WordNet

(medicine) the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease
(phonetics) the alteration of a speech sound under the influence of a neighboring sound
the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
(international law) illegality that taints or contaminates a ship or cargo rendering it liable to seizure
moral corruption or contamination; "ambitious men are led astray by an infection that is almost unavoidable"
an incident in which an infectious disease is transmitted (同)contagion, transmission
(microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants (同)bacterium
relating to or caused by bacteria; "bacterial infection"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(病気の)伝染;感染 / 〈C〉伝染病
『バクテリア』,細菌
バクテリアの,細菌の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/11 12:24:34」(JST)

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Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause infection. This article deals with human pathogenic bacteria.

Although most bacteria are harmless or often beneficial, several are pathogenic. One of the bacterial diseases with the highest disease burden is tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which kills about 2 million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus and Pseudomonas, and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella. Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy. Pathogenic bacteria are also the cause of high infant mortality rates in developing countries.^[1]

Koch's postulates are the standard to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.

1 Diseases
- 1.1 Pathogenic suseptibility
- 1.2 Intracellular
- 1.3 Infections in specific tissue
2 Mechanisms
- 2.1 Nutrients
  - 2.1.1 Direct damage
  - 2.1.2 Toxin production
3 Treatment
4 List of genera of pathogenic bacteria and microscopy features
5 List of species of pathogenic bacteria and clinical characteristics
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

Diseases

Each species has specific effect and causes symptoms in people who are infected. Some, if not most people who are infected with a pathogenic bacteria do not have symptoms. Immuno-compromised individuals are more susceptible to pathogenic bacteria.

Pathogenic suseptibility

Some pathogenic bacteria cause disease under certain conditions, such entry through the skin via a cut, through sexual activity or an compromised immune function.

Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are part of the normal skin microbiota and typically reside on healthy skin or in the nasopharangeal region. Yet these species can potentially initiate skin infections. They are also able to cause sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis. These infections can become quite serious creating a systemic inflammatory response resulting in massive vasodilation, shock, and death.^[2]

Other bacteria are opportunistic pathogens and cause disease mainly in people suffering from immunosuppression or cystic fibrosis Examples of these opportunistic pathogens include Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Burkholderia cenocepacia, and Mycobacterium avium.^[3]^[4]

Intracellular

Obligate intracellular parasites (e.g. Chlamydophila, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia) have the ability to only grow and replicate inside other cells. Even these intracellular infections may be asymptomatic, requiring an incubation period. An example of this Rickettsia which causes typhus. Another causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Chlamydia is a phylum of intracellular parasites. These pathogens can cause pneumonia or urinary tract infection and may be involved in coronary heart disease.^[5]

Other groups of intacellular bacterial pathogens include: Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, and Yersinia pestis. These can exist intracellularly, but can exist outside of host cells.

Infections in specific tissue

Bacterial pathogens often cause infection in specific areas of the body. Others are generalists.

Bacterial vaginosis is caused by bacteria that change the vaginal microbiota caused by an overgrowth of bacteria that crowd out the Lactobacilli species that maintain healthy vaginal microbial populations.
Other non-bacterial vaginal infections include: yeast infection (candidiasis), Trichomonas vaginalis (trichomoniasis).^[6]^[7]
Bacterial meningitis is a bacterial inflammation of the meninges, that is, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
Bacterial pneumonia is a bacterial infection of the lungs.
Urinary tract infection is predominantly caused by bacteria. Symptoms include the strong and frequent sensation or urge to urinate, pain during urination, and urine that is cloudy.^[8] The main causal agent is Escherichia coli. Urine is typically sterile but contains a variety of salts, and waste products.^[9] Bacteria can ascend into the bladder or kidney and causing cystitis and nephritis.
Bacterial gastroenteritis is caused by enteric, pathogenic bacteria. These pathogenic species are usually distinct from the usually harmless bacteria of the normal gut flora. But a different strain of the same species may be pathogenic. The distinction is sometimes difficult as in the case of Escherichia.
Bacterial skin infections include:
- Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection commonly seen in children.^[10] It is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes.^[11]
- Erysipelas is an acute streptococcus bacterial infection^[12] of the deeper skin layers that spreads via with lymphatic system.
- Cellulitis is a diffuse inflammation^[13] of connective tissue with severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin. Cellulitis can be caused by normal skin flora or by contagious contact, and usually occurs through open skin, cuts, blisters, cracks in the skin, insect bites, animal bites, burns, surgical wounds, intravenous drug injection, or sites of intravenous catheter insertion. In most cases it is the skin on the face or lower legs that is affected, though cellulitis can occur in other tissues.

