オオムギ黄萎ウイルス

関: beet western yellows virus、luteovirus

WordNet

cowardly or treacherous; "the little yellow stain of treason"-M.W.Straight; "too yellow to stand and fight"
turn yellow; "The pages of the book began to yellow"
yellow color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of sunflowers or ripe lemons (同)yellowness
changed to a yellowish color by age; "yellowed parchment" (同)yellowed
of the color intermediate between green and orange in the color spectrum; of something resembling the color of an egg yolk (同)yellowish, xanthous
check the growth of; "the lack of sunlight dwarfed these pines"
a plant or animal that is atypically small
a person who is markedly small (同)midget, nanus
a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
utter or declare in a very loud voice; "You dont have to yell--I can hear you just fine" (同)scream
cultivated since prehistoric times; grown for forage and grain
a grain of barley (同)barleycorn

PrepTutorEJDIC

『黄色の』 / 皮膚の黄色い / 《俗》おく病な(cowardly) / (新聞が)センセーショナルな,扇情的な / 〈U〉『黄色』 / 〈C〉黄色いもの;卵黄 / 〈U〉〈C〉黄色の絵の具(顔料,染料),黄色の服 / …‘を'黄色にする / 黄色になる
(童話の)『こびと』,一寸法師 / (人間の)こびと / 普通よりずっと小さい動物(植物) / (対照的に)…‘を'小さく見せる / 〈植物など〉‘の'自然な成長を妨げる / (並みはずれて)小さい[種類の]
ビールス,ろ過性病原体
(…を求めて)『大声で叫ぶ』《+for+名》;(…に)大声をあげる《+at+名》 / (…に向かって)…‘を'叫んで(大声で)言う《+out+名(+名+out)+at(to)+名》 / 『叫び声』金切り声,わめき
大麦(ビール・ウイスキー醸造用の麦芽(malt)をとる)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/05 21:43:02」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Barley yellow dwarf is a plant disease caused by the barley yellow dwarf virus, and is the most widely distributed viral disease of cereals. It affects the economically important crop species barley, oats, wheat, maize, triticale and rice.

Biology

Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) is a positive sense single-stranded RNA virus; the viron is not enveloped in a lipid coating.^[1] The virus is transmitted by aphids, and the taxonomy of the virus is based on genome organisation, serotype differences ^[2] and on the primary aphid vector of each isolate.

The isolates and their major vectors (in parentheses) are:^[3]

Subgroup I
- MAV, a less severe strain carried by aphids (Grain aphid, Sitobion avenae), SGV (Schizaphis graminum), and PAV, a less severe strain carried by aphids (bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi, grain aphid, S. avenae, and others including rose-grain aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum).
Subgroup II, called Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus, however CYDV is now recognised as a separate species belonging to the Polerovirus genus of the Luteoviridae family
- RPV, the most severe strain carried by aphids (Bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi), RMV (Rhopalosiphum maidis)

Pathology

Wheat plants dwarfed after infection with BYDV.

When aphids feed on the phloem of the leaf, the virus is transmitted to the phloem cells. Once inside the plant, the virus begins to replicate and assemble new virions. This process requires significant metabolic input from the plant, and causes the symptoms of barley yellow dwarf disease.

The symptoms of barley yellow dwarf vary with the affected crop cultivar, the age of the plant at the time of infection, the strain of the virus, and environmental conditions, and can be confused with other disease or physiological disorders. Symptoms appear approximately 14 days after infection. Affected plants show a yellowing or reddening of leaves (on oats and some wheats), stunting, an upright posture of thickened stiff leaves, reduced root growth, delayed (or no) heading, and a reduction in yield. The heads of affected plants tend to remain erect and become black and discoloured during ripening due to colonization by saprotrophic fungi. Young plants are the most susceptible.

Infected wheat leaves have a reduced ability to photosynthesise.

The virus is transmitted from the phloem when the aphid feeds. When the aphid feeds, virions go to the aphid's hind gut, the coat protein of the virus is recognised by the hindgut epithelium, and the virion is allowed to pass into the insect's hemolymph, where it can remain indefinitely, but the virus cannot reproduce inside the aphid.^[4] The virus is actively transported into the accessory salivary gland to be released into salivary canals and ducts. The virus is then excreted in the aphid saliva during its next feeding.

The host range of BYDVs consists of more than 150 species in the Poaceae; a large number of grasses both annual and perennial are alternate hosts to BYVD and can serve as reservoirs of the virus.

