulating levels of homocysteine may be harmful to blood vessels and thus contribute to the development of heart disease, stroke, or peripheral vascular disease.^[10] This hypothesis is controversial as it has not yet been established whether homocysteine itself is harmful or is just an indicator of increased risk for heart disease.^[11]

The red colour compound betanin is not broken down in the body, and in higher concentrations may temporarily cause urine and stool to assume a reddish colour; in the case of urine this is called beeturia.^[12] This effect may cause distress and concern due to the visual similarity to hematuria (blood in the urine) or blood in the stool, but is completely harmless and will subside once the food is out of the system.

Preliminary research

Beetroot juice drink

Basic research on rats as well as pilot studies on humans have shown betaine may protect against liver disease, particularly the accumulation of liver fat deposits caused by alcohol abuse, protein deficiency, or diabetes.^[10]

In preliminary research, beetroot juice reduced blood pressure in hypertensive individuals^[13] and so may have an effect on mechanisms of cardiovascular disease.^[14]^[15]

Dietary nitrate, such as that from consuming beets, may be a source for the biological messenger nitric oxide which induces the endothelium of arteries to signal smooth muscle, triggering vasodilation and increased blood flow.^[16]

One study found positive effects beetroot may have on human exercise performance, showing that distance runners ran 5% faster times after consuming baked beetroot.^[17]

A 2012 study tested the influence of dietary beet intake as a source of nitrate supplementation on resting heart rate and sustained apnea. Drinking beetroot juice, containing approximately 5 mmol of nitrate, was found to reduce resting blood pressure by 2% and increase the maximum duration of apnea by 11% in experienced divers, relative to a control group receiving a placebo.^[18]

Other uses

Betanin, obtained from the roots, is used industrially as red food colorant, to improve the color and flavor of tomato paste, sauces, desserts, jams and jellies, ice cream, sweets, breakfast cereals, etc.^[3] Beetroot dye may also be used in ink.

Within older bulbs of beetroot, the color is a deep crimson, and the flesh is much softer.

The juice left after sugar extraction has been used to make road salt more effective.^[19]

Historical uses

From the Middle Ages, beetroot was used as a treatment for a variety of conditions, especially illnesses relating to digestion and the blood. Bartolomeo Platina recommended taking beetroot with garlic to nullify the effects of 'garlic-breath'.^[20]

Varieties

Below is a list of several commonly available varieties of beets. Generally, 55 to 65 days are needed from germination to harvest of the root. All varieties can be harvested earlier for use as greens. Unless otherwise noted, the root colour of the following varieties are shades of red and dark red with different degrees of zoning noticeable in slices.

Variously coloured varieties

'Albino', heirloom (white root)
'Bull's Blood', heirloom
'Chioggia', heirloom (distinct red and white zoned root)
'Crosby's Egyptian', heirloom
'Cylindra' / 'Formanova', heirloom (elongated root)
'Detroit Dark Red Medium Top', heirloom
'Early Wonder, heirloom
'Golden Beet' / 'Burpee's Golden', heirloom (yellow root)
'Perfected Detroit', 1934 AAS winner^[21]
'Red Ace' Hybrid
'Ruby Queen', 1957 AAS winner^[21]
'Touchstone Gold' (yellow root)

