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a monosaccharide sugar that contains the aldehyde group or is hemiacetal

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/26 11:39:03」(JST)

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Fischer projection of D-glyceraldehyde

An aldose is a monosaccharide (a simple sugar) that contains only one aldehyde (−CH=O) group per molecule. The chemical formula takes the form C_n(H₂O)_n. The simplest possible aldose is the diose glycolaldehyde, which only contains two carbon atoms.^[1]

Because they have at least one asymmetric carbon center, aldoses with three or more carbon atoms exhibit stereoisomerism. Aldoses containing stereogenic centers can exist in either a D- form or L- form. The determination is made based on the chirality of the penultimate carbon (the second-furthest from the aldehyde), where alcohol groups on the right of the Fischer projection result in D-aldoses, and epimers with alcohols on the left result in L-aldoses. Biological systems tend to recognize D-aldoses more than L-aldoses.

An aldose differs from a ketose in that it has a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain instead of in the middle. This allows ketoses and aldoses to be chemically differentiated through Seliwanoff's test.^[2] An aldose may isomerize to a ketose through the Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation.^[3]

List of aldoses

Family tree of aldoses: (1) D-(+)-glyceraldehyde; (2a) D-(−)-erythrose; (2b) D-(−)-threose; (3a) D-(−)-ribose; (3b) D-(−)-arabinose; (3c) D-(+)-xylose; (3d) D-(−)-lyxose; (4a) D-(+)-allose; (4b) D-(+)-altrose; (4c) D-(+)-glucose; (4d) D-(+)-mannose; (4e) D-(−)-gulose; (4f) D-(−)-idose; (4g) D-(+)-galactose; (4h) D-(+)-talose

Diose: glycolaldehyde
Triose: glyceraldehyde
Tetroses: erythrose, threose
Pentoses: ribose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose
Hexoses: allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, talose

References

^ Berg, J.M. (2006). Biochemistry (6th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
^ "Seliwanoff's Test". Harper College. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
^ "Lobry de Bruyn-van Ekenstein Transformation". Drug Future. Retrieved 2011-07-10.

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Japanese Journal

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