Sources and spread

There are two main sources by which a cereal crop might be infected

1. By non-migrant wingless aphids already present in the field and which colonise newly-emerging crops. This is known as "green-bridge transfer".

2. By winged aphids migrating into crops from elsewhere. These then reproduce and the offspring spread to neighbouring plants.

Effect on yield

This is variable since it depends on viral strain, time of infection and rate of spread. Most severe losses are from early infections and can be as high as 50%.

Control

"Green bridge" sources must be ploughed in as early as possible. Alternatively, a desiccant herbicide should be applied 10 days prior to cultivation. Insecticide sprays may be used at crop emergence.

Drilling dates prior to mid-October favors attacks from winged migrant aphids. However, yield penalties may be experienced from late drilling. Insecticide sprays in this instance are therefore aimed at killing the aphids before significant spread can occur.

Products used

Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides

References

^ International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. 2002. Barley yellow dwarf virus
^ Ali, M, Tahir, M, Hameed, S, Ashraf, M 2013. Coat protein based molecular characterization of Barley yellow dwarf virus isolates identified on oats in Pakistan.Acta Virologica 57(3):383-385
^ Miller, W.A. and Rasochova, L. 1997. Barley yellow dwarf viruses. Annual Review of Phytopathology 35:167-190
^ Gray, S. and Gildow, F.E. 2003. Luteovirus-aphid interactions Annual Review of Phytopathology 41:539-566

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 軟骨毛髪形成不全症 cartilage hair hypoplasia
2. 非免疫性胎児水腫 nonimmune hydrops fetalis
3. 犬および猫以外のペットからの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from pets other than dogs and cats
4. サラセミアの臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of the thalassemias
5. 低身長の原因 causes of short stature

English Journal

Environmental nutrient supply alters prevalence and weakens competitive interactions among coinfecting viruses.

Lacroix C1, Seabloom EW, Borer ET.
The New phytologist.New Phytol.2014 Oct;204(2):424-33. doi: 10.1111/nph.12909. Epub 2014 Jun 30.
The rates and ratios of environmental nutrient supplies can determine plant community composition. However, the effect of nutrient supplies on within-host microbial interactions is poorly understood. Resource competition is a promising theory for understanding microbial interactions, because micropa
PMID 24975238

Genes involved in barley yellow dwarf virus resistance of maize.

Horn F1, Habekuß A, Stich B.
TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik.Theor Appl Genet.2014 Sep 28. [Epub ahead of print]
KEY MESSAGE: The results of our study suggest that genes involved in general resistance mechanisms of plants contribute to variation of BYDV resistance in maize. With increasing winter temperatures in Europe, Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) is expected to become a prominent problem in maize cultiva
PMID 25261982

The effect of elevated temperature on Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV in wheat.

Nancarrow N1, Constable FE2, Finlay KJ2, Freeman AJ3, Rodoni BC2, Trebicki P3, Vassiliadis S4, Yen AL2, Luck JE5.
Virus research.Virus Res.2014 Jun 24;186:97-103. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.023. Epub 2013 Dec 25.
Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) is associated with yellow dwarf disease, one of the most economically important diseases of cereals worldwide. In this study, the impact of current and future predicted temperatures for the Wimmera wheat growing district in Victoria, Australia on the titre of
PMID 24374266

Japanese Journal

(326)新潟県のオオムギから分離されたCereal yellow dwarf virus様分離株(平成16年度日本植物病理学会大会講演要旨)

松原旭,三室元気,佐野義孝,小島誠
日本植物病理學會報 70(3), 278-279, 2004-08-25
NAID 110002767986

Molecular characterization of a Thinopyrum intermedium group 2 chromosome (2Ai-2) conferring resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus

ZHANG Z. Y.
Genome 44, 1129-1135, 2001
NAID 30021704991

コムギゲノムに移入されたThinopyrum 7Ai-1に由来し黄化萎縮病抵抗性遺伝子を持つ微少クロマチンのGISH法およびRAPD法による同定

馬有志,富田因則,徐芳 [他],陳考,辛志勇,安室喜正
鳥取大学農学部研究報告 53, 1-6, 2000-11
NAID 110001179143

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「オオムギ黄萎ウイルス」「luteovirus」「beet western yellows virus」
関連記事	「dwarf」「yellow」「barley」「virus」「dwarfing」