- 同
- AgRP
WordNet
- have or establish a relationship to; "She relates well to her peers"
- be in a relationship with; "How are these two observations related?" (同)interrelate
- give an account of; "The witness related the events"
- connected by kinship, common origin, or marriage
- being connected either logically or causally or by shared characteristics ; "painting and the related arts"; "school-related activities"; "related to micelle formation is the...ability of detergent actives to congregate at oil-water interfaces" (同)related to
- any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"
- agile long-legged rabbit-sized rodent of Central America and South America and the West Indies; valued as food (同)Dasyprocta aguti
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (…に)〈事件・事情など〉‘を'『物語る』《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / (…と)…‘を'『関係させる』,結びつける《+『名』+『to(with)』+『名』》 / 〈物・事が〉(…に)関係がある,かかわる《+『to(with)』+『名(wh・節・句)』》 / (…に)〈人が〉なじむ,順応する《+『to』+『名』》
- 関係のある
- 蛋白(たんばく)質
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/11 18:32:24」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
| Agouti related neuropeptide |
C-terminal knottin domain from human AgRP. PDB entry 1hyk[1] |
| Available structures |
| PDB |
Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB |
| List of PDB id codes |
|
1HYK, 1MR0, 2IQV
|
|
|
| Identifiers |
| Symbols |
AGRP ; AGRT; ART; ASIP2 |
| External IDs |
OMIM: 602311 MGI: 892013 HomoloGene: 7184 GeneCards: AGRP Gene |
| Gene ontology |
| Molecular function |
• receptor binding
• neuropeptide hormone activity
|
| Cellular component |
• extracellular space
• Golgi lumen
• neuronal cell body
• extracellular vesicular exosome
|
| Biological process |
• neuropeptide signaling pathway
• feeding behavior
• adult feeding behavior
• photoperiodism
• hormone-mediated signaling pathway
• response to insulin
• eating behavior
• maternal process involved in female pregnancy
• regulation of feeding behavior
• positive regulation of feeding behavior
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| Sources: Amigo / QuickGO |
|
| Orthologs |
| Species |
Human |
Mouse |
|
| Entrez |
181 |
11604 |
|
| Ensembl |
ENSG00000159723 |
ENSMUSG00000005705 |
|
| UniProt |
O00253 |
P56473 |
|
| RefSeq (mRNA) |
NM_001138 |
NM_001271806 |
|
| RefSeq (protein) |
NP_001129 |
NP_001258735 |
|
| Location (UCSC) |
Chr 16:
67.52 – 67.52 Mb |
Chr 8:
105.57 – 105.57 Mb |
|
| PubMed search |
[1] |
[2] |
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|
|
| Agouti protein |
|
| Identifiers |
| Symbol |
Agouti |
| Pfam |
PF05039 |
| Pfam clan |
CL0083 |
| InterPro |
IPR007733 |
| PROSITE |
PDOC60024 |
| SCOP |
1hyk |
| SUPERFAMILY |
1hyk |
| OPM protein |
1mr0 |
| Available protein structures: |
| Pfam |
structures |
| PDB |
RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj |
| PDBsum |
structure summary |
|
Agouti-related protein also called Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) is a neuropeptide produced in the brain by the AgRP/NPY neuron. It is only synthesised in NPY-containing cell bodies located in the ventromedial part of the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus.[2] AgRP is co-expressed with Neuropeptide Y and works by increasing appetite and decreasing metabolism and energy expenditure. It is one of the most potent and long-lasting of appetite stimulators. In humans, the agouti-related peptide is encoded by the AGRP gene.[3][4]
Contents
- 1 Structure
- 2 Function
- 3 Mechanism
- 4 History
- 5 Role in Obesity
- 6 Human proteins containing this domain
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 Further reading
- 10 External links
Structure
AgRP is a paracrine signalling molecule made up of 112 amino acids (the gene product of 132 amino acids is processed by removal of the N-terminal 20-residue signal peptide domain). It was independently identified by two teams in 1997 based on its sequence similarity with Agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), a protein synthesised in the skin that controls coat colour.[3][4] AgRP is approximately 25% identical to ASIP. The murine homologue of AgRP is made up of 111 amino acids (precursor is 131 amino acids) and shares 81% amino acid identity with the human protein. Biochemical studies indicate AgRP is very stable to thermal denaturation and acid degradation. Its secondary structure consists mainly of random coils and β-sheets[5] that fold into an inhibitor cystine knot motif. [6] AgRP is mapped to human chromosome 16q22 and mouse chromosome 8D1-D2.
