補助細胞、修飾細胞、(解剖)副室

WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
clothing that is worn or carried, but not part of your main clothing (同)accoutrement, accouterment
a supplementary component that improves capability (同)appurtenance, supplement, add-on
furnishing added support; "an ancillary pump"; "an adjuvant discipline to forms of mysticism"; "The mind and emotions are auxiliary to each other" (同)adjunct, ancillary, adjuvant, appurtenant, auxiliary
someone who helps another person commit a crime (同)accessary

PrepTutorEJDIC

(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
=accessory
《通例複数形で》(…への)『付属品』,アクセサリー《+『for』+『名』》 / (法律用語で)従犯者,犯人隠匿(いんとく)者 / 付属の / 従犯の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/21 15:05:51」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells.

An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays foreign antigens complexed with major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) on their surfaces; this process is known as antigen presentation. T-cells may recognize these complexes using their T-cell receptors (TCRs). These cells process antigens and present them to T-cells.

Types

APCs fall into two categories: professional or non-professional.

T cells cannot recognize, and therefore cannot respond to, 'free' antigen. T cells can only 'see' an antigen that has been processed and presented by cells via carrier molecules like MHC and CD1 molecules. Most cells in the body can present antigen to CD8⁺ T cells via MHC class I molecules and, thus, act as "APCs"; however, the term is often limited to specialized cells that can prime T cells (i.e., activate a T cell that has not been exposed to antigen, termed a naive T cell). These cells, in general, express MHC class II as well as MHC class I molecules, and can stimulate CD4⁺ ("helper") T cells as well as CD8⁺ ("cytotoxic") T cells, respectively.

To help distinguish between the two types of APCs, those that express MHC class II molecules are often called professional antigen-presenting cells.

Professional APCs

Professional APCs are very efficient at internalizing antigen, either by phagocytosis or by receptor-mediated endocytosis, and then displaying a fragment of the antigen, bound to a class II MHC molecule, on their membrane. The T cell recognizes and interacts with the antigen-class II MHC molecule complex on the membrane of the antigen-presenting cell. An additional co-stimulatory signal is then produced by the antigen-presenting cell, leading to activation of the T cell. The expression of co-stimulatory molecules is a defining feature of professional APCs.

There are three main types of professional antigen-presenting cells:

Dendritic cells (DCs), which have the broadest range of antigen presentation, and are probably the most important APC. Activated DCs are especially potent T_H cell activators because, as part of their composition, they express co-stimulatory molecules such as B7. This B7 co-stimulator of mature interdigitating dendritic cell (IDC) interacts with surface CD28 of naïve T-cell.
Macrophages.
Certain B-cells, which express (as B cell receptor) and secrete a specific antibody, can internalize the antigen, which bind to its BCR and present it incorporated to MHC II molecule, but are inefficient APC for most other antigens.
Certain activated epithelial cells

Non-professional

A non-professional APC does not constitutively express the Major Histocompatibility Complex class II (MHC class II) proteins required for interaction with naive T cells; these are expressed only upon stimulation of the non-professional APC by certain cytokines such as IFN-γ. Non-professional APCs include:

Fibroblasts (skin)
Thymic epithelial cells
Thyroid epithelial cells
Glial cells (brain)
Pancreatic beta cells
Vascular endothelial cells

Interaction with T cells

After APCs have phagocytosed pathogens, they usually migrate to the vast networks of lymph vessels and are carried via lymph flow to the draining lymph nodes (this network is collectively known as the Lymphatic system). The lymph nodes become a collection point to which APCs such as dendritic cells (DCs) can interact with T cells. They do this by chemotaxis, which involves interacting with chemokines that are expressed on the surface of cells (e.g., endothelial cells of the high endothelial venules) or have been released as chemical messengers to draw the APCs to the lymph nodes. During the migration, DCs undergo a process of maturation; in essence, they lose most of their ability to further engulf pathogens, and they develop an increased ability to communicate with T cells. Enzymes within the cell digest the swallowed pathogen into smaller pieces containing epitopes, which are then presented to T cells using MHC.