Mechanisms

Nutrients

Iron is required for humans, as well as the growth of most bacteria. To obtain free iron, some pathogens secrete proteins called siderophores, which take the iron away from iron-transport proteins by binding to the iron even more tightly. Once the iron-siderophore complex is formed, it is taken up by siderophore receptors on the bacterial surface and then that iron is brought into the bacterium.^[14]

Direct damage

Once pathogens attach to host cells, they can cause direct damage as the pathogens use the host cell for nutrients and produce waste products. As pathogens multiply and divide inside host cells, the cells usually rupture and the intercellular bacteria are released. Some bacteria such as E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, can induce host epithelial cells to engulf them in a process resembling phagocytosis. The pathogens can then disrupt host cells as they pass through them and be extruded from host cells by a reverse phagocytosis process, enabling them to enter other host cells. Some bacteria can also penetrate host cells by excreting enzymes and by their own motility; such penetration can can itself damage the host cell.^[14]

Toxin production

Toxins are poisonous substances that are produced by certain microorganisms and are often the primary factor contributing to the pathogenic properties of the microorganisms. Endotoxins are the lipid portions of lipopolysaccharides that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria. Endotoxins are released when the bacteria lyses, which is why after antibiotic treatment symptoms can at first worsen as the bacteria are killed and they release their endotoxins. Exotoxins are proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism, most common in gram positive bacteria. The exotoxins are released when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart. Exotoxins are highly specific in the effects on body tissues and work by destroying particular parts of the host cell or by inhibiting certain metabolic functions. Exotoxins are among the most lethal known substances, only 1 mg of the botulinum exotoxin is enough to kill one million guinea pigs. Diseases caused this way are often caused by minute amounts of exotoxins, not by the bacteria themselves.^[14]

Treatment

See also overview list below

Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host. For example, the antibiotics chloramphenicol and tetracyclin inhibit the bacterial ribosome but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome, so they exhibit selective toxicity.^[15] Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth. Both uses may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations.^[16] Phage therapy can also be used to treat certain bacterial infections.^[17] Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures such as sterilizing the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe and by proper care of indwelling catheters. Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized to prevent infection by bacteria. Disinfectants such as bleach are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection. Bacteria in food are killed by cooking to temperatures above 73 °C (163 °F).

List of genera of pathogenic bacteria and microscopy features

Many genera contain pathogenic bacteria species. They often possess characteristics that help to classify and organize them into groups. The following is a partial listing.