References

^ "beet". def. 1and 2. also "beet-root". Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009
^ "Sorting Beta names". Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. The University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
^ Weird Foods from around the World
^ Francis, F.J. (1999). Colorants. Egan Press. ISBN 1-891127-00-4.
^ Making Wild Wines & Meads; Pattie Vargas & Rich Gulling; page 73
^ MacMillan, Margaret Olwen (2002) [2001]. "We are the League of the People". Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Random House. p. 60. ISBN 0375508260. LCCN 2002023707. "Relief workers invented names for things they had never seen before, such as the mangelwurzel disease, which afflicted those who lived solely on beets."
^ "Nutrition Facts for Beets, Raw per 100 g". Conde Nast. 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
^ Pajares, M. A.; Pérez-Sala, D (2006). "Betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase: Just a regulator of homocysteine metabolism?". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 63 (23): 2792–803. doi:10.1007/s00018-006-6249-6. PMID 17086380. edit
^ ^a ^b A.D.A.M., Inc., ed. (2002). Betaine. University of Maryland Medical Center
^ Potter, K.; Hankey, G. J.; Green, D. J.; Eikelboom, J. W.; Arnolda, L. F. (2008). "Homocysteine or Renal Impairment: Which is the Real Cardiovascular Risk Factor?". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 28 (6): 1158. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.162743.
^ Frank, T; Stintzing, F. C.; Carle, R; Bitsch, I; Quaas, D; Strass, G; Bitsch, R; Netzel, M (2005). "Urinary pharmacokinetics of betalains following consumption of red beet juice in healthy humans". Pharmacological Research 52 (4): 290–7. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2005.04.005. PMID 15964200. edit
^ Lundberg JO et al. (2011). "Roles of dietary inorganic nitrate in cardiovascular health and disease". Cardiovasc Res 89 (3): 525–32. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvq325. PMID 20937740.
^ Hobbs, D. A.; Kaffa, N.; George, T. W.; Methven, L.; Lovegrove, J. A. (2012). "Blood pressure-lowering effects of beetroot juice and novel beetroot-enriched bread products in normotensive male subjects". British Journal of Nutrition 108 (11): 2066–2074. doi:10.1017/S0007114512000190. PMID 22414688. edit
^ Siervo, M.; Lara, J.; Ogbonmwan, I.; Mathers, J. C. (2013). "Inorganic Nitrate and Beetroot Juice Supplementation Reduces Blood Pressure in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Nutrition 143 (6): 818–826. doi:10.3945/jn.112.170233. PMID 23596162. edit
^ Webb, Andrew J.; Nakul Patel; Stavros Loukogeorgakis; Mike Okorie; Zainab Aboud; Shivani Misra; Rahim Rashid; Philip Miall; John Deanfield; Nigel Benjamin; Raymond MacAllister; Adrian J. Hobbs; Amrita Ahluwalia; Patel, N; Loukogeorgakis, S; Okorie, M; Aboud, Z; Misra, S; Rashid, R; Miall, P et al. (2008). "Acute Blood Pressure Lowering, Vasoprotective, and Antiplatelet Properties of Dietary Nitrate via bioconversion to Nitrite". Hypertension 51 (3): 784–790. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.103523. PMC 2839282. PMID 18250365 |displayauthors= suggested (help)
^ Murphy, M.; Eliot, K.; Heuertz, R. M.; Weiss, E. (2012). "Whole Beetroot Consumption Acutely Improves Running Performance". Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 112 (4): 548–552. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2011.12.002. PMID 22709704. edit
^ Engan, H. K.; Jones, A. M.; Ehrenberg, F; Schagatay, E (2012). "Acute dietary nitrate supplementation improves dry static apnea performance". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 182 (2–3): 53–9. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2012.05.007. PMID 22588047. edit
^ Road salt additive USA Today
^ Platina De Honesta Voluptate et Valetudine, 3.14
^ ^a ^b "AAS winners 1933 to present". Retrieved 2011-11-04.

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This experiment investigated the effect of pistachio by-products (PB) in the feed of weaned Balouchi lambs on their daily gain, carcass traits and on the levels of Ca, Zn, Fe and Cu of Longissimus dorsi muscle. Twenty eight male lambs were divided into four groups with 7 lambs each and fed separatel
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Preference for condensed tannins by sheep in response to challenge infection with Haemonchus contortus.

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The efficient fermentation of mixed substrates is essential for the microbial conversion of second-generation feedstocks, including pectin-rich waste streams such as citrus peel and sugar beet pulp. Galacturonic acid is a major constituent of hydrolysates of these pectin-rich materials. The yeast Sa
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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「テンサイ」「Beta vulgaris」「フダンソウ」「chard」
拡張検索	「beet western yellows virus」「beet yellows virus」「sugarbeet」「rove beetle」
関連記事	「bee」「be」

「テンサイ」

Beetroots, cooked
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	180 kJ (43 kcal)
Carbohydrates	9.96 g
Sugars	7.96 g
Dietary fiber	2.0 g
Fat	.18 g
Protein	1.68 g
Vitamins
Vitamin A equiv.	(0%) 2 μg
Thiamine (B1)	(3%) .031 mg
Riboflavin (B2)	(2%) .027 mg
Niacin (B3)	(2%) .331 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)	(3%) .145 mg
Vitamin B6	(5%) .067 mg
Folate (B9)	(20%) 80 μg
Vitamin C	(4%) 3.6 mg
Trace metals
Calcium	(2%) 16 mg
Iron	(6%) .79 mg
Magnesium	(6%) 23 mg
Manganese	(14%) 0.3 mg
Phosphorus	(5%) 38 mg
Potassium	(6%) 305 mg
Sodium	(5%) 77 mg
Zinc	(4%) .35 mg
	Units; μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams; IU = International units;
	Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.; Source: USDA Nutrient Database

　　[★]

英: beet、Beta vulgaris
関: サトウダイコン、フダンソウ

「Beta vulgaris」

　　[★]

サトウダイコン、テンサイ

関: beet、chard、sugarbeet

「フダンソウ」

　　[★]

英: beet、chard
関: サトウダイコン、テンサイ

「chard」

　　[★]

