automobile exhaust

• 自動車排出ガス

関

diesel exhaust、vehicle emission

WordNet

1. use up the whole supply of; "We have exhausted the food supplies"
2. eliminate (a substance); "combustion products are exhausted in the engine"; "the plant releases a gas" (同)discharge, expel, eject, release
3. gases ejected from an engine as waste products (同)exhaust fumes, fumes
4. wear out completely; "This kind of work exhausts me"; "Im beat"; "He was all washed up after the exam" (同)wash_up, beat, tucker, tucker out
5. system consisting of the parts of an engine through which burned gases or steam are discharged (同)exhaust system
6. drained physically; "the days events left her completely exhausted--her strength drained"
7. drained of energy or effectiveness; extremely tired; completely exhausted; "the days shopping left her exhausted"; "he went to bed dog-tired"; "was fagged and sweaty"; "the trembling of his played out limbs"; "felt completely washed-out"; "only worn-out horses and cattle"; "you look worn out" (同)dog-tired, fagged, fatigued, played_out, spent, washed-out, worn-out, worn out
8. depleted of energy, force, or strength; "impossible to grow tobacco on the exhausted soil"; "the exhausted food sources"; "exhausted oil wells" (同)spent
9. travel in an automobile
10. producing exhaustion; "an exhausting march"; "the visit was especially wearing" (同)tiring, wearing, wearying

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 《しばしば受動態で》(…で)〈人〉‘を'『疲れ果てさせる』,消耗させる《+『名』〈人〉+『by』(『from, with』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 《しばしば受動態で》〈蓄え・体力など〉‘を'『使い果たす』 / …‘を'研究し尽くす,論じ尽くす / (…から)〈空気・水・ガスなど〉‘を'抜き出す,からにする《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (空気・水・ガスなどを)…‘から'抜き出す《+『名』+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(エンジンなどからの)排気 / (またexhaust gas, exhaust fumes)〈U〉排気ガス / (またexhaust pipe)〈C〉排気管
2. 疲れ果てた / 使い尽くされた
3. 《米》『自動車』 / 自動の;自動車の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/31 11:35:15」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

A diesel-powered truck emits an exhaust gas rich in black particulate matter when starting its engine.

Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas, gasoline/petrol, diesel fuel, fuel oil or coal. According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe, flue gas stack or propelling nozzle. It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an exhaust plume.

Composition

The largest part of most combustion gas is nitrogen (N₂), water vapor (H₂O) (except with pure-carbon fuels), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) (except for fuels without carbon); these are not toxic or noxious (although carbon dioxide is generally recognized as a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming). A relatively small part of combustion gas is undesirable noxious or toxic substances, such as carbon monoxide (CO) from incomplete combustion, hydrocarbons (properly indicated as C_xH_y, but typically shown simply as "HC" on emissions-test slips) from unburnt fuel, nitrogen oxides (NO_x) from excessive combustion temperatures, ozone (O₃), and particulate matter (mostly soot).

Exhaust gas temperature

Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) is important to the functioning of the catalytic converter of an internal combustion engine. It may be measured by an exhaust gas temperature gauge. EGT is also a measure of engine health in gas-turbine engines (see below).

Types

Spark-ignition engines

See also: Automobile emissions control

In spark-ignition engines the gases resulting from combustion of the fuel and air mix are called exhaust gases. The composition varies from petrol to diesel engines, but is around these levels:

Combustion-engine exhaust gases
^{All figures are approximate}
This table DOES NOT correctly reflect graph presented on page 6 of referenced document!
The 10% oxygen for "diesel" is likely if the engine was idling, e.g. in a test rig. It is much less if the engine is running under load.

	% of total
Compound	Petrol	Diesel
N2	71	67
CO2	14	12
H2O	12	11
O2		10
Trace elements[citation needed]	< 0.5	~ 0.3
NOx	< 0.25	< 0.15
CO	1 - 2	< 0.045
PM		< 0.045
CxHy	< 0.25	< 0.03
SO2	possible traces	< 0.03

N2 = Nitrogen CO2 = Carbon dioxide H2O = Water

O2 = Oxygen CxHy (or Hx or HC) = Hydrocarbons CO = Carbon monoxide

NOx = Nitrogen oxides SO2 = Sulphur dioxide PM = Particulate matter

Nitromethane additive

Exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine whose fuel includes nitromethane will contain nitric acid vapour, which when inhaled causes a muscular reaction making it impossible to breathe. People exposed to it should wear a gas mask.

Diesel engines

See Diesel exhaust; Soot.

Gas-turbine engines

• In aircraft gas turbine engines, "exhaust gas temperature" (EGT) is a primary measure of engine health. Typically the EGT is compared with a primary engine power indication called "engine pressure ratio" (EPR). For example: at full power EPR there will be a maximum permitted EGT limit. Once an engine reaches a stage in its life where it reaches this EGT limit, the engine will require specific maintenance in order to rectify the problem. The amount the EGT is below the EGT limit is called EGT margin. The EGT margin of an engine will be greatest when the engine is new, or has been overhauled. For most airlines, this information is also monitored remotely by the airline maintenance department by means of ACARS.

Jet engines and rocket engines

What looks like exhaust from jet engines, is actually contrail. (Jet flying over the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado).