Genus	Species	Gram staining	Shape	Oxygen requirement	Intra/Extracellular
Bacillus^[18]	Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus	Positive	Rods	Facultative anaerobic	Extracellular
Bartonella^[18]	Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana	Negative	Rods	Aerobic	Facultative intracellular
Bordetella^[18]	Bordetella pertussis^[19]^[20]	Negative	Small coccobacilli	Aerobic	Extracellular
Borrelia^[18]	Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia garinii Borrelia afzelii Borrelia recurrentis	Negative, stains poorly	spirochete	Anaerobic	Extracellular
Brucella^[18]	Brucella abortus Brucella canis Brucella melitensis Brucella suis	Negative	coccobacilli	Aerobic	Intracellular
Campylobacter^[18]	Campylobacter jejuni	Negative	Spirochete Bacillus	microaerophilic	extracellular
Chlamydia and Chlamydophila^[18]	Chlamydia pneumoniae Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydophila psittaci	(not Gram-stained)	Small, round, ovoid	Facultative or strictly aerobic	Obligate intracellular
Clostridium^[18]	Clostridium botulinum Clostridium difficile Clostridium perfringens Clostridium tetani	Positive	Large, blunt-ended rods	Obligate anaerobic	extracellular
Corynebacterium^[18]	Corynebacterium diphtheriae^[20]^[21]^[21]	Positive (unevenly)	bacilli	Mostly facultative anaerobic	extracellular
Enterococcus^[20]^[22]	Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus faecium	Positive	Cocci	Facultative Anaerobic	extracellular
Escherichia^[1]^[20]^[23]	Escherichia coli	Negative	Bacillus	Facultative anaerobic	extracellular or intracellular
Francisella^[18]	Francisella tularensis	Negative	coccobacillus	strictly aerobic	Facultative intracellular
Haemophilus	Haemophilus influenzae^[20]^[24]	Negative	coccobacilli to long and slender filaments		extracellular
Helicobacter	Helicobacter pylori^[25]	Negative	Spirochete	Microaerophile	extracellular
Legionella^[18]	Legionella pneumophila	Negative, stains poorly	cocobacilli	aerobic	facultative intracellular
Leptospira^[20]^[26]	Leptospira interrogans Leptospira santarosai Leptospira weilii Leptospira noguchii	Negative, stains poorly	Spirochete	Strictly aerobic	extracellular
Listeria^[18]	Listeria monocytogenes	Positive, darkly	Slender, short rods	Facultative Anaerobic	intracellular
Mycobacterium^[18]	Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium ulcerans	(none)	Long, slender rods	aerobic	extracellular
Mycoplasma^[18]	Mycoplasma pneumoniae	(none)	'fried egg' appearance, no cell wall	Mostly facultative anaerobic; M. pneumoniae strictly aerobic	extracellular
Neisseria^[20]^[27]	Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis	Negative	Kidney bean-shaped	aerobic	Gonococcus: facultative intracellular N. meningitidis: extracellular
Pseudomonas^[20]^[28]	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Negative	rods	Obligate aerobic	extracellular
Rickettsia^[18]	Rickettsia rickettsii	Negative, stains poorly	Small, rod-like coccobacillary	Aerobic	Obligate intracellular
Salmonella^[18]	Salmonella typhi Salmonella typhimurium	Negative	Bacillus shape	Facultative anaerobica	Facultative intracellular
Shigella^[20]^[29]	Shigella sonnei	Negative	rods	Facultative anaerobic	extracellular
Staphylococcus^[1]	Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus saprophyticus	Positive, darkly	Round cocci	Facultative anaerobic	extracellular, facultative intracellular
Streptococcus^[18]	Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes	Positive	ovoid to spherical	Facultative anaerobic	extracellular
Treponema^[18]	Treponema pallidum	Negative, stains poorly	Spirochete	Aerobic	extracellular
Ureaplasma^[1]	Ureaplasma urealyticum	Stains poorly^[30]	indistinct, 'fried egg' appearance, no cell wall	anaerobic	extracellular
Vibrio^[20]^[20]^[31]	Vibrio cholerae	Negative	Spiral with single polar flagellum	Facultative anaerobic	extracellular
Yersinia^[20]^[32]	Yersinia pestis Yersinia enterocolitica Yersinia pseudotuberculosis	Negative, bipolarly	Small rods	Facultative Anaerobe	Intracellular

List of species of pathogenic bacteria and clinical characteristics

This is description of the more common genera and species presented with their clinical characteristics and treatments.

