WordNet
- of critical importance and consequence; "an acute (or critical) lack of research funds"
- having or demonstrating ability to recognize or draw fine distinctions; "an acute observer of politics and politicians"; "incisive comments"; "icy knifelike reasoning"; "as sharp and incisive as the stroke of a fang"; "penetrating insight"; "frequent penetrative observations" (同)discriminating, incisive, keen, knifelike, penetrating, penetrative, piercing, sharp
- extremely sharp or intense; "acute pain"; "felt acute annoyance"; "intense itching and burning" (同)intense
- having or experiencing a rapid onset and short but severe course; "acute appendicitis"; "the acute phase of the illness"; "acute patients"
- of an angle; less than 90 degrees
- the degree to which something is poisonous
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (先の)『鋭い』,とがった / (痛み・感情などが)『激しい』,強い / (知力・感覚などが)『鋭い』,鋭敏な / (事態が)重大な / (病気が)急性の / (音が)高い,鋭い / 鋭角の
- 毒性,有毒性
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/14 19:01:50」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure[1] or from multiple exposures in a short period of time (usually less than 24 hours).[2] To be described as acute toxicity, the adverse effects should occur within 14 days of the administration of the substance.[2]
Acute toxicity is distinguished from chronic toxicity, which describes the adverse health effects from repeated exposures, often at lower levels, to a substance over a longer time period (months or years).
It is widely considered unethical to use humans as test subjects for acute (or chronic) toxicity research. However, some information can be gained from investigating accidental human exposures (e.g., factory accidents). Otherwise, most acute toxicity data comes from animal testing or, more recently, in vitro testing methods and inference from data on similar substances.[1][3]
Contents
- 1 Measures of acute toxicity
- 1.1 Regulatory values
- 1.2 Experimental values
- 2 Responses and treatments
- 3 References
Measures of acute toxicity
Regulatory values
Limits for short-term exposure, such as STELs or CVs, are defined only if there is a particular acute toxicity associated with a substance. These limits are set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), based on experimental data. The values set by these organizations do not always coincide exactly, and in the chemical industry it is general practice to choose the most conservative value in order to ensure the safety of employees. The values can typically be found in a material safety data sheet. There are also different values based on the method of entry of the compound (oral, dermal, or inhalation).
- Threshold limit value-time-weighted-average: The maximum concentration to which a worker can be exposed every work day (8 hours) and experience no adverse health effects.[4]
- Short-Term Exposure Limit, STEL or Threshold limit value-short-term exposure limit, TLV-STEL: The concentration which no person should be exposed to for more than 15 minutes during an 8 hour work day.[4]
- Ceiling value, CV or Threshold limit value-ceiling, TLV-C: The concentration which no person should ever be exposed to.[4]
Experimental values
- no-observed-adverse-effect level, NOAEL
- Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level, LOAEL
- Maximum tolerable concentration, MTC, LC0; Maximum tolerable dose, MTD, LD0
- Minimum lethal concentration, LCmin; Minimum lethal dose, LDmin
- Median lethal concentration, LC50; Median lethal dose, LD50; Median lethal time, LT50
- Absolute lethal concentration, LC100; Absolute lethal dose, LD100
The most referenced value in the chemical industry is the median lethal dose, or LD50. This is the concentration of substance which resulted in the death of 50% of test subjects (typically mice or rats) in the laboratory.
Responses and treatments
When a person has been exposed to an acutely toxic dose of a substance, they can be treated in a number of ways in order to minimize the harmful effects. Obviously, the severity of the response is related to the severity of the toxic response exhibited. These treatment methods include (but are not limited to):
- Emergency showers used for removing irritating or hazardous chemicals from the skin.
- Emergency eye washes used for removing any irritating or hazardous chemicals from the eyes.
- Activated charcoal used to bind and remove harmful substances consumed orally. This is used as an alternative to conventional stomach pumping.
References
- ^ a b "The MSDS HyperGlossary: Acute toxicity". Safety Emporium. Archived from the original on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-15.
- ^ a b IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "acute toxicity".
- ^ Walum E (1998). "Acute oral toxicity". Environ. Health Perspect. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 106. 106 (Suppl 2): 497–503. doi:10.2307/3433801. JSTOR 3433801. PMC 1533392. PMID 9599698.
- ^ a b c D.A. Crowl and J.F. Louvar, Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals with Applications, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2011.
|
Toxicology
|
|
- History of poison
- Toxinology
|
|
| Fields |
- Aquatic toxicology
- Ecotoxicology
- Occupational toxicology
- Entomotoxicology
- Environmental toxicology
- Forensic toxicology
- Medical toxicology
- In vitro toxicology
- Toxicogenomics
|
|
| Concepts |
- Acceptable daily intake
- Acute toxicity
- Bioaccumulation
- Biomagnification
- Fixed Dose Procedure
- Lethal dose
- Poison
- Toxic capacity
- Toxicant
- Toxicity Class
- Venom
|
|
| Treatments |
- Activated carbon
- Antidote
- Cathartic
- Chelation therapy
- Gastric lavage
- Hemodialysis
- Hemoperfusion
- Whole bowel irrigation
|
|
| Incidents |
- 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
- 2007 pet food recalls
- Bhopal disaster
- Minamata disease
- Niigata Minamata disease
- Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
- Seveso disaster
- List of poisonings
|
|
| Related topics |
- Biological warfare
- Carcinogen
- Food safety
- Hazard symbol
- List of extremely hazardous substances
- Mutagen
- Occupational safety and health
|
|
- Category
- Commons
- WikiProject
|
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
English Journal
- Decomposition of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim by continuous UVA/LED/TiO2 photocatalysis: Decomposition pathways, residual antibacterial activity and toxicity.
- Cai Q1, Hu J2.
- Journal of hazardous materials.J Hazard Mater.2017 Feb 5;323(Pt A):527-536. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.006. Epub 2016 Jun 4.
- In this study, continuous LED/UVA/TiO2 photocatalytic decomposition of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) was investigated. More than 90% of SMX and TMP were removed within 20min by the continuous photoreactor (with the initial concentration of 400ppb for each). The removal rates of SMX a
- PMID 27324695
- Comparison of the toxicological impacts of carbamazepine and a mixture of its photodegradation products in Scrobicularia plana.
- Almeida Â1, Calisto V2, Domingues MR3, Esteves VI2, Schneider RJ4, Soares AM1, Figueira E1, Freitas R5.
- Journal of hazardous materials.J Hazard Mater.2017 Feb 5;323(Pt A):220-232. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.009. Epub 2016 May 4.
- In the aquatic environment, pharmaceutical drugs are submitted to degradation processes, where photodegradation is one of the most important mechanisms affecting the fate, persistence and toxicity of the compounds. Carbamazepine, a widely used antiepileptic, is known to suffer photodegradation in wa
- PMID 27217301
Japanese Journal
- Acute oral toxicity evaluation of symmetrically branched glycerol trimer in ddY mice
- Miyamoto Licht,Watanabe Masashi,Tomida Yosuke [他]
- The Journal of toxicological sciences 37(6), 1253-1259, 2012-12-00
- NAID 40019524000
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- 関
- 英
- acute toxicity
- 関
- 毒性(薬物の)
[★]
- (疾患)急性の、急性型の、急性的な。(形状が)鋭い、鋭角の。(感覚、才知などが)鋭い。明敏な、鋭い眼識のある。
- 関
- acutely、quick、sharp
[★]
- 関
- toxic、virulence、virulent