Function
Agouti-related protein is expressed primarily in the adrenal gland, subthalamic nucleus, and hypothalamus, with lower levels of expression in the testis, kidneys, and lungs. The appetite-stimulating effects of AgRP are inhibited by the hormone leptin and activated by the hormone ghrelin. Adipocytes secrete leptin in response to food intake. This hormone acts in the arcuate nucleus and inhibits the AgRP/NPY neuron from releasing orexigenic peptides.[7] Ghrelin has receptors on NPY/AgRP neurons that stimulate the secretion of NPY and AgRP to increase appetite. AgRP is stored in intracellular secretory granules and is secreted via a regulated pathway.[8] The transcriptional and secretory action of AgRP is regulated by inflammatory signals.[9] Levels of AgRP are increased during periods of fasting. It has been found that AgRP stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis to release ACTH, cortisol and prolactin. It also enhances the ACTH response to IL-1-beta, suggesting it may play a role in the modulation of neuroendocrine response to inflammation.[10]
Mechanism
AGRP has been demonstrated to be an inverse agonist of melanocortin receptors, to be specific MC3-R and MC4-R. The melanocortin receptors, MC3-R and MC4-R, are directly linked to metabolism and body weight control. These receptors are activated by the peptide hormone α-MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) and antagonized by the agouti-related protein.[11] Whereas α-MSH acts broadly on most members of the MCR family (with the exception of MC2-R), AGRP is highly specific for only MC3-R and MC4-R. This inverse agonism not only antagonizes the action of melanocortin agonists such as α-MSH but also further decreases the cAMP produced by the affected cells. The exact mechanism by which AgRP inhibits melanocortin-receptor signalling is not completely clear. It has been suggested that Agouti-related protein binds MSH receptors and acts as a competitive antagonist of ligand binding.[12] Studies of Agouti protein in B16 melanoma cells supported this logic. The expression of AgRP in the adrenal gland is regulated by glucocorticoids. The protein blocks α-MSH-induced secretion of corticosterone.[13]
History
Orthologs of AgRP, ASIP, MCIR, and MC4R have been found in mammalian, teleost fish, and avian genomes. This suggests that the agouti-melanocortin system evolved by gene duplication from individual ligand and receptor genes in the last 500 million years.[11]
Role in Obesity
AgRP induces obesity by chronic antagonism of the MC4-R.[14] Overexpression of AgRP in transgenic mice (or intracerebroventricular injection) causes hyperphagia and obesity,[15] whilst AgRP plasma levels have been found to be elevated in obese human males.[16] Understanding the role AgRP plays in weight gain may assist in developing pharmaceutical models for treating obesity. AgRP mRNA levels have been found to be down regulated following an acute stressful event. Studies suggest that systems involved in the regulation of stress response and of energy balance are highly integrated. Loss or gain of AgRP function may result in inadequate adaptive behavioural responses to environmental events, such as stress, and have potential to contribute to the development of eating disorders. It has been shown that polymorphisms in the AgRP gene have been linked with anorexia nervosa[17] as well as obesity. Some studies suggest that inadequate signalling of AgRP during stress may result in binge eating. Recent studies have shown that autophagy plays a key role in regulation of food intake and energy balance in maintaning neuronal AgRP levels.[18]
Human proteins containing this domain
AGRP; ASIP
See also
References
- ^ Bolin, K. A.; Anderson, D. J.; Trulson, J. A.; Thompson, D. A.; Wilken, J.; Kent, S. B.; Gantz, I.; Millhauser, G. L. (1999). "NMR structure of a minimized human agouti related protein prepared by total chemical synthesis". FEBS letters 451 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00553-0. PMID 10371151. edit
- ^ Bäckberg M, Madjid N, Ogren SO, Meister B (June 2004). "Down-regulated expression of agouti-related protein (AGRP) mRNA in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of hyperphagic and obese tub/tub mice". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 125 (1-2): 129–39. doi:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.03.012. PMID 15193430.