Species of human pathogenic bacteria^[18]
Genus	Species	Transmission	Diseases	Treatment	Prevention
Bacillus	anthracis	^{Contact with cattle, sheep, goats and horses^[33] Spores enter through inhalation or through abrasions^[20]}	^Anthrax^{: pulmonary, gastrointestinal and/or cutaneous symptoms.^[34]}	^{In early infection:^[35]} ^Penicillin ^Doxycycline ^{Ciprofloxacin} ^Raxibacumab^{^[36]}	^{Anthrax vaccine}^{^[20]} ^Autoclaving ^{of equipment^[20]}
Bordetella	pertussis	^{Contact with respiratory droplets expelled by infected human hosts.}	^{Whooping cough} ^{Secondary bacterial pneumonia}	^Macrolide ^antibiotics ^Azithromycin ^Erythromycin ^{Clarithromycin}	^{Pertussis vaccine, DPT vaccine}
Borrelia	burgdorferi garinii afzelii	^Ixodes ^{ticks reservoir in deer, mice and other rodents}	^{Lyme disease} ^Arthritis	^{Early stages:} ^{cephalosporins} ^amoxicillin ^doxycycline	^{wearing clothing that limits skin exposure to ticks} ^{insect repellent} ^{avoid areas where ticks are found}
Brucella	abortus canis melitensis suis	^{Direct contact with infected animal} ^{Oral, by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or milk products}	^Brucellosis	^doxycycline ^streptomycin ^{or gentamicin}
Campylobacter	jejuni	^{Fecal/oral from animals (mammals and fowl)} ^{Contaminated meat (especially poultry)} ^{Contaminated water}	^{Acute enteritis}	^{treat symptoms} ^{Ciprofloxacin} ^{in severe cases}	^{Good hygiene} ^{Avoiding contaminated water} ^Pasteurizing ^{milk and milk products} ^{Cooking meat (especially poultry)}
Chlamydia	pneumoniae	^{Respiratory droplets}	^{Community-acquired respiratory infection}	^Doxycycline ^Erythromycin	^None
Chlamydia	trachomatis	^{sexual intercourse} ^{oral sex} ^{anal sex} ^{Vertical from mother to newborn(ICN)} ^{Direct or contaminated surfaces and flies (trachoma)}	^{Nongonococcal urethritis} ^(NGU) ^{Lymphogranuloma venereum} ^(LGV) ^Trachoma ^{Inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn} ^{Pelvic inflammatory disease} ^Urethritis ^Prostatitis ^Epididymitis ^{Ectopic pregnancy} ^{Neonatal pneumonia} ^{Neonatal conjunctivitis}	^Erythromycin ^Doxycycline	^{Erythromycin or silver nitrate in newborn's eyes} ^{Safe sex} ^Abstinence
Chlamydophila	psittaci	^{Inhalation of dust with secretions or feces from birds (e.g. parrots)}	Psittacosis	^Tetracycline ^Doxycycline ^Erythromycin	-
Clostridium	botulinum	^{Spores from soil,^[20]^[34] persevere in canned food, smoked fish and honey^[34]}	^Botulism^{: Mainly muscle weakness and paralysis^[34]}	^Antitoxin^{^[20]^[34]} ^Penicillin^{^[34]} ^{Hyperbaric oxygen}^{^[34]} ^{Mechanical ventilation}^{^[34]}	^{Proper food preservation techniques}
Clostridium	difficile	^{Gut flora}^{,^[20]^[34] overgrowing when other flora is depleted^[20]}	^{Pseudomembranous colitis}^{^[20]^[34]}	^{Discontinuing responsible antibiotic^[20]^[34]} ^Vancomycin ^{or metronidazole if severe^[20]^[34]}	^{Fecal bacteriotherapy}
Clostridium	perfringens	^{Spores in soil^[20]^[34]} ^{Vaginal flora} ^{and gut flora^[20]}	^{Anaerobic cellulitis}^{^[20]^[34]} ^{Gas gangrene}^{^[20]^[34]} ^{Acute food poisoning^[20]^[34]}	^{Gas gangrene:} ^Debridement ^{or amputation^[20]^[34]} ^{Hyperbaric medicine}^{^[20]^[34]} ^{High doses of doxycycline^[20] or penicillin G^[20]^[34] and clindamycin^[34]} ^{Food poisoning:} ^{Supportive care is sufficient^[20]}	^{Appropriate food handling^[20]}
Clostridium	tetani	^{Spores in soil, skin penetration through wounds^[20]^[34]}	^Tetanus^{^[20]}	^{Tetanus immune globulin}^{^[20]^[34]} ^{Sedatives^[20]} ^{Muscle relaxants^[20]} ^{Mechanical ventilation}^{^[20]^[34]} ^Penicillin ^{or metronidazole^[34]}	^{Tetanus vaccine} ^{(such as in the DPT vaccine)^[20]}
Corynebacterium	diptheriae	^{respiratory droplets part of human flora}	^Diphtheria	^{Horse serum antitoxin Erythromycin Penicillin}	^{DPT vaccine}
Enterococcus	faecalis faecium	^{Part of gut flora,^[34] opportunistic or entering through GI tract or urinary system wounds^[20]}	^{bacterial endocarditis^[34] biliary tract infections^[34] urinary tract infections^[34]}	^{Ampicillin (combined with aminoglycoside in endocarditis)^[34] Vancomycin^[20]}	^{No vaccine Hand washing and other nosocomial prevention}
Escherichia	E. coli (generally)	Gut flora,^[20]^[34] and in urinary tract^[34] Spreading extraintestinally or proliferating in the GI tract^[20]	Diarrhea^[20]^[34] Urinary tract infections (UTI)^[20]^[34] Meningitis in infants^[20]^[34] Hospital-acquired pneumonia^[34] Hospital-acquired sepsis^[34]	UTI:^[20] (resistance-tests are required first) Co-trimoxazole Fluoroquinolone, e.g. ciprofloxacin Meningitis:^[20] Cephalosporin (e.g. cefotaxime) and gentamicin combination Diarrhea:^[20] Antibiotics above shorten duration Electrolyte and fluid replacement	(no vaccine or preventive drug)^[20] Cooking ground beef and pasteurizing milk against O157:H7^[20] Hand washing and disinfection^[20]
	Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)	Fecal-oral^[34] through food and water^[20] Direct physical contact^[20]	Traveller's diarrhea^[20]^[34]
	Enteropathogenic E. coli	Vertical, in utero or at birth^[20]	Diarrhea in infants^[20]
	Enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC)	Fecal-oral^[37]	bloody diarrhea and fever^[34]
	Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), including E. coli O157:H7	Reservoir in cattle^[20]	bloody diarrhea^[20]^[34] Hemolytic-uremic syndrome^[20]^[34]
Klebsiella	pneumoniae	Mouth, skin, and gut flora.^[38] Pneumonia upon aspiration	Klebsiella pneumonia, with significant lung necrosis and hemoptysis^[34] Hospital-acquired Urinary tract infection and sepsis^[34]	3rd generation cephalosporin^[34] ciprofloxacin^[34]	hand hygiene.^[39]
Listeria	monocytogenes	Raw milk or cheese,^[20]^[34] ground meats,^[20] poultry^[20] Vertically to newborn or fetus^[20]^[34]	Listeriosis:^[20] Meningitis^[34] Sepsis^[34]	Ampicillin^[20]^[34] Co-trimoxazole^[20]^[34]	(no vaccine)^[20] Proper food preparation and handling^[20]
Salmonella	typhi	Fecal-oral route, through food or water^[20]^[34]	Typhoid fever type salmonellosis^[20] (fever, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, rose spots)^[34] Chronic carrier state^[34]	Ceftriaxone^[20]^[34] Fluoroquinolones, e.g. ciprofloxacin^[20]^[34]	Ty21a and ViCPS vaccines^[20] Hygiene and food preparation^[20]
Staphylococcus	aureus	Human flora on mucosae in e.g. anterior nares, skin and vagina,^[20]^[34] entering through wound	Coagulase-positive staphylococcal infections: Skin infections, including impetigo^[20]^[34] Acute infective endocarditis^[20]^[34] Septis^[20]^[20] Necrotizing pneumonia^[20] Meningitis^[34] Osteomyelitis^[34] Toxinoses Scalded skin syndrome^[20]^[34] Toxic shock syndrome^[20]^[34] Staphylococcal food poisoning^[20]^[34]	Incision and drainage of localized lesions^[20] Nafcillin,^[20]^[34] oxacillin,^[20] methicillin^[34] Vancomycin for Methicillin-resistant (MRSA)^[20]	(no vaccine or preventive drug) Barrier precautions, washing hands and fomite disinfection in hospitals
	epidermidis	Human flora in skin,^[20]^[34] anterior nares^[20] and mucous membranes^[34]	Infections of implanted prostheses (e.g. heart valves^[20] and joints^[34]) and catheters^[20]^[34]	Vancomycin^[20]^[34]	None
	saprophyticus	Part of normal vaginal flora	Cystitis in women^[20]^[34]	TMP/SMX or norfloxacin^[40]	None
Streptococcus	agalactiae	Human flora in vagina,^[20]^[34] urethral mucous membranes,^[20] rectum^[20] Vertically during childbirth^[20] Sexually^[20]	Neonatal meningitis^[20]^[34] Neonatal sepsis^[20]^[34] Neonatal pneumonia^[34] Endometritis in postpartum women^[20] Opportunistic infections with septicemia and pneumonia^[20]	Penicillin G^[20]^[34] Aminoglycoside in case of lethal infection^[20]	None
	pneumoniae	Respiratory droplets Human flora in nasopharynx^[34] (spreading in immunocompromised)^[20]	Acute bacterial pneumonia & meningitis in adults^[20]^[34] Otitis media and sinusitis in children^[20]^[34] Sepsis^[34]	Penicillin G^[20]^[34]	23-serotype vaccine for adults (PPV)^[20]^[34] Heptavalent conjugated vaccine for children (PCV)^[20]
	pyogenes	Respiratory droplets Direct physical contact with impetigo lesions	Streptococcal pharyngitis^[20]^[34] Sepsis^[34] Scarlet fever^[20]^[34] Rheumatic fever^[20]^[34] Impetigo and erysipelas^[20]^[34] Puerperal fever^[20] Necrotizing fasciitis^[20] Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis^[34]	Penicillin G^[20]^[34] or V^[34] Macrolide, e.g. clarithromycin^[20] or erythromycin^[34] in penicillin allergy Drainage and debridement for necrotizing fasciitis^[20]	No vaccine Rapid antibiotic treatment helps prevent rheumatic fever
	viridans	Oral flora,^[34] penetration through abrasions	Subacute bacterial endocarditis^[34] Dental cavities^[34] Abscesses of brain and liver^[34]	Penicillin G^[34]
Vibrio	cholerae	Fecal-oral route^[34] Contaminated water and raw seafood^[20]	Cholera: Severe "rice water" diarrhea^[34]	Fluid^[34] and electrolyte replacement^[20] Doxycycline^[20]^[34]	Proper sanitation^[20] Adequate food preparation^[20]