フダンソウ

関: beet、Beta vulgaris

「beet western yellows virus」

　　[★]

ビート西部萎黄ウイルス

関: barley yellow dwarf virus、luteovirus

「beet yellows virus」

　　[★]

ビート萎黄ウイルス

関: Closteroviridae、closterovirus

「sugarbeet」

　　[★]

サトウダイコン

関: Beta vulgaris

「rove beetle」

　　[★] アオバアリガタハネカクシ

「bee」

　　[★]

ミツバチ

関: Apidae、Apis、Apis mellifera、honeybee

「be」

　　[★] 　　　　　　　　　

[1] "beet". def. 1and 2. also "beet-root". Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009

[MMPND-2] "Sorting Beta names". Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. The University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2013-04-15.

[prota-3] Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.

[4] Weird Foods from around the World

[5] Francis, F.J. (1999). Colorants. Egan Press. ISBN 1-891127-00-4.

[6] Making Wild Wines & Meads; Pattie Vargas & Rich Gulling; page 73

[7] MacMillan, Margaret Olwen (2002) [2001]. "We are the League of the People". Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Random House. p. 60. ISBN 0375508260. LCCN 2002023707. "Relief workers invented names for things they had never seen before, such as the mangelwurzel disease, which afflicted those who lived solely on beets."

[8] "Nutrition Facts for Beets, Raw per 100 g". Conde Nast. 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[9] Pajares, M. A.; Pérez-Sala, D (2006). "Betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase: Just a regulator of homocysteine metabolism?". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 63 (23): 2792–803. doi:10.1007/s00018-006-6249-6. PMID 17086380. edit

[umaryland-10] A.D.A.M., Inc., ed. (2002). Betaine. University of Maryland Medical Center

[Potter-11] Potter, K.; Hankey, G. J.; Green, D. J.; Eikelboom, J. W.; Arnolda, L. F. (2008). "Homocysteine or Renal Impairment: Which is the Real Cardiovascular Risk Factor?". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 28 (6): 1158. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.162743.

[12] Frank, T; Stintzing, F. C.; Carle, R; Bitsch, I; Quaas, D; Strass, G; Bitsch, R; Netzel, M (2005). "Urinary pharmacokinetics of betalains following consumption of red beet juice in healthy humans". Pharmacological Research 52 (4): 290–7. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2005.04.005. PMID 15964200. edit

[13] Lundberg JO et al. (2011). "Roles of dietary inorganic nitrate in cardiovascular health and disease". Cardiovasc Res 89 (3): 525–32. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvq325. PMID 20937740.

[14] Hobbs, D. A.; Kaffa, N.; George, T. W.; Methven, L.; Lovegrove, J. A. (2012). "Blood pressure-lowering effects of beetroot juice and novel beetroot-enriched bread products in normotensive male subjects". British Journal of Nutrition 108 (11): 2066–2074. doi:10.1017/S0007114512000190. PMID 22414688. edit

[15] Siervo, M.; Lara, J.; Ogbonmwan, I.; Mathers, J. C. (2013). "Inorganic Nitrate and Beetroot Juice Supplementation Reduces Blood Pressure in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Nutrition 143 (6): 818–826. doi:10.3945/jn.112.170233. PMID 23596162. edit

[16] Webb, Andrew J.; Nakul Patel; Stavros Loukogeorgakis; Mike Okorie; Zainab Aboud; Shivani Misra; Rahim Rashid; Philip Miall; John Deanfield; Nigel Benjamin; Raymond MacAllister; Adrian J. Hobbs; Amrita Ahluwalia; Patel, N; Loukogeorgakis, S; Okorie, M; Aboud, Z; Misra, S; Rashid, R; Miall, P et al. (2008). "Acute Blood Pressure Lowering, Vasoprotective, and Antiplatelet Properties of Dietary Nitrate via bioconversion to Nitrite". Hypertension 51 (3): 784–790. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.103523. PMC 2839282. PMID 18250365 |displayauthors= suggested (help)

[17] Murphy, M.; Eliot, K.; Heuertz, R. M.; Weiss, E. (2012). "Whole Beetroot Consumption Acutely Improves Running Performance". Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 112 (4): 548–552. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2011.12.002. PMID 22709704. edit

[18] Engan, H. K.; Jones, A. M.; Ehrenberg, F; Schagatay, E (2012). "Acute dietary nitrate supplementation improves dry static apnea performance". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 182 (2–3): 53–9. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2012.05.007. PMID 22588047. edit

[19] Road salt additive USA Today

[20] Platina De Honesta Voluptate et Valetudine, 3.14

[aas-21] "AAS winners 1933 to present". Retrieved 2011-11-04.

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