- ^ a b Shutter JR, Graham M, Kinsey AC, Scully S, Lüthy R, Stark KL (March 1997). "Hypothalamic expression of ART, a novel gene related to agouti, is up-regulated in obese and diabetic mutant mice". Genes Dev. 11 (5): 593–602. doi:10.1101/gad.11.5.593. PMID 9119224.
- ^ a b Ollmann MM, Wilson BD, Yang YK, Kerns JA, Chen Y, Gantz I, Barsh GS (October 1997). "Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein". Science 278 (5335): 135–8. doi:10.1126/science.278.5335.135. PMID 9311920.
- ^ Rosenfeld RD, Zeni L, Welcher AA, Narhi LO, Hale C, Marasco J, Delaney J, Gleason T, Philo JS, Katta V, Hui J, Baumgartner J, Graham M, Stark KL, Karbon W (November 1998). "Biochemical, biophysical, and pharmacological characterization of bacterially expressed human agouti-related protein". Biochemistry 37 (46): 16041–52. doi:10.1021/bi981027m. PMID 9819197.
- ^ Jackson, P. J.; McNulty, J. C.; Yang, Y. K.; Thompson, D. A.; Chai, B.; Gantz, I.; Barsh, G. S.; Millhauser, G. L. (2002). "Design, pharmacology, and NMR structure of a minimized cystine knot with agouti-related protein activity". Biochemistry 41 (24): 7565–7572. doi:10.1021/bi012000x. PMID 12056887. edit
- ^ Enriori PJ, Evans AE, Sinnayah P, Jobst EE, Tonelli-Lemos L, Billes SK, Glavas MM, Grayson BE, Perello M, Nillni EA, Grove KL, Cowley MA (March 2007). "Diet-induced obesity causes severe but reversible leptin resistance in arcuate melanocortin neurons". Cell Metabolism 5 (3): 181–94. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.02.004. PMID 17339026.
- ^ Creemers JW, Pritchard LE, Gyte A, Le Rouzic P, Meulemans S, Wardlaw SL, Zhu X, Steiner DF, Davies N, Armstrong D, Lawrence CB, Luckman SM, Schmitz CA, Davies RA, Brennand JC, White A (April 2006). "Agouti-related protein is posttranslationally cleaved by proprotein convertase 1 to generate agouti-related protein (AGRP)83-132: interaction between AGRP83-132 and melanocortin receptors cannot be influenced by syndecan-3". Endocrinology 147 (4): 1621–31. doi:10.1210/en.2005-1373. PMID 16384863.
- ^ Scarlett JM, Zhu X, Enriori PJ, Bowe DD, Batra AK, Levasseur PR, Grant WF, Meguid MM, Cowley MA, Marks DL. (October 2008). "Regulation of agouti-related protein messenger ribonucleic acid transcription and peptide secretion by acute and chronic inflammation". Endocrinology 149 (10): 4837–45. doi:10.1210/en.2007-1680. PMC 2582916. PMID 18583425.
- ^ Xiao E, Xia-Zhang L, Vulliémoz NR, Ferin M, Wardlaw SL (May 2003). "Agouti-related protein stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and enhances the HPA response to interleukin-1 in the primate". Endocrinology 144 (5): 1736–41. doi:10.1210/en.2002-220013. PMID 12697678.