In jet engines and rocket engines, exhaust from propelling nozzles which in some applications shows shock diamonds.^{[citation needed]}

From burning coal

• Flue gas
• Flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion

Steam engines

In steam engine terminology the exhaust is steam that is now so low in pressure that it can no longer do useful work.

Others

Pollution reduction

Emission standards focus on reducing pollutants contained in the exhaust gases from vehicles as well as from industrial flue gas stacks and other air pollution exhaust sources in various large-scale industrial facilities such as petroleum refineries, natural gas processing plants, petrochemical plants and chemical production plants. However, these are often referred to as flue gases. Catalytic converters in cars intend to break down the pollution of exhaust gases using a catalyst. Scrubbers in ships intend to remove the sulfur dioxide (SO₂) of marine exhaust gases. The regulations on marine sulfur dioxide emissions are tightening, however only a small number of special areas worldwide have been designated for low sulfur diesel fuel use only.

One of the advantages claimed for advanced steam technology engines is that that they produce smaller quantities of toxic pollutants (e.g. oxides of nitrogen) than petrol and diesel engines of the same power.^{[citation needed]} They produce larger quantities of carbon dioxide but less carbon monoxide due to more efficient combustion.

See also

Automobile exhaust

• Alternative propulsion
• Atmospheric dispersion modeling
• Catalytic converter
• Clean Air Act
• Emission test cycle
• Flue gas
• Fly ash
• Kyoto protocol
• Landfill gas
• Motor vehicle emissions

References

External links

• Health and Air Pollution Publication of the California Air Resources Board
• The Encyclopedia Of Filters - Dust Collection An overview of the science of dust collection systems, including those used for pollution control.

• About diesel exhaust:
  • U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration: Safety and Health Topics: Diesel Exhaust
  • Partial List of Chemicals Associated with Diesel Exhaust
  • Diesel Exhaust Particulates: Reasonably Anticipated to Be A Human Carcinogen
  • Scientific Study of Harmful Effects of Diesel Exhaust: Acute Inflammatory Responses in the Airways and Peripheral Blood After Short-Term Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Healthy Human Volunteers
  • Diesel exhaust: what you need to know

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English Journal

• Sensitivity analysis of biodiesel blends on Benzo[a]pyrene and main emissions using MOVES: A case study in Temuco, Chile.

• Pino-Cortés E1, Díaz-Robles LA2, Cubillos F2, Fu JS3, Vergara-Fernández A4.
• The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2015 Dec 15;537:352-9. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.143. Epub 2015 Aug 15.
• Temuco is one of the most highly wood-smoke polluted cities in Chile; however, the diesel mobile sources are growing very fast in the past 10years and so far very few studies have been done. The main goal of this research was to develop a 2013 emission inventory of criteria pollutants and Benzo[a]py
• PMID 26282769

• Multifractal nature of particulate matters (PMs) in Hong Kong urban air.

• Xue Y1, Pan W2, Lu WZ3, He HD4.
• The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2015 Nov 1;532:744-51. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.065. Epub 2015 Jun 26.
• In this study, we investigate the persistent variation and the multifractal nature of particulate matter (PM) concentrations from vehicle emissions at a typical traffic intersection of street canyon in Hong Kong. Six size groups of PMs are measured and collected during rush hour sessions on differen
• PMID 26124011

• Effects of day-of-week trends and vehicle types on PM2.5-bounded carbonaceous compositions.

• Pongpiachan S1, Kositanont C2, Palakun J3, Liu S4, Ho KF4, Cao J4.
• The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2015 Nov 1;532:484-94. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.046. Epub 2015 Jun 19.
• Carbonaceous compositions of PM2.5 were measured in the heart of Bangkok from 17th November 2010 to 19th January 2012, and a data set of 94 samples was constructed. Effects of day-of-week trends and vehicle types on PM2.5-bound TC, OC, and EC were carefully investigated. In this study, OC was the mo
• PMID 26100727

Japanese Journal

• Soot : 微粒子の科学と技術(1)粒子状物質(PM) : 自動車排出ガス規制とPM生成モデリングの必要性 : 直噴ガソリンエンジン/乗用車を中心に

• 日本燃焼学会誌 = Journal of the Combustion Society of Japan 59(187), 49-54, 2017-02
• NAID 40021102705

• Study on power matching strategy of PHEV based on fuzzy recognition of driving cycles

• Mechanical Engineering Journal 4(1), 16-00202-16-00202, 2017
• NAID 130005395589

• 排ガス浄化システムにおける省資源化技術 (特集 材料目線でのクルマ開発) -- (排ガス後処理システムにおける材料開発)

• 自動車技術 = Journal of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan 70(11), 78-81, 2016-11
• NAID 40021003606

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「自動車排出ガス」「diesel exhaust」「vehicle emission」
関連記事	「exhaust」「automobile」

「自動車排出ガス」

　　[★]

英

automobile exhaust

関

ディーゼル排気、自動車排ガス

「diesel exhaust」

　　[★]

• ディーゼル排気

関

automobile exhaust、vehicle emission

「vehicle emission」

　　[★]

自動車排ガス

関

automobile exhaust、diesel exhaust

「exhaust」

　　[★]

• v.

• 消耗させる、疲労困憊させる、疲弊させる

関

consumption、exhaustion、marasmus、prostrate、waste、wasting

　 　 　 　 　 　

「automobile」

　　[★]

• n.

• 自動車

関

car、motor vehicle