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^ Allen, Mary E. (2005). "MacConkey Agar Plates Protocols". American Society for Microbiology. Created: 30 September 2005. Last update: 01 April 2013
^ "Hektoen Enteric Agar". Austin Community College District. Retrieved 2015-05-03.
^ Cassell GH, Waites KB, Crouse DT, Rudd PT, Canupp KC, Stagno S, Cutter GR (1988). "Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection of the lower respiratory tract with chronic lung disease and death in very-low-birth-weight infants". Lancet 2 (8605): 240–5. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92536-6. PMID 2899235.
^ Pfeffer, C.; Oliver, J.D. (2003). "A comparison of thiosulphate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar and thiosulphate-chloride-iodide (TCI) agar for the isolation of Vibrio species from estuarine environments". Letters in Applied Microbiology 36 (3): 150–151. doi:10.1046/j.1472-765X.2003.01280.x. PMID 12581373.
^ "Yersinia pestis" (PDF). Wadsworth Center. 2006.
^ "Anthrax in animals". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2001.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw "Bacteria Table" (PDF). Creighton University School of Medicine. Retrieved 2015-05-03.
^ "CDC Anthrax Q & A: Treatment". Retrieved 4 April 2011.
^ "FDA approves raxibacumab to treat inhalational anthrax". Retrieved 14 December 2012.
^ "ESCHERICHIA COLI". Public Health Agency of Canada. 2012-04-30. Retrieved 2015-06-02.
^ Ryan, KJ; Ray, CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ "Klebsiella pneumoniae in Healthcare Settings". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Page last reviewed: November 24, 2010. Page last updated: August 27, 2012
^ Levinson, W. (2010). Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (11th ed.). pp. 94–9.