- ^ a b Jackson PJ, Douglas NR, Chai B, Binkley J, Sidow A, Barsh GS, Millhauser GL (December 2006). "Structural and molecular evolutionary analysis of Agouti and Agouti-related proteins". Chem. Biol. 13 (12): 1297–305. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.10.006. PMC 2907901. PMID 17185225.
- ^ Ollmann MM, Lamoreux ML, Wilson BD, Barsh GS (February 1998). "Interaction of Agouti protein with the melanocortin 1 receptor in vitro and in vivo". Genes Dev. 12 (3): 316–30. doi:10.1101/gad.12.3.316. PMC 316484. PMID 9450927.
- ^ Dhillo WS, Small CJ, Gardiner JV, Bewick GA, Whitworth EJ, Jethwa PH, Seal LJ, Ghatei MA, Hinson JP, Bloom SR (January 2003). "Agouti-related protein has an inhibitory paracrine role in the rat adrenal gland". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 301 (1): 102–7. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02991-1. PMID 12535647.
- ^ Huszar D, Lynch CA, Fairchild-Huntress V, Dunmore JH, Fang Q, Berkemeier LR, Gu W, Kesterson RA, Boston BA, Cone RD, Smith FJ, Campfield LA, Burn P, Lee F (January 1997). "Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice". Cell 88 (1): 131–41. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81865-6. PMID 9019399.
- ^ Graham M, Shutter JR, Sarmiento U, Sarosi I, Stark KL (November 1997). "Overexpression of Agrt leads to obesity in transgenic mice". Nat. Genet. 17 (3): 273–4. doi:10.1038/ng1197-273. PMID 9354787.
- ^ Katsuki A, Sumida Y, Gabazza EC, Murashima S, Tanaka T, Furuta M, Araki-Sasaki R, Hori Y, Nakatani K, Yano Y, Adachi Y (May 2001). "Plasma levels of agouti-related protein are increased in obese men". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (5): 1921–4. doi:10.1210/jc.86.5.1921. PMID 11344185.
- ^ Vink T, Hinney A, van Elburg AA, van Goozen SH, Sandkuijl LA, Sinke RJ, Herpertz-Dahlmann BM, Hebebrand J, Remschmidt H, van Engeland H, Adan RA (May 2001). "Association between an agouti-related protein gene polymorphism and anorexia nervosa". Mol. Psychiatry 6 (3): 325–8. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000854. PMID 11326303.
- ^ Kaushik S, Rodriguez-Navarro JA, Arias E, Kiffin R, Sahu S, Schwartz GJ, Cuervo AM, Singh R. Autophagy in hypothalamic AgRP neurons regulates food intake and energy balance. Cell Metab. 2011 Aug 3;14(2):173-83. PMID 21803288
Further reading
- Dhillo WS, Gardiner JV, Castle L, Bewick GA, Smith KL, Meeran K, Todd JF, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (December 2005). "Agouti related protein (AgRP) is upregulated in Cushing's syndrome". Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 113 (10): 602–6. doi:10.1055/s-2005-872895. PMID 16320160.
- Dinulescu DM, Cone RD (March 2000). "Agouti and agouti-related protein: analogies and contrasts". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (10): 6695–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.10.6695. PMID 10702221.
- Scarlett JM, Zhu X, Enriori PJ, Bowe DD, Batra AK, Levasseur PR, Grant WF, Meguid MM, Cowley MA, Marks DL (October 2008). "Regulation of agouti-related protein messenger ribonucleic acid transcription and peptide secretion by acute and chronic inflammation". Endocrinology 149 (10): 4837–45. doi:10.1210/en.2007-1680. PMC 2582916. PMID 18583425.
- Creemers JW, Pritchard LE, Gyte A, Le Rouzic P, Meulemans S, Wardlaw SL, Zhu X, Steiner DF, Davies N, Armstrong D, Lawrence CB, Luckman SM, Schmitz CA, Davies RA, Brennand JC, White A (April 2006). "Agouti-related protein is posttranslationally cleaved by proprotein convertase 1 to generate agouti-related protein (AGRP)83-132: interaction between AGRP83-132 and melanocortin receptors cannot be influenced by syndecan-3". Endocrinology 147 (4): 1621–31. doi:10.1210/en.2005-1373. PMID 16384863.