Recent research indicates that only certain epitopes of a pathogen are presented because they are immunodominant, it seems as a function of their binding affinity to the MHC. The stronger binding affinity allows the complex to remain kinetically stable long enough to be recognized by T cells.

External links

Antigen: protease degradation on YouTube - PMAP The Proteolysis Map-animation
Antigen-Presenting Cells at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

References

Kindt, TJ & Goldsby, RA, 2007, Kuby immunology, 6th ed, W.H. Freeman, New York, N.Y.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 末梢性T細胞リンパ腫の初期治療 initial treatment of peripheral t cell lymphoma
2. 適応細胞性免疫応答 the adaptive cellular immune response
3. 皮下蜂窩織炎様T細胞性リンパ腫の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of subcutaneous panniculitis like t cell lymphoma
4. ALK陽性未分化大細胞型リンパ腫の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma alk positive
5. 再発性または難治性のびまん性大細胞型B細胞リンパ腫の治療 treatment of relapsed or refractory diffuse large b cell lymphoma

English Journal

Activation of B cells by a dendritic cell-targeted oral vaccine.

Sahay B, Owen JL, Yang T, Zadeh M, Lightfoot YL, Ge JW, Mohamadzadeh M1.Author information 1Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW16th Ave, Building 1017, Room: V3-149, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA. m.zadeh@ufl.edu.AbstractProduction of long-lived, high affinity humoral immunity is an essential characteristic of successful vaccination and requires cognate interactions between T and B cells in germinal centers. Within germinal centers, specialized T follicular helper cells assist B cells and regulate the antibody response by mediating the differentiation of B cells into memory or plasma cells after exposure to T cell-dependent antigens. It is now appreciated that local immune responses are also essential for protection against infectious diseases that gain entry to the host by the mucosal route; therefore, targeting the mucosal compartments is the optimum strategy to induce protective immunity. However, because the gastrointestinal mucosae are exposed to large amounts of environmental and dietary antigens on a daily basis, immune regulatory mechanisms exist to favor tolerance and discourage autoimmunity at these sites. Thus, mucosal vaccination strategies must ensure that the immunogen is efficiently taken up by the antigen presenting cells, and that the vaccine is capable of activating humoral and cellular immunity, while avoiding the induction of tolerance. Despite significant progress in mucosal vaccination, this potent platform for immunotherapy and disease prevention must be further explored and refined. Here we discuss recent progress in the understanding of the role of different phenotypes of B cells in the development of an efficacious mucosal vaccine against infectious disease.
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2014 Nov;14(10):867-77.
Production of long-lived, high affinity humoral immunity is an essential characteristic of successful vaccination and requires cognate interactions between T and B cells in germinal centers. Within germinal centers, specialized T follicular helper cells assist B cells and regulate the antibody respo
PMID 24372255

Expression of aberrant HLA-B27 molecules is dependent on B27 dosage and peptide supply.

McHugh K1, Rysnik O, Kollnberger S, Shaw J, Utriainen L, Al-Mossawi MH, Payeli S, Marroquin O, Milling S, Renner C, Bowness P.Author information 1Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, , Oxford, UK.AbstractOBJECTIVES: Cellular expression of non-classical forms of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 (NC-B27) may be involved in spondyloarthritis (SpA) pathogenesis. We used a novel B27-specific monoclonal antibody, HD6, to ask if B27 transgenic (TG) rat splenocytes express these NC-B27 molecules. We also investigated whether B27-binding peptides could affect the expression and functional immune recognition of HD6-reactive B27 molecules.
Annals of the rheumatic diseases.Ann Rheum Dis.2014 Apr 1;73(4):763-70. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-203080. Epub 2013 Apr 26.
OBJECTIVES: Cellular expression of non-classical forms of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 (NC-B27) may be involved in spondyloarthritis (SpA) pathogenesis. We used a novel B27-specific monoclonal antibody, HD6, to ask if B27 transgenic (TG) rat splenocytes express these NC-B27 molecules. We also i
PMID 23625978

An overview of adjuvant formulations and delivery systems.

