関: aerobe、aerobic bacterium

WordNet

an organism (especially a bacterium) that requires air or free oxygen for life
based on or using the principles of aerobics; enhancing respiratory and circulatory efficiency; "aerobic dance"; "running is very aerobic"
depending on free oxygen or air; "aerobic fermentation" (同)aerophilic, aerophilous
(microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants (同)bacterium
exercise that increases the need for oxygen (同)aerobic_exercise

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好気性生物(空中の酸素を必要とするバクテリア類)
(有機体が)好気性の
『バクテリア』,細菌

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/16 13:48:19」(JST)

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Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in a liquid culture:
1: Obligate aerobic bacteria gather at the top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen.
2: Obligate anaerobic bacteria gather at the bottom to avoid oxygen.
3: Facultative bacteria gather mostly at the top, since aerobic respiration is the most beneficial one; but as lack of oxygen does not hurt them, they can be found all along the test tube.
4: Microaerophiles gather at the upper part of the test tube but not at the top. They require oxygen but at a low concentration.

5: Aerotolerant bacteria are not affected at all by oxygen, and they are evenly spread along the test tube.

An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment.^[1] Facultative anaerobes grow and survive in an oxygenated environment and so do aerotolerant anaerobes.

Types

Obligate aerobes require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration. In a process known as cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to oxidize substrates (for example sugars and fats) in order to obtain energy.

Facultative anaerobes can use oxygen, but also have anaerobic methods of energy production.

Microaerophiles are organisms that may use oxygen, but only at low concentrations.

Aerotolerant organisms can survive in the presence of oxygen, but they are anaerobic because they do not use it as a terminal electron acceptor.

Glucose

A good example would be the oxidation of glucose (a monosaccharide) in aerobic respiration.

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ + 38 ADP + 38 phosphate → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + 38 ATP

Oxygen is used during the oxidation of glucose and water is produced.

This equation is a summary of what actually happens in three series of biochemical reactions: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Diversity

Yeast is an example of a facultative anaerobe, which can develop in the presence of oxygen but does not require it. Individual human cells are also facultative anaerobes: they switch to lactic acid fermentation if oxygen is not available. However, for the whole organism this cannot be sustained for long, and humans are therefore obligate aerobes.

References

^ "aerobe" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Intermittent aeration strategy to enhance organics and nitrogen removal in subsurface flow constructed wetlands.

Fan J, Zhang B, Zhang J, Ngo HH, Guo W, Liu F, Guo Y, Wu H.SourceShandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2013 Aug;141:117-22. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.077. Epub 2013 Mar 19.
In this study, an intermittent-aerated subsurface flow constructed wetland (SFCW) A was set up to assess its performance in decentralized rural sewage treatment. A conventional SFCW B and a subsurface wastewater infiltration system (SWIS C) were also constructed for comparison. Alternate anaerobic a
PMID 23561957

Monitoring of growth and physiological activities of biofilm during succession on polystyrene from activated sludge under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Naz I, Batool SA, Ali N, Khatoon N, Atiq N, Hameed A, Ahmed S.SourceMicrobiology Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan, iffatkhattak@yahoo.com.
Environmental monitoring and assessment.Environ Monit Assess.2013 Aug;185(8):6881-92. doi: 10.1007/s10661-013-3072-z. Epub 2013 Jan 30.
The present research work monitored the successive biofilm development and its catabolic role in the degradation of polystyrene (PS). PS material was artificially colonized with biofilm by incubating it with activated sludge under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Biofilm formation was monitored by
PMID 23361646

The Bacterial Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Reductase Are Crucial for Endophytic Colonization of Rice Roots by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL5.

Alquéres S, Meneses C, Rouws L, Rothballer M, Baldani I, Schmid M, Hartmann A.AbstractGluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is an aerobic diazotrophic plant-growth-promoting bacterium isolated from different gramineous plants. We showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced at early stages of rice root colonization, a typical plant defense response against pathogens. The transcription of the pathogen-related-10 gene of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway but not of the PR-1 gene of the salicylic acid pathway was activated by the endophytic colonization of rice roots by G. diazotrophicus strain PAL5. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that, at early stages of colonization, the bacteria upregulated the transcript levels of ROS-detoxifying genes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR). To proof the role of ROS-scavenging enzymes in the colonization and interaction process, transposon insertion mutants of the SOD and GR genes of strain PAL5 were constructed. The SOD and GR mutants were unable to efficiently colonize the roots, indicated by the decrease of tightly root-associated bacterial cell counts and endophytic colonization and by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Interestingly, the mutants did not induce the PR-10 of the JA-pathway, probably due to the inability of endophytic colonization. Thus, ROS-scavenging enzymes of G. diazotrophicus strain PAL5 play an important role in the endophytic colonization of rice plants.
Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI.Mol Plant Microbe Interact.2013 Aug;26(8):937-45. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-12-12-0286-R.
Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is an aerobic diazotrophic plant-growth-promoting bacterium isolated from different gramineous plants. We showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced at early stages of rice root colonization, a typical plant defense response against pathogens. The transc
PMID 23634840

Japanese Journal

Production of biomass and extracellular 5-aminolevulinic acid by Rhodopseudomonas palustris KG31 under light and dark conditions using volatile fatty acid(MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Choorit Wanna,Saikeur Angkana,Chodok Pichit,Prasertsan Poonsuk,Kantachote Duangporn
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 111(6), 658-664, 2011-06
… The lag phase for growth and the maximum specific growth rate under microaerobic-light cultivations were 7.29-12.49h and 0.038-0.094h^<-1>, respectively, whereas under aerobic-dark cultivations, they were 2.03-14.25h and 0.016-0.022h^<-1>, respectively. …
NAID 110008672812

茶カテキン腸内細菌代謝産物1,3-ジフェニルプロパン-2-オール類とピロガロールの日本産後発酵茶からの分離と定量

田中隆,永井沙知,四位拓也,松尾洋介,河野功
日本食品化学学会誌 18(1), 6-11, 2011-04-26
… Two phenolic compounds identical to the tea catechin metabolites produced by mammalian intestinal bacteria were isolated from a post-fermented tea produced in Japan. … The catechin metabolites were not detected in the post-fermented tea produced in Hunan, China, by aerobic microbiai fermentation. …
NAID 110008661321

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リンク元	「好気性菌」「aerobe」「aerobic bacterium」
拡張検索	「anaerobic bacteria」「gram-negative anaerobic bacteria」「gram-positive aerobic bacteria」
関連記事	「aerobic」