- Katsuki A, Sumida Y, Gabazza EC, Murashima S, Tanaka T, Furuta M, Araki-Sasaki R, Hori Y, Nakatani K, Yano Y, Adachi Y (May 2001). "Plasma levels of agouti-related protein are increased in obese men". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (5): 1921–4. doi:10.1210/jc.86.5.1921. PMID 11344185.
- Kas MJ, Bruijnzeel AW, Haanstra JR, Wiegant VM, Adan RA (August 2005). "Differential regulation of agouti-related protein and neuropeptide Y in hypothalamic neurons following a stressful event". J. Mol. Endocrinol. 35 (1): 159–64. doi:10.1677/jme.1.01819. PMID 16087729.
- Jackson PJ, Yu B, Hunrichs B, Thompson DA, Chai B, Gantz I, Millhauser GL (October 2005). "Chimeras of the agouti-related protein: insights into agonist and antagonist selectivity of melanocortin receptors". Peptides 26 (10): 1978–87. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.12.036. PMID 16009463.
- Bäckberg M, Madjid N, Ogren SO, Meister B (June 2004). "Down-regulated expression of agouti-related protein (AGRP) mRNA in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of hyperphagic and obese tub/tub mice". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 125 (1-2): 129–39. doi:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.03.012. PMID 15193430.
- http://zootekni.comu.edu.tr/a_kadro/yayin/pala/agouti%20pakistan.pdf
- http://www.endotext.org/obesity/obesity5/obesity5.htm
External links
- agouti-related protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Agouti domain in PROSITE
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PDB gallery
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1hyk: AGOUTI-RELATED PROTEIN (87-132) (AC-AGRP(87-132))
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1mr0: SOLUTION NMR STRUCTURE OF AGRP(87-120; C105A)
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Intercellular signaling peptides and proteins / ligands
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| Growth factors |
- Endothelial growth factor
- Epidermal growth factor
- Fibroblast growth factor
- Nerve growth factor
- Platelet-derived growth factor
- Transforming growth factor beta superfamily
|
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| Ephrin |
- EFNA1
- EFNA2
- EFNA3
- EFNA4
- EFNA5
- EFNB1
- EFNB2
- EFNB3
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| Other |
- Adipokine
- Agouti signaling protein
- Agouti-related protein
- Angiogenic protein
- CCN intercellular signaling protein
- Cysteine-rich protein 61
- Connective tissue growth factor
- Nephroblastoma overexpressed protein
- Cytokine
- Endothelin
- Hedgehog protein
- Interferon
- Kinin
- Parathyroid hormone-related protein
- Semaphorin
- Somatomedin
- Tolloid-like metalloproteinase
- Tumor necrosis factor
- Wnt protein
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see also extracellular ligand disorders
B trdu: iter (nrpl/grfl/cytl/horl), csrc (lgic, enzr, gprc, igsr, intg, nrpr/grfr/cytr), itra (adap, gbpr, mapk), calc, lipd; path (hedp, wntp, tgfp+mapp, notp, jakp, fsap, hipp, tlrp)
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Neuropeptidergics
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| CGRP |
- Agonists: Amylin
- CGRP
- Pramlintide
- Antagonists: BI 44370 TA
- BMS-927711
- CGRP (8-37)
- MK-3207
- Olcegepant
- SB-268262
- Telcagepant
- Ubrogepant
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| Cholecystokinin |
|
CCKA
|
- Agonists: Cholecystokinin
- CCK-4
Antagonists: Amiglumide
- Asperlicin
- Devazepide
- Dexloxiglumide
- Lintitript
- Lorglumide
- Loxiglumide
- Pranazepide
- Proglumide
- Tarazepide
- Tomoglumide
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CCKB
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- Agonists: Cholecystokinin
- CCK-4
- Gastrin
Antagonists: CI-988 (PD-134,308)
- Itriglumide
- L-365,360
- Netazepide
- Proglumide
- Spiroglumide
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| CRH |
|
CRF1
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- Agonists: Cortagine
- Corticorelin
- Corticotropin releasing hormone
- Sauvagine
- Stressin I
- Urocortin
Antagonists: Antalarmin
- Astressin-B
- CP-154,526
- Emicerfont
- LWH-234
- NBI-27914
- Pexacerfont
- R-121,919
- TS-041
