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be a contributing factor; "make things factor into a companys profitability"
any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
an independent variable in statistics
anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome"
consider as relevant when making a decision; "You must factor in the recent developments" (同)factor in, factor out
resolve into factors; "a quantum computer can factor the number 15" (同)factor in, factor out
an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts"
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(…の)『要因』,(…を生み出す)要素《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 囲数,約数 / 代理人,《おもに英》仲買人 / =factorize
〈C〉『事実』,実際にある(あった)事 / 〈U〉真相,真実(truth) / 《the~》(法律用語で)犯行

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/09/18 11:31:28」(JST)

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Azoospermia factor (AZF) refers to one of several proteins or their genes, which are coded from the AZF region on the human male Y chromosome.^[1] Deletions in this region are associated with inability to produce sperm.^[2] Subregions within the AZF region are AZFa (sometimes AZF1), AZFb and AZFc (together referred to as AZF2). AZF is the term used by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee.^[3]

AZF1

AZF1 (Azoospermia Factor 1) gene is likely located in the euchromatic part of the long arm in Yq11.23. AZF1 is 792kb long and just distal to the centromere of the Y chromosome.^[4] AZF1 genes are involved in spermatogenesis in the testes.

AZF2

Originally, an AZFb and AZFc genes were identified and thought to be separate regions. They were later found to be overlapping and are now referred to as AZF2.

AZFc

AZFc is one of the most genetically dynamic regions in the human genome, possibly serving as counter against the genetic degeneracy associated with the lack of a partner chromosome during meiosis.^[5] However, such strategy comes has the adverse effects that some rearrangements represent a risk factor or a de-facto causative agent of spermatogenic disruption.^[5]

A specific partial deletion of AZFc called gr/gr deletion is significantly associated with male infertility among Caucasians in Europe and the Western Pacific region.^[6]

AZF mutations

Mutations or deletions in the AZF genes are associated with inability or lessened ability to create sperm. It may cause azoospermia (not having any measurable level of sperm in semen). Deletions in the USP9Y gene, which is located within AZF1, are usually but not always associated with inability to form sperm.

External links

GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Y Chromosome Infertility or Azoospermia

References

^ Repping S, Skaletsky H, Lange J, Silber S, Van Der Veen F, Oates R, Page D, Rozen S (2002). "Recombination between palindromes P5 and P1 on the human Y chromosome causes massive deletions and spermatogenic failure". Am J Hum Genet 71 (4): 906–22. doi:10.1086/342928. PMC 419997. PMID 12297986. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC419997/.
^ Ioulianos A, Sismani C, Fourouclas N, Patroclou T, Sergiou C, Patsalis P (2002). "A nation-based population screening for azoospermia factor deletions in Greek-Cypriot patients with severe spermatogenic failure and normal fertile controls, using a specific study and experimental design". Int J Androl 25 (3): 153–8. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2605.2002.00340.x. PMID 12031043.
^ http://www.gene.ucl.ac.uk/nomenclature/aboutHGNC.html
^ Vogt P (2005). "AZF deletions and Y chromosomal haplogroups: history and update based on sequence". Hum Reprod Update 11 (4): 319–36. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmi017. PMID 15890785.
^ ^a ^b Navarro-Costa P, Gonçalves J, Plancha CE (March 2010). "The AZFc region of the Y chromosome: at the crossroads between genetic diversity and male infertility". Hum Reprod Update 16 (5): 525–542. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq005. PMC 2918367. PMID 20304777. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2918367/.
^ Stouffs, K.; Lissens, W.; Tournaye, H.; Haentjens, P. (2010). "What about gr/gr deletions and male infertility? Systematic review and meta-analysis". Human Reproduction Update 17 (2): 197–209. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq046. PMID 20959348. edit

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English Journal

Outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in oligozoospermic men with Y chromosome AZFb or AZFc microdeletions.

Liu XY1, Wang RX1, Fu Y2, Luo LL1, Guo W1, Liu RZ1.
Andrologia.Andrologia.2017 Feb;49(1). doi: 10.1111/and.12602. Epub 2016 May 30.
We investigated whether the presence of Y chromosome azoospermia factor (AZF) microdeletions impacts upon the outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using fresh ejaculated spermatozoa. Sixteen oligozoospermia patients with Y chromosome AZFb or AZFc microdeletions and undergoing ICSI cyc
PMID 27242045

Expression of hOvol2 in the XY body of human spermatocytes.

Taniguchi H1,2, Katano T1, Nishida K1, Yao I3, Morimoto Y4, Matsuda T2, Ito S1.
Andrologia.Andrologia.2017 Feb;49(1). doi: 10.1111/and.12599. Epub 2016 May 2.
Male infertility is common at infertile clinics, and 10-20% of infertile males are azoospermic. Non-obstructive azoospermia is a complex multifactorial disease, and the process of spermatogenesis remains largely unknown. Ovol1 and Ovol2, a family of zinc finger transcription factors, are expressed i
PMID 27136193

Pseudoautosomal abnormalities in terminal AZFb+c deletions are associated with isochromosomes Yp and may lead to abnormal growth and neuropsychiatric function.

Castro A1, Rodríguez F2, Flórez M2, López P2, Curotto B3, Martínez D2, Maturana A4, Lardone MC2, Palma C5,6, Mericq V2, Ebensperger M2, Cassorla F2.
Human reproduction (Oxford, England).Hum Reprod.2017 Feb;32(2):465-475. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dew333. Epub 2017 Jan 5.
STUDY QUESTION: Are copy number variations (CNVs) in the pseudoautosomal regions (PARs) frequent in subjects with Y-chromosome microdeletions and can they lead to abnormal stature and/or neuropsychiatric disorders SUMMARY ANSWER: Only subjects diagnosed with azoospermia factor (AZF)b+c deletions spa
PMID 28057878