WordNet

the physical condition of blocking or filling a passage with an obstruction (同)blockage
any structure that makes progress difficult (同)obstructor, obstructer, impediment, impedimenta
getting in someones way
the act of obstructing; "obstruction of justice"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(…への)妨害,障害《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…への)妨害物,障害物《+『to』+『名』》
〈C〉航空路 / 〈C〉(鉱山などの)通風路 / 《複数形》航空会社

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/23 17:09:11」(JST)

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Airway obstruction is a blockage of respiration in the airway. It can be broadly classified into being either in the upper airway or lower airway.

Upper airway obstruction

Causes of upper airway obstruction, foreign body aspiration, blunt laryngotracheal trauma, penetrating laryngotracheal trauma, tonsillar hypertrophy, paralysis of the vocal cord or vocal fold, acute laryngotracheitis such as viral croup, bacterial tracheitis, epiglottitis, peritonsillar abscess, pertussis, retropharyngeal abscess, spasmodic croup.^[1] In basic and advanced life support airway obstructions are often referred to as A-problems. Management of airways relies on both minimal-invasive and invasive techniques.

Lower airway obstruction

Lower airway obstruction is mainly caused by increased resistance in the bronchioles (usually from a decreased radius of the bronchioles) that reduces the amount of air inhaled in each breath and the oxygen that reaches the pulmonary arteries. It is different from airway restriction (which prevents air from diffusing into the pulmonary arteries because of some kind of blockage in the lungs). Diseases that cause lower airway obstruction are termed obstructive lung diseases.

Lower airway obstruction can be measured using spirometry. A decreased FEV1/FVC ratio (versus the normal of about 80%) is indicative of an airway obstruction, as the normal amount of air can no longer be exhaled in the first second of expiration. An airway restriction would not produce a reduced FEV1/FVC ratio, would produce a reduced vital capacity. The ventilation is therefore affected leading to a ventilation perfusion mismatch and hypoxia.

Consequences

Airway obstruction may cause obstructive pneumonitis or post-obstructive pneumonitis.

References

^ Respiratory Emergencies, section Acute Upper Airway Obstruction. From FP Essentials 368. January 2010 by American Academy of Family Physicians.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 中枢気道閉塞の診断およびマネージメント diagnosis and management of central airway obstruction
2. 小児における急性上気道閉塞の緊急評価 emergent evaluation of acute upper airway obstruction in children
3. フローボリューム曲線 flow volume loops
4. 成人の閉塞性睡眠時無呼吸における上気道閉塞のメカニズムおよび解剖学的部位 mechanisms and anatomic sites of upper airway obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea in adults
5. Anesthesia for patients with thyroid disease

English Journal

Thoracic emergencies.

Worrell SG, Demeester SR.SourceDepartment of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1510 San Pablo Street, Suite 514, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
The Surgical clinics of North America.Surg Clin North Am.2014 Feb;94(1):183-91. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2013.10.013. Epub 2013 Oct 30.
This article discusses thoracic emergencies, including the anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, examination, diagnosis, technique, management, and treatment of acute upper airway obstruction, massive hemoptysis, spontaneous pneumothorax, and pulmonary empyema. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier
PMID 24267505

Measurement of the innate immune response in the airway.

Brasier AR, Zhao Y.SourceUniversity of Texas Medical Branch, 8.128 Medical Research Building, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA, arbrasie@utmb.edu.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology.Adv Exp Med Biol.2014;795:233-54. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8603-9_15.
Asthma is an idiopathic disease associated with episodic inflammation and reversible airway obstruction that is triggered by environmental agents. Allergic and infectious agents trigger asthmatic exacerbations through the innate immune response (IIR). The IIR is activated by sentinel cells in the ai
PMID 24162913

Introduction to genetics and genomics in asthma: genetics of asthma.

Mathias RA.SourceDivision of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, 3B.79, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA, rmathias@jhmi.edu.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology.Adv Exp Med Biol.2014;795:125-55. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8603-9_9.
While asthma is a heterogeneous disease, a strong genetic basis has been firmly established. Rather than being a single disease entity, asthma consists of related, overlapping syndromes [Barnes (Proc Am Thor Soc 8:143-148, 2011)] including three general domains: variable airway obstruction, airway h
PMID 24162907

Japanese Journal

多系統萎縮症患者における全身麻酔後両側声帯外転麻痺の1症例

小西華子,溝田敏幸,福田和彦
麻酔 64(6), 651-654, 2015-06
NAID 40020498028

緊急気道確保が必要であった喉頭外傷の１例

藤塚健次,中野実,二宮洋,高橋栄治,中村光伸,宮崎大,町田浩志,鈴木裕之,雨宮優,小倉崇以,原澤朋史
日本外傷学会雑誌 29(3), 355-357, 2015
　83歳，男性．交通事故にて当院搬送となった．両側声帯麻痺による上気道閉塞を認め，呼吸状態の悪化があり，気道緊急の状態となった．経口気管挿管を施行し，CTにて甲状軟骨骨折を認めた．後日，気管切開を施行し，保存的加療の方針で転院となった．喉頭外傷は稀であり，急性期の治療は気道確保である．受傷機転や症状から喉頭外傷を認知し，気道緊急時には確実な気道確保を行う．喉頭外傷合併時には，気道確保処置にて気道閉 …
NAID 130005088563

The Feasibility of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in the Variant Airway Problems

Kim Chang Wan,Kim Do Hyung,Son Bong Soo,Cho Jeong Su,Kim Yeong Dae,I Hoseok,Ahn Hyo Yeong
Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery advpub(0), 2015
… In this study we assess the utility of ECMO in the management of airway obstruction.Patients and Methods: 15 patients underwent ECMO for airway obstruction. … We retrospectively analyzed and evaluated the feasibility of ECMO in the treatment of airway problems.Results: Seven patients received ECMO to facilitate respiration and promote stability during trachea surgery. …
NAID 130005088194