WordNet

be a contributing factor; "make things factor into a companys profitability"
any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
an independent variable in statistics
anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome"
consider as relevant when making a decision; "You must factor in the recent developments" (同)factor in, factor out
resolve into factors; "a quantum computer can factor the number 15" (同)factor in, factor out
an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts"
a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
a type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself; a cell suicide mechanism that enables metazoans to control cell number and eliminate cells that threaten the animals survival (同)programmed_cell_death, caspase-mediated cell death

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…の)『要因』,(…を生み出す)要素《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 囲数,約数 / 代理人,《おもに英》仲買人 / =factorize
〈C〉『事実』,実際にある(あった)事 / 〈U〉真相,真実(truth) / 《the~》(法律用語で)犯行

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/26 21:35:49」(JST)

wiki en

Apoptosis inducing factor is a flavoprotein.^[2]

Apoptosis inducing factor is involved in initiating a caspase-independent pathway of apoptosis (positive intrinsic regulator of apoptosis) by causing DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation. It also acts as an NADH oxidase. Another AIF function is to regulate the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane upon apoptosis. Normally it is found behind the outer membrane of the mitochondria and is therefore secluded from the nucleus. However, when the mitochondrion is damaged, it moves to the cytosol and to the nucleus. Inactivation of AIF leads to resistance of embryonic stem cells to death following the withdrawal of growth factors indicating that it is involved in apoptosis.^[2]^[3]

Function

Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) is a protein that triggers chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation in a cell in order to induce programmed cell death. The mitochondrial AIF protein was found to be a caspase-independent death effector that can allow independent nuclei to undergo apoptotic changes. The process triggering apoptosis starts when the mitochondria releases AIF, which exits through the mitochondrial membrane, enters the cytosol, and finally ends up in the cell nucleus where it signals the cell to condense its chromosomes and fragment its DNA molecules in order to prepare for cell death. Recently, researchers have discovered that AIF's activity is dependent upon the type of cell, the apoptotic insult, and its DNA-binding ability. AIF also plays a significant role in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and metabolic redox reactions.^[4]

Synthesis

The AIF protein is located across 16 exons on the X chromosome in humans. AIF1 (the most abundant type of AIF) is translated in the cytosol and recruited to the mitochondrial membrane and intermembrane space by its N-terminal mitochondrial localization signal (MLS). Inside the mitochondria, AIF folds into its functional configuration with the help of the cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

A protein called Scythe (BAT3), which is used to regulate organogenesis, can increase the AIF lifetime in the cell. As a result, decreased amounts of Scythe lead to a quicker fragmentation of AIF. The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) has the power to influence the half-life of AIF along with Scythe. Together, the two do not affect the AIF attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane, however they influence the stability of AIF once it exits the mitochondria.^[4]

Role in mitochondria

It was thought that if a recombinant version of AIF lacked the first N-terminal 120 amino acids of the protein, then AIF would function as an NADH and NADPH oxidase. However, it was instead discovered that recombinant AIF that do not have the last 100 N-terminal amino acids have limited NADP and NADPH oxidase activity. Therefore, researchers concluded that the AIF N-terminus may function in interactions with other proteins or control AIF redox reactions and substrate specificity.

Mutations of AIF due to deletions have stimulated the creation of the mouse model of complex I deficiency. Complex I deficiency is the reason behind over thirty percent of human mitochondrial diseases. For example, complex I mitochondriopathies mostly affect infants by causing symptoms such as seizures, blindness, deafness, etc. These AIF-deficient mouse models are important for fixing complex I deficiencies. The identification of AIF-interacting proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane and intermembrane space will help researchers identify the mechanism of the signaling pathway that monitors the function of AIF in the mitochondria.^[4]

Isozymes

Human genes encoding apoptosis inducing factor isozymes include:

AIFM1
AIFM2
AIFM3

References

^ PDB 1M6I; Ye H, Cande C, Stephanou NC, Jiang S, Gurbuxani S, Larochette N, Daugas E, Garrido C, Kroemer G, Wu H (September 2002). "DNA binding is required for the apoptogenic action of apoptosis inducing factor". Nat. Struct. Biol. 9 (9): 680–4. doi:10.1038/nsb836. PMID 12198487.
^ ^a ^b Joza N, Pospisilik JA, Hangen E, Hanada T, Modjtahedi N, Penninger JM, Kroemer G (August 2009). "AIF: not just an apoptosis-inducing factor". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1171: 2–11. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04681.x. PMID 19723031.
^ Candé C, Cohen I, Daugas E, Ravagnan L, Larochette N, Zamzami N, Kroemer G (2002). "Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF): a novel caspase-independent death effector released from mitochondria". Biochimie 84 (2–3): 215–22. doi:10.1016/S0300-9084(02)01374-3. PMID 12022952.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hangen E, Blomgren K, Bénit P, Kroemer G, Modjtahedi N (May 2010). "Life with or without AIF". Trends Biochem. Sci. 35 (5): 278–87. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2009.12.008. PMID 20138767.

External links

Apoptosis inducing factor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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Fed-batch production of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in soluble form in Escherichia coli and its purification and characterization.

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Motor neuron (MN) diseases are characterized by progressive cell degeneration, and excitotoxicity has been postulated as a causal factor. Using two experimental procedures for inducing excitotoxic spinal MN degeneration in vivo, by acute and chronic overactivation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-is
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Japanese Journal

P1-15-5 発達期脳の放射線障害における, Apoptosis inducing factorの関与に関する研究(Group27 妊娠・分娩・産褥と社会2・胎児・新生児の病理,一般演題,第63回日本産婦人科学会学術講演会)

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NAID 110008509064

Isoegomaketone induces apoptosis through caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways in human DLD1 cells

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NAID 40018913974

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「アポトーシス誘発因子」「AIF」
関連記事	「fact」「factor」「inducing factor」

「アポトーシス誘発因子」

apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondrion-associated, 1
	Crystallographic structure of the human apoptosis inducing factor (rainbow color cartoon diagram, N-terminus = blue, C-terminus = red).
Identifiers
Symbol	AIFM1
Alt. symbols	PDCD8
Entrez	9131
HUGO	8768
OMIM	300169
RefSeq	NM_004208
UniProt	O95831
Other data
Locus	Chr. X q25-q26