External links

Bacterial Pathogen Pronunciation by Neal R. Chamberlain, Ph.D at A.T. Still University
Raw Living Radio Interviews Dr Robert Cassar as part of a 3 Show Series in HD 2014 from the EarthShiftProject.com an Educational and Informational Research Organization welcoming More participation from fellow Student Researchers, ...We want to Include More Student Researchers Including You!]

Pathogenic bacteria genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID

UpToDate Contents

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1. 細菌性膣炎 bacterial vaginosis
2. 月齢1ヶ月以上の小児における急性細菌性髄膜炎：臨床的特徴および診断 bacterial meningitis in children older than one month clinical features and diagnosis
3. 嫌気性細菌感染 anaerobic bacterial infections
4. 成人における特発性細菌性腹膜炎：治療および予防 spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in adults treatment and prophylaxis
5. 輸血による細菌感染 transfusion transmitted bacterial infection

English Journal

Inhibition of biofilm formation and antibacterial properties of a silver nano-coating on human dentine.

Besinis A, De Peralta T, Handy RD.SourceSchool of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, The University of Plymouth , Plymouth PL4 8AA , UK.
Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 Nov;8:745-54. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.825343. Epub 2013 Aug 7.
Abstract The survival of pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity depends on their successful adhesion to dental surfaces and their ability to develop into biofilms, known as dental plaque. Bacteria from the dental plaque are responsible for the development of dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis,
PMID 23875717

Enhanced nucleic acid amplification with blood in situ by wire-guided droplet manipulation (WDM).

Harshman DK, Reyes R, Park TS, You DJ, Song JY, Yoon JY.SourceBiomedical Engineering Graduate Interdisciplinary Program and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Mar 15;53:167-74. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.08.057. Epub 2013 Sep 27.
There are many challenges facing the use of molecular biology to provide pertinent information in a timely, cost effective manner. Wire-guided droplet manipulation (WDM) is an emerging format for conducting molecular biology with unique characteristics to address these challenges. To demonstrate the
PMID 24140832

IgA deficiency and autoimmunity.

Singh K, Chang C, Gershwin ME.Source451 E. Health Sciences Drive, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
Autoimmunity reviews.Autoimmun Rev.2014 Feb;13(2):163-77. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.10.005. Epub 2013 Oct 21.
IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the human body, and performs a very specialized role which involves mucosal immunity, development of tolerance and protection against infection. IgA is the key immunoglobulin in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, which provide the most intimate in
PMID 24157629

Japanese Journal

クラミジアの持続感染と宿主アポトーシス制御、そして多様な慢性感染症

東慶直
近畿大学生物理工学部紀要 34, 1-13, 2014-09
… Chlamydia pneumoniae is known as a leading cause of respiratory tract infections and its persistent infection has been shown to relate to atherosclerosis in the last two decades. … Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen worldwide, and its chronic infection increased risk of ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain and infertility. …
NAID 120005479993