- Verucerfont
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CRF2
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- Agonists: Corticorelin
- Corticotropin releasing hormone
- Sauvagine
- Urocortin
Antagonists: Astressin-B
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| Galanin |
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GAL1
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- Agonists: Galanin
- Galanin (1-15)
- Galanin-like peptide
- Galmic
- Galnon
Antagonists: C7
- Dithiepine-1,1,4,4-tetroxide
- Galantide (M15)
- M32
- M35
- M40
- SCH-202596
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GAL2
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- Agonists: Galanin
- Galanin (1-15)
- Galanin (2-11)
- Galanin-like peptide
- Galmic
- Galnon
- J18
Antagonists: C7
- Galantide (M15)
- M32
- M35
- M40
- M871
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GAL3
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- Agonists: Galanin
- Galanin (1-15)
- Galmic
- Galnon
Antagonists: C7
- Galantide (M15)
- GalR3ant
- HT-2157
- M32
- M35
- M40
- SNAP-37889
- SNAP-398299
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| MCH |
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MCH1
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- Agonists: Melanin concentrating hormone
Antagonists: ATC-0175
- GW-803,430
- NGD-4715
- SNAP-7941
- SNAP-94847
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MCH2
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- Agonists: Melanin concentrating hormone
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| Melanocortin |
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MC1
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- Agonists: α-MSH
- Afamelanotide
- BMS-470,539
- Bremelanotide
- Melanotan II
Antagonists: Agouti signalling peptide
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MC2
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- Agonists: ACTH
- Cosyntropin
- Tetracosactide
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MC3
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- Agonists: α-MSH
- Bremelanotide
- Melanotan II
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MC4
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- Agonists: α-MSH
- Bremelanotide
- Melanotan II
- PF-00446687
- THIQ
Antagonists: Agouti-related peptide
Unknown: Semax
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MC5
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- Agonists: α-MSH
- Melanotan II
Unknown: Semax
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Unsorted
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- Agonists: Alsactide
- Codactide
- Giractide
- Norleusactide
- Seractide
- Tosactide
- Tricosactide
- Tridecactide
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| Neuropeptide S |
- Agonists: Neuropeptide S
Antagonists: SHA-68
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| Neuropeptide Y |
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Y1
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- Agonists: Neuropeptide Y
- Peptide YY
Antagonists: BIBP-3226
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Y2
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- Agonists: Neuropeptide Y
- Peptide YY
Antagonists: BIIE-0246
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Y4
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- Agonists: Neuropeptide Y
- Pancreatic polypeptide
- Peptide YY
Antagonists: UR-AK49
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Y5
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- Agonists: Neuropeptide Y
- Peptide YY
Antagonists: Lu AA-33810
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| Neurotensin |
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NTS1
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- Agonists: Neurotensin
- Neuromedin N
Antagonists: Meclinertant
- SR-142,948
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NTS2
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- Agonists: Neurotensin
Antagonists: Levocabastine
- SR-142,948
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| Opioid |
See here instead.
