This article is about the basic activities of a typical human life as defined in most medical contexts. For the activities of living model, see Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing.
| Disability |
Theory and models
- Disability theory
- Ableism / Disablism
- Medical model
- Social model
|
Education
- Mainstreaming
- Individualized Education Program (IEP)
- Special needs
- Special school
- Special education
- Learning disability
|
Therapy
- Physical
- Occupational
- Speech
|
Societal implications
- Disability rights movement
- Inclusion
- Normalisation
- People-first language
- Pejorative terms
|
Personal assistance
- Personal care assistant (ADLs)
- Orthotics and braces
- Prosthetics
- Assistive technology
- Assisted living
- Mobility aid
- Physical accessibility
- Universal design
- Web accessibility
|
|
|
- Society for Disability Studies
- Disabled Peoples' International (DPI)
- Visitability
|
Disabled sports
- Special Olympics
- Paralympic Games
- Deaflympics
- Invictus Games
|
Culture
- Disability in the arts
- Disability art
- Disability in the media
|
|
|
|
|
Activities of daily living (ADLs) is a term used in healthcare to refer to daily self care activities within an individual's place of residence, in outdoor environments, or both. Health professionals routinely refer to the ability or inability to perform ADLs as a measurement of the functional status of a person, particularly in regard to people with disabilities and the elderly.[1] Younger children often require help from adults to perform ADLs, as they have not yet developed the skills necessary to perform them independently.
ADLs are defined as "the things we normally do...such as feeding ourselves, bathing, dressing, grooming, work, homemaking, and leisure."[2] A number of national surveys collect data on the ADL status of the U.S. population.[3] While basic categories of ADLs have been suggested, what specifically constitutes a particular ADL in a particular environment for a particular person may vary. Adaptive equipment or device may be used to enhance and increase independence in performing ADLs.
Contents
- 1 Basic ADLs
- 2 Instrumental ADLs
- 3 Evaluation of ADLs
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Basic ADLs
Basic ADLs (BADLs) consist of self-care tasks, including:[4][dead link]
- Bathing and showering (washing the body)
- Dressing
- Self-feeding (not including chewing or swallowing)
- Functional mobility (moving from one place to another while performing activities)
- Personal hygiene and grooming (including brushing/combing/styling hair)
- Toilet hygiene (completing the act of urinating/defecating)
Although not in wide general use, one mnemonic that some consider useful is DEATH: dressing/bathing, eating, ambulating (walking), toileting, hygiene.[5]
Instrumental ADLs
Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) are not necessary for fundamental functioning, but they let an individual live independently in a community:[6]
- Housework
- Taking medications as prescribed
- Managing money
- Shopping for groceries or clothing
- Use of telephone or other form of communication
- Using technology (as applicable)
- Transportation within the community
A useful mnemonic is SHAFT: shopping, housekeeping, accounting, food preparation/meds, telephone/transportation.
Occupational therapists often evaluate IADLs when completing patient assessments. The American Occupational Therapy Association identifies 12 types of IADLs that may be performed as a co-occupation with others:[4]
- Care of others (including selecting and supervising caregivers)
- Care of pets
- Child rearing
- Communication management
- Community mobility
- Financial management
- Health management and maintenance
- Home establishment and maintenance
- Meal preparation and cleanup
- Religious observances
- Safety procedures and emergency responses
- Shopping
Evaluation of ADLs
There are several evaluation tools, such as the Katz ADL scale,[7] the Lawton IADL scale and the Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale.
Most models of health care service use ADL evaluations in their practice, including the medical (or institutional) models, such as the Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing, and the resident-centered models, such as the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE).
See also
- Assisted living
- Care of residents
- Global Assessment of Functioning
- Long-term care
- Long term care insurance
- Nursing home
- Occupational therapy
- Sidney Katz
- Transgenerational design
References
- ^ "Activities of Daily Living Evaluation." Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health. ed. Kristine Krapp. Gale Group, Inc., 2002. eNotes.com. 2006.Enotes Nursing Encyclopedia Accessed on: 11 Oct, 2007
- ^ MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary
- ^ National Center for Health Statistics[dead link]
- ^ a b Roley SS, DeLany JV, Barrows CJ et al. (2008). "Occupational therapy practice framework: domain & practice, 2nd edition" (PDF). Am J Occup Ther 62 (6): 625–83. PMID 19024744.
- ^ "Activities of Daily Living". 2011-08-26.
- ^ Bookman, A., Harrington, M., Pass, L., & Reisner, E. (2007). Family Caregiver Handbook. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- ^ Katz ADL scale
External links
- The Thin Edge of Dignity Moving presentation about one man's experience in an assisted living facility.
Library resources about
Activities of daily living
|
- Resources in your library
|
|
Activities of daily living
|
|
|
Used to refer to daily self-care activities
|
|
| Basic |
- Personal hygiene
- Dressing
- Feeding oneself
- Voluntary urinary and bowel control
- Ambulation
- Sleeping
|
|
| Instrumental |
- Housework
- Meal preparation
- Managing money
- Shopping
- Telephone use
- Technology use
- Cleaning
|
|
| Optional-Instrumental |
- Care (of self, children, the elderly)
- Child rearing
- Emergency responses
- Safety procedures
- Driving
|
|
| Related articles |
- Disability
- Personal care assistant
- Assisted living
- Care of residents
|
|
|
Caregiver
|
|
| Background concepts |
- Disability
- Aging
- Long-term care
- Occupational therapy
- Activities of daily living
- Long-term care insurance
|
|
| Living arrangements |
- Independent living
- Assisted living
- Home care
- Aging in place
- Elder village
- Hospice
- Nursing home care
- Residential care
- Retirement community
|
|
| Special considerations |
- Caring for people with dementia
- Elderly care
- End-of-life care
|
|
| Caregiving by country |
- Nursing home care in Canada
- Nursing home care in the United Kingdom
- Nursing home care in the United States
|
|
| Types of caregivers |
- Caring in intimate relationships
- Direct support professional
- Family caregivers
- Sandwich generation
- Unlicensed assistive personnel
- Young carer
|
|
| Support for caregivers |
- Carers rights movement
- Caregiver stress
- Distress in cancer caregiving
|
|