Efficacy and safety of garenoxacin tablets on bacterial pneumonia: Postmarketing surveillance in Japan

Izumikawa Koichi,Watanabe Akira,Miyashita Naoyuki,Ishida Tadashi,Hosono Hiroaki,Kushimoto Satoru,Kohno Shigeru
Journal of Infection
… We performed a postmarketing surveillance study to determine the efficacy and safety of the oral quinolone antibacterial agent, garenoxacin (Geninax ® Tablets 200 mg), against bacterial pneumonia. … we collected survey forms from 739 patients of these patients who were suspected with bacterial pneumonia on the basis of factors, e.g., the presence of purulent sputum or suspected presence of bacterial pathogens in clinical specimens. …
NAID 120005477082

Efficacy and safety of garenoxacin tablets on clinically diagnosed atypical pneumonia: Postmarketing surveillance in Japan

Izumikawa Koichi,Watanabe Akira,Miyashita Naoyuki,Ishida Tadashi,Hosono Hiroaki,Kushimoto Satoru,Kohno Shigeru
Journal of Infection
… The efficacy rate was 4/4 for patients in whom Chlamydophila pneumoniae was detected (including 1 patient with a polymicrobial infection with another bacterial strain) and 90% (9/10 patients) for patients in whom Mycoplasma pneumoniae was detected (garenoxacin was ineffective in 1 of 2 patients with a polymicrobial infection with another bacterial strain). …
NAID 120005477081

「細菌感染」

Bacterial infection
	Clostridium tetani is a pathogenic bacterium that causes tetanus
Classification and external resources
MeSH	D001424

　　[★]

英: bacterial infection
関: 細菌感染症、菌感染症、細菌性感染症

「菌感染症」

　　[★]

英: bacterial infection
関: 細菌感染、細菌感染症、細菌性感染症

「細菌性感染症」

　　[★]

英: bacterial infection
関: 細菌感染、細菌感染症、菌感染症

「細菌感染症」

　　[★]

英: bacterial infection
関: 細菌

「Gram-negative bacterial infection」

　　[★]

グラム陰性細菌感染、グラム陰性細菌感染症、Gram陰性細菌感染症

「enterobacterial infection」

　　[★]

腸内細菌感染症

関: Enterobacteriaceae infection

「infection」

　　[★]

n.

感染、伝染、感染症

関: contagion、infect、infectious disease、infestation、transmission、transmit

「bacterial」

　　[★]

adj.

細菌性の、細菌の、細菌的な

関: bacteria、bacterially、bacterio、bacterium

[SantoshamChan2013-1] Santosham, Mathuram; Chan, Grace J.; Lee, Anne CC; Baqui, Abdullah H.; Tan, Jingwen; Black, Robert E. (2013). "Risk of Early-Onset Neonatal Infection with Maternal Infection or Colonization: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". PLoS Medicine 10 (8): e1001502. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001502. ISSN 1549-1676.

[2] Fish DN (February 2002). "Optimal antimicrobial therapy for sepsis". Am J Health Syst Pharm 59 (Suppl 1): S13–9. PMID 11885408.

[3] Heise E (1982). "Diseases associated with immunosuppression". Environ Health Perspect 43: 9–19. doi:10.2307/3429162. JSTOR 3429162. PMC 1568899. PMID 7037390.

[Saiman-4] Saiman L (2004). "Microbiology of early CF lung disease". Paediatr Respir Rev 5 (Suppl A): S367–9. doi:10.1016/S1526-0542(04)90065-6. PMID 14980298.

[5] Belland R, Ouellette S, Gieffers J, Byrne G (2004). "Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis". Cell Microbiol 6 (2): 117–27. doi:10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00352.x. PMID 14706098.

[6] Terri Warren, RN (2010). "Is It a Yeast Infection?". Retrieved 2011-02-23.

[7] Ferris DG, Nyirjesy P, Sobel JD, Soper D, Pavletic A, Litaker MS (March 2002). "Over-the-counter antifungal drug misuse associated with patient-diagnosed vulvovaginal candidiasis". Obstetrics and Gynecology 99 (3): 419–425. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01759-8. PMID 11864668.

[8] "Urinary Tract Infections". Retrieved 2010-02-04.

[9] "Adult Health Advisor 2005.4: Bacteria in Urine, No Symptoms (Asymptomatic Bacteriuria)". Archived from the original on 2007-07-12. Retrieved 2007-08-25.

[10] NHS Impetigo

[Robbins-11] Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 843 ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1

[12] "erysipelas" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

[13] "cellulitis" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

[Tortora-14] Tortota, Gerard (2013). Microbiology an Introduction. ISBN 978-0-321-73360-3.