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| Orexin |
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OX1
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- Agonists: Orexin-A
- Orexin-B
Antagonists: ACT-335827
- Almorexant
- Filorexant
- SB-334,867
- SB-408,124
- SB-649,868
- Suvorexant
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OX2
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- Agonists: Orexin-A
- Orexin-B
- SB-668,875
Antagonists: ACT-335827
- Almorexant
- EMPA
- Filorexant
- JNJ-10397049
- MK-1064
- SB-649,868
- Suvorexant
- TCS-OX2-29
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| Oxytocin |
- Agonists: Aspartocin
- Carbetocin
- Cargutocin
- Demoxytocin
- Nacartocin
- Oxytocin
- TC OT 39
- TGOT
- Vasotocin (argiprestocin)
- WAY-267,464
Antagonists: Atosiban
- Barusiban
- Epelsiban
- L-368,899
- L-371,257
- L-372,662
- OBE001
- Retosiban
- SSR-126,768
- Tocinoic acid
- WAY-162,720
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| Tachykinin |
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NK1
|
- Agonists: Substance P
Antagonists: Aprepitant
- Befetupitant
- Burapitant
- Casopitant
- CI-1021
- CP-96,345
- CP-99,994
- CP-122,721
- Dapitant
- Ezlopitant
- Figopitant
- FK-888
- Fosaprepitant
- GR-203,040
- GW-597,599
- HSP-117
- L-733,060
- L-741,671
- L-743,310
- L-758,298
- Lanepitant
- LY-306,740
- Maropitant
- Netupitant
- NKP-608
- Nolpitantium besilate
- Orvepitant
- Rolapitant
- RP-67,580
- SDZ NKT 343
- Serlopitant
- Telmapitant
- Vestipitant
- Vofopitant
|
|
|
NK2
|
- Agonists: Neurokinin A
Antagonists: GR-159,897
- Ibodutant
- Nepadutant
- Saredutant
|
|
|
NK3
|
- Agonists: Neurokinin B
Antagonists: Osanetant
- Talnetant
|
|
|
| Vasopressin |
|
V1A
|
- Agonists: Felypressin
- Lypressin
- Ornipressin
- Selepressin
- Terlipressin
- Vasopressin (argipressin)
- Vasotocin (argiprestocin)
Antagonists: Atosiban
- Conivaptan
- Demeclocycline
- PF-184563
- Relcovaptan
- RG7314
- SRX246
- TC OT 39
- WAY-267,464
|
|
|
V1B
|
- Agonists: Desmopressin
- Felypressin
- Lypressin
- Ornipressin
- Terlipressin
- Vasopressin (argipressin)
- Vasotocin (argiprestocin)
Antagonists: ABT-436
- Demeclocycline
- Nelivaptan
|
|
|
V2
|
- Agonists: Desmopressin
- Felypressin
- Lypressin
- Ornipressin
- TC OT 39
- Terlipressin
- Vasopressin (argipressin)
- Vasotocin (argiprestocin)
Antagonists: Conivaptan
- Demeclocycline
- Lixivaptan
- Mozavaptan
- Satavaptan
- Tolvaptan
|
|
|
|
See also: Peptidergics
|
|
|
Orexigenics (A15)
|
|
| Exogenous |
- Amitriptyline
- Clonidine
- Cyproheptadine
- Dexamethasone
- Dronabinol/Tetrahydrocannabinol (Cannabis)
- Medroxyprogesterone acetate
- Megestrol acetate
- Mirtazapine
- Nabilone
- Nandrolone
- Olanzapine
- Omega-3 fatty acid
- Oxandrolone
- Pentoxifylline
- Prednisone
- Sugars
- Testosterone
- Thalidomide
|
|
| Endogenous |
- ACTH/Corticotropin
- Adiponectin
- Agouti-related peptide
- Anandamide
- Cortisol/Hydrocortisone
- Cortisone
- Ghrelin
- Melanin-concentrating hormone
- Melatonin
- Neuropeptide Y
- Orexin/Hypocretin
|
|
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Acute heat stress up-regulates neuropeptide Y precursor mRNA expression and alters brain and plasma concentrations of free amino acids in chicks.
- Ito K1, Bahry MA1, Hui Y1, Furuse M1, Chowdhury VS2.
- Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.2015 Sep;187:13-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.04.010. Epub 2015 Apr 29.
- Heat stress causes an increase in body temperature and reduced food intake in chickens. Several neuropeptides and amino acids play a vital role in the regulation of food intake. However, the responses of neuropeptides and amino acids to heat-stress-induced food-intake regulation are poorly understoo
- PMID 25933935
- Glucocorticoids inhibited hypothalamic target of rapamycin in high fat diet-fed chicks.
- Liu L1, Wang X1, Jiao H1, Zhao J1, Lin H2.
- Poultry science.Poult Sci.2015 Sep;94(9):2221-7. doi: 10.3382/ps/pev168. Epub 2015 Jul 17.
- The present study was conducted with broiler chicks exposed to dexamethasone (DEX) to explore its effects on hypothalamic target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling and regulating appetite in diets containing different energy levels. At 5 d age, 48 chicks were divided into one of 4 groups: high-fat diet (H
- PMID 26188033
- The elegance of energy balance: Insight from circuit-level manipulations.
- Webber ES1, Bonci A2, Krashes MJ1,2.
- Synapse (New York, N.Y.).Synapse.2015 Sep;69(9):461-74. doi: 10.1002/syn.21837.
- Mechanisms of energy balance were first examined using very powerful neuroscience techniques such as lesions and electrical stimulation. This early work identified the hypothalamus as a key structure involved in hunger and feeding; however, neural resolution of cell-defined populations contributing
- PMID 26126768
Japanese Journal
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) transgenic mice display hyperphagia with increased Agouti-related protein mRNA in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus
- NAKAYAMA Shuichi,NISHIYAMA Mitsuru,IWASAKI Yasumasa,SHINAHARA Masayuki,OKADA Yasushi,TSUDA Masayuki,OKAZAKI Mizuho,TSUGITA Makoto,TAGUCHI Takafumi,MAKINO Shinya,STENZEL-POORE Mary P,HASHIMOTO Kozo,TERADA Yoshio
- Endocrine journal 58(4), 279-286, 2011-04-01
- NAID 10029588270
- Hypothalamic Melanocortin System on Feeding Regulation in Birds : A Review
- Bungo Takashi,Shiraishi Jun-ichi,Kawakami Shin-ichi
- The journal of poultry science 48(1), 1-13, 2011-01-25
- NAID 10027817305
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) transgenic mice display hyperphagia with increased Agouti-related protein mRNA in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus
- Nakayama Shuichi,Nishiyama Mitsuru,Iwasaki Yasumasa,Shinahara Masayuki,Okada Yasushi,Tsuda Masayuki,Okazaki Mizuho,Tsugita Makoto,Taguchi Takafumi,Makino Shinya,Stenzel-Poore Mary P,Hashimoto Kozo,Terada Yoshio
- Endocrine Journal 58(4), 279-286, 2011
- … We thus explored the expression of neuropeptide mRNAs in the hypothalamus related to appetite regulation in CRH over-expressing transgenic mice (CRH-Tg), a model of Cushing's syndrome. … We also examined neuropeptide Y (NPY), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and Agouti-related protein (AgRP) mRNAs in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) using in situ hybridization. …
- NAID 130004443684
Related Links
- The second type of neuron is named after the two proteins it produces, neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein. Mice brain cells yield food for thought on ... The newly identified protein, agouti-related protein (AGRP), may be an ...
- This gene encodes a protein that regulates feeding behavior and plays a key role in the control of body weight. The encoded protein acts as an antagonist of melanocortin receptor signaling. Alternatively spliced transcript ...
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- agouti-related protein
- 関
- アグーチ関連タンパク質
[★]
- 英
- agouti-related protein
- 関
- agouti関連タンパク質
[★]
- 関
- associate、association、attach、bearing、concern、connect、connection、correlate、correlation、germane、implicate、implication、interplay、link、pertain、pertinent、referable、reference、relation、relationship、relative、relevance、relevant、respect
[★]
- 関
- associated protein