García A1, De Sanctis JB.Author information 1Instituto de Inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado, Venezuela.AbstractAdjuvants may promote immune responses: by recruiting professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to the vaccination site, increasing the delivery of antigens to APCs, or by activating APCs to produce cytokines and by triggering T cell responses. Aluminium salts have been effective at promoting protective humoral immunity; however, they are not effective in generating cell-mediated immunity. A number of different approaches have been developed to potentiate immune response and they have been partially successful. Research has been conducted into vaccine delivery systems (VDS); enhancing cross-presentation by targeting antigens to (APCs). Antigen discovery has increased over the past decade, and consequently, it has accelerated vaccine development demanding a new generation of VDS that combines different types of adjuvants into specific formulations with greater activity. The new approaches offer a wide spectrum of opportunities in vaccine research with direct applications in the near future.
APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica.APMIS.2014 Apr;122(4):257-67. doi: 10.1111/apm.12143. Epub 2013 Aug 6.
Adjuvants may promote immune responses: by recruiting professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to the vaccination site, increasing the delivery of antigens to APCs, or by activating APCs to produce cytokines and by triggering T cell responses. Aluminium salts have been effective at promoting pro
PMID 23919674

Japanese Journal

Atp6ap2/(Pro)renin Receptor Interacts with Par3 as a Cell Polarity Determinant Required for Laminar Formation during Retinal Development in Mice

Kanda Atsuhiro,Noda Kousuke,Yuki Kenya,Ozawa Yoko,Furukawa Takahisa,Ichihara Atsuhiro,Ishida Susumu
Journal of neuroscience 33(49), 19341-19351, 2013-12-04
… In addition to its role in tissue RAS activation, A tp6ap2/(P)RR was originally identified as an accessory subunit for vacuolar H+-ATPase (v-ATPase), which is a multisubunit proton pump involved in diverse and fundamental cellular physiology. … Deletion of photoreceptor Atp6ap2/(P) RR did not affect retinal cell differentiation, but led to laminar disorganization around the outer nuclear layer together with severe dysfunction of photoreceptor cells. …
NAID 120005438252

妊娠中の破裂により壁側腹膜に固定された成熟嚢胞性奇形腫の一例

上田優輔,関山健太郎,伊藤美幸,江川晴人,徳重誠,髙倉賢二
日本産科婦人科内視鏡学会雑誌 29(1), 84-87, 2013
… however, it may appear up to the midportion of the genital ridge during primordial germ cell migration, typically in the midline of the body. … During uterine involution, the tumor did not descend due to adhesions to the parietal peritoneum and the omentum.<BR> The displacement of the tumor required a differential diagnosis for tumor origin: ovary, accessory ovary, supernumerary ovary, ovarian implant, and extra-ovarian tissue such as mesentery. …
NAID 130003395848

頸部に発生した濾胞樹状細胞肉腫の1例

向山宣昭,横井久
頭頸部外科 23(3), 375-379, 2013
濾胞樹状細胞肉腫（FDCS）は，リンパ濾胞内の抗原提示細胞である濾胞樹状細胞から発生するまれな腫瘍である。症例は65歳男性で左頸部の腫瘤で他院を受診した。初診から7か月後に生検を施行しFDCSと診断され当院へ紹介された。腫瘍は左副神経領域に存在し，直径45mm大で，胸鎖乳突筋を超え皮膚に浸潤していた。治療は頸部郭清術が行われた。切除断端は陰性であり術後補助治療は施行せず，現在まで術後2年以上経過し …
NAID 130003395554