RSSE

ロシア春夏脳炎ウイルス

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/09/29 14:19:19」(JST)

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Tick-borne meningoencephalitis
Infected countries/areas in Eurasia
Classification and external resources
Specialty	infectious disease
ICD-10	A84
ICD-9-CM	063
DiseasesDB	29274
Patient UK	Tick-borne encephalitis
MeSH	D004675

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease involving the central nervous system. The disease most often manifests as meningitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis. Although TBE is most commonly recognized as a neurological disorder, mild fever can also occur. Long-lasting or permanent neuropsychiatric consequences are observed in 10 to 20% of infected patients.

The number of reported cases has been increasing in most countries.

The tick-borne encephalitis virus is known to infect a range of hosts including ruminants, birds, rodents, carnivores, horses, and humans. The disease can also be spread from animals to humans, with ruminants and dogs providing the principal source of infection for humans.

TBE, like Lyme disease, is one of the many tick-borne diseases.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of TBE-infection

The virus can infect the brain (encephalitis), the meninges (meningitis) or both (meningoencephalitis). In general, mortality is 1% to 2%, with deaths occurring 5 to 7 days after the onset of neurologic signs.

In dogs, the disease also manifests as a neurological disorder with signs varying from tremors to seizures and death.

In ruminants, neurological disease is also present, and animals may refuse to eat, appear lethargic, and also develop respiratory signs.

Cause

TBE is caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus, a member of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae. It was first isolated in 1937. Three virus sub-types are described: European or Western tick-borne encephalitis virus, Siberian tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Far-Eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus (formerly known as Russian spring summer encephalitis virus).

Russia and Europe report about 5,000–7,000 human cases annually.

The former Soviet Union conducted research on tick borne diseases, including the TBE viruses.

Transmission

Sheep ticks (Ixodes ricinus), such as this engorged female, transmit the disease

It is transmitted by the bite of several species of infected ticks, including Ixodes scapularis, I. ricinus and I. persulcatus, or (rarely) through the non-pasteurized milk of infected cows.

Diagnosis

The TBE virus may be present in a seronegative strain or subtype. In such cases a marker for TBE infection is elevated IFN-g in CSF.

Viral antigen can usually be found in brain tissue. Serological testing can also be performed with an ELISA.

Treatment and prevention

A sign in Lithuanian forest, warning about a high probability to be infected by tick-borne encephalitis

The disease is incurable once manifested, so there is no specific drug therapy for TBE. Symptomatic brain damage requires hospitalization and supportive care based on syndrome severity. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids, may be considered under specific circumstances for symptomatic relief. Tracheal intubation and respiratory support may be necessary.

Prevention includes non-specific (tick-bite prevention, tick checks) and specific prophylaxis in the form of a vaccine. TBE immunoglobulin is no longer used. Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine is very effective and available in many disease endemic areas and in travel clinics.

Epidemiology

The disease is most common in Central and Eastern Europe, and Northern Asia. About ten to twelve thousand cases are documented a year but the rates vary widely from one region to another. Most of the variation is the result of variation in host population, particularly that of deer. In Austria, an extensive free vaccination program since the 1960s has reduced incidence by roughly 85%. In Sweden, most cases of TBE occur in a band running from Stockholm to the west, especially around lakes and the nearby region of the Baltic sea. This reflects the greater population involved in outdoor activities in these areas. Although in some regions of Russia and Slovenia the prevalence of cases can be as high as 70 cases per 100,000 people per year, in most regions it is far lower, and overall, for Europe the estimated risk is roughly 1 case per 10,000 human-months of woodland activity. Travelers to endemic regions do not experience many cases, with only 5 cases reported among U.S. travelers returning from Eurasia between 2000-2011, a rate so low that the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend vaccination only for those who will be extensively exposed in high risk areas.

External links

• Tickborne encephalitis at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• Factsheet from Viral Special Pathogens Branch at the CDC

English Journal

• Low-Complexity Adaptive Threshold Detection for Molecular Communication.

• Damrath M, Hoeher PA.
• IEEE transactions on nanobioscience.IEEE Trans Nanobioscience.2016 Jan 22. [Epub ahead of print]
• This paper studies detection algorithms for diffusion-based molecular communication systems, where molecules freely diffuse as information carrier from a transmitter to a receiver in a fluid medium. The main limitations are strong intersymbol interference due to the random propagation of the molecul
• PMID 26812729

• Immunogenicity against Far Eastern and Siberian subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus elicited by the currently available vaccines based on the European subtype: systematic review and meta-analysis.

• Domnich A1, Panatto D, Arbuzova EK, Signori A, Avio U, Gasparini R, Amicizia D.
• Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics.Hum Vaccin Immunother.2014;10(10):2819-33. doi: 10.4161/hv.29984.
• Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus, which is usually divided into European, Far Eastern and Siberian subtypes, is a serious public health problem in several European and Asian countries. Vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent TBE; cross-subtype protection elicited by the TBE vaccines
• PMID 25483679

• Kyasanur forest disease.

• Holbrook MR1.
• Antiviral research.Antiviral Res.2012 Dec;96(3):353-62. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.10.005. Epub 2012 Oct 27.
• In the spring of 1957, an outbreak of severe disease was documented in people living near the Kyasanur forest in Karnataka state, India, which also affected wild nonhuman primates. Collection of samples from dead animals and the use of classical virological techniques led to the isolation of a previ
• PMID 23110991

Japanese Journal

• ランク攻撃の厳密解析I(応用)

• 日本応用数理学会論文誌 21(1), 89-102, 2011-03-25
• NAID 110008593904

• 実数値型確率的スキーマ貪欲法について

• 情報処理学会論文誌数理モデル化と応用（TOM） 48(SIG19(TOM19)), 10-22, 2007-12-15
• NAID 110006533328

• 新しいランダム多次多変数型公開鍵暗号の構成法

• 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. ISEC, 情報セキュリティ 107(209), 57-63, 2007-08-31
• NAID 110006419152

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