[15] Yonath A, Bashan A (2004). "Ribosomal crystallography: initiation, peptide bond formation, and amino acid polymerization are hampered by antibiotics". Annu Rev Microbiol 58: 233–51. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123822. PMID 15487937.

[16] Khachatourians GG (November 1998). "Agricultural use of antibiotics and the evolution and transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria". CMAJ 159 (9): 1129–36. PMC 1229782. PMID 9835883.

[17] Keen, E. C. (2012). "Phage Therapy: Concept to Cure". Frontiers in Microbiology 3. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00238. PMC 3400130. PMID 22833738. edit

[MicrobiologyUnless-18] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Unless else specified in boxes then ref is: Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 332–353. ISBN 0-7817-8215-5.

[19] Kurzynski TA, Boehm DM, Rott-Petri JA, Schell RF, Allison PE (1988). "Comparison of modified Bordet-Gengou and modified Regan-Lowe media for the isolation of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis". J. Clin. Microbiol. 26 (12): 2661–3. PMC 266968. PMID 2906642.

[Lippincott-20] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 332–353. ISBN 0-7817-8215-5.

[Baron-21] Baron, Samuel (1996). Medical Microbiology, 4th edition. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.

[urlBSCI424_Laboratory_Media-22] Rollins, David M. (2000). "BSCI424 Laboratory Media". University of Maryland. Retrieved 2008-11-18.

[23] Cain, Donna (January 14, 2015). "MacConkey Agar (CCCCD Microbiology". Collin College.

[pubmed-24] Gunn, B.A. "Chocolate agar: A differential medium for gram positive cocci". PubMed. Retrieved 28 September 2012.

[25] Stevenson TH, Castillo A, Lucia LM, Acuff GR (2000). "Growth of Helicobacter pylori in various liquid and plating media". Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 30 (3): 192–6. doi:10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00699.x. PMID 10747249.

[pmid6027998-26] Johnson RC, Harris VG (1967). "Differentiation of Pathogenic and Saprophytic Leptospires I. Growth at Low Temperatures". J. Bacteriol. 94 (1): 27–31. PMC 251866. PMID 6027998.

[27] "Thayer Martin Agar (Modified) Procedure" (PDF). University of Nebraska-Medical Center, Clinical Laboratory Science Program. Retrieved 2015-05-03.

[28] Allen, Mary E. (2005). "MacConkey Agar Plates Protocols". American Society for Microbiology. Created: 30 September 2005. Last update: 01 April 2013

[29] "Hektoen Enteric Agar". Austin Community College District. Retrieved 2015-05-03.

[30] Cassell GH, Waites KB, Crouse DT, Rudd PT, Canupp KC, Stagno S, Cutter GR (1988). "Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection of the lower respiratory tract with chronic lung disease and death in very-low-birth-weight infants". Lancet 2 (8605): 240–5. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92536-6. PMID 2899235.

[31] Pfeffer, C.; Oliver, J.D. (2003). "A comparison of thiosulphate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar and thiosulphate-chloride-iodide (TCI) agar for the isolation of Vibrio species from estuarine environments". Letters in Applied Microbiology 36 (3): 150–151. doi:10.1046/j.1472-765X.2003.01280.x. PMID 12581373.

[32] "Yersinia pestis" (PDF). Wadsworth Center. 2006.

[33] "Anthrax in animals". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2001.

[Creighton-34] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw "Bacteria Table" (PDF). Creighton University School of Medicine. Retrieved 2015-05-03.

[urlCDC_Anthrax_Q_.26_A:_Treatment-35] "CDC Anthrax Q & A: Treatment". Retrieved 4 April 2011.

[urlFDA_approves_raxibacumab_to_treat_inhalational_anthrax-36] "FDA approves raxibacumab to treat inhalational anthrax". Retrieved 14 December 2012.

[37] "ESCHERICHIA COLI". Public Health Agency of Canada. 2012-04-30. Retrieved 2015-06-02.

[Sherris-38] Ryan, KJ; Ray, CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

[39] "Klebsiella pneumoniae in Healthcare Settings". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Page last reviewed: November 24, 2010. Page last updated: August 27, 2012

[Levinson.2C_W._2010_94.E2.80.9399-40] Levinson, W. (2010). Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (11th ed.). pp. 94–9.

リンク元	「細菌感染」「菌感染症」「細菌性感染症」「細菌感染症」
拡張検索	「Gram-negative bacterial infection」「enterobacterial infection」
関連記事	「infection」「bacterial」

匿名

検索

案内

案内

bacterial infection