出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/08 22:29:26」(JST)
| Osgood-Schlatter disease | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | M92.5 |
| ICD-9 | 732.4 |
| DiseasesDB | 9299 |
| MedlinePlus | 001258 |
| eMedicine | emerg/347 orthoped/426 radio/491 sports/89 |
| Patient UK | Osgood–Schlatter disease |
Osgood–Schlatter disease (also known as apophysitis of the tibial tubercle or OSD) is an inflammation of the patellar ligament at the tibial tuberosity.[1] It is characterized by a painful lump just below the knee and is most often seen in young adolescents. Risk factors include overuse (especially in sports involving running, jumping and quick changes of direction) and adolescent growth spurts.
Osgood–Schlatter disease occurs at the tendon-bone junction of the patellar tendon and the tibial tuberosity.[2] The tibial tuberosity is a slight elevation of bone on the anterior and proximal portion of the tibia. The patellar tendon attaches the anterior quadriceps muscles to the tibia.[3]
Osgood–Schlatter disease generally occurs in boys and girls aged 9–16[4] coinciding with periods of growth spurts. It occurs more frequently in boys than in girls, with reports of a male-to-female ratio ranging from 3:1 to as high as 7:1. It has been suggested that difference is related to a greater participation by boys in sports and risk activities than by girls.[5]
Sinding-Larsen and Johansson syndrome,[6] is an analogous condition involving the patellar tendon and the lower margin of the patella bone, instead of the upper margin of the tibia. Sever's disease is a similar condition affecting the heel.
If OSD is untreated, an avulsion fracture may occur, with the tibial tuberosity separating from the tibia (usually remaining connected to a tendon or ligament). This injury is uncommon because our brains set limitations preventing our strong muscles from doing any damage to our bodies. Mechanisms of fracture are due to a violent eccentric contraction of the quadriceps muscles (for example, push-off or landing while jumping).[7] The fracture on the tibial tuberosity can be a complete or incomplete break, with a complete fracture usually requiring surgery while an incomplete fracture can be treated with physical therapy or RICE).
Type I: A small fragment is displaced proximally and does not require surgery.
Type II: The articular surface remains together and the fracture occurs at the junction where the secondary center of ossification and the proximal tibial epiphysis come together (may or may not require surgery).
Type III: Total break (through articular surface) including high change of meniscal damage that usually requires surgery.
The condition is usually self-limiting and is caused by stress on the patellar tendon that attaches the quadriceps muscle at the front of the thigh to the tibial tuberosity. Following an adolescent growth spurt, repeated stress from contraction of the quadriceps is transmitted through the patellar tendon to the immature tibial tuberosity. This can cause multiple subacute avulsion fractures along with inflammation of the tendon, leading to excess bone growth in the tuberosity and producing a visible lump which can be very painful, especially when hit. Activities such as kneeling may also irritate the tendon.
The syndrome may develop without trauma or other apparent cause; however, some studies report up to 50% of patients relate a history of precipitating trauma.Several authors have tried to identify the actual underlying etiology and risk factors that predispose Osgood–Schlatter disease and postulated various theories However, currently it is widely accepted that Osgood–Schlatter disease is a traction apophysitis of the proximal tibial tubercle at the insertion of the patellar tendon caused by repetitive micro-trauma. In other words, Osgood–Schlatter disease is an overuse injury and closely related to the physical activity of the child. It was shown that children who actively participate in sports are affected more frequently as compared with non-participants. In a retrospective study of adolescents, old athletes actively participating in sports showed a frequency of 21% reporting the syndrome compared with only 4.5% of age-matched nonathletic controls.[8] In another study, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was reported as a risk factor for Osgood–Schlatter disease. The authors claimed that 75% of patients with Osgood–Schlatter disease had also Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00402-013-1789-3 Intense knee pain is usually the presenting symptom that occurs during activities such as running, jumping, squatting, and especially ascending or descending stairs and during kneeling. The pain is worse with acute knee impact. The pain can be reproduced by extending the knee against resistance, stressing the quadriceps, or striking the knee. Pain is mild and intermittent initially. In the acute phase the pain is severe and continuous in nature. Impact of the affected area can be very painful. Bilateral symptoms are observed in 20–30% of patients
The symptoms usually resolve with treatment but may recur for 12–24 months before complete resolution at skeletal maturity, when the tibial epiphysis fuses. In some cases the symptoms do not resolve until the patient is fully grown. In approximately 10% of patients the symptoms continue unabated into adulthood, despite all conservative measures.[9]
In the year 2011, the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from HCUP (Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project) noted that 100% of patients admitted with OSD were discharged from the hospital. Out of the 100%, about half were children who were between ages of 1-17. In 2010, the Nationwide Inpatient Sample recorded that about 53% of all patients admitted and discharged in the hospital with OSD were also between ages of 1-17. In addition, in 2014, a case study of 261 patients was observed over 12 to 24 months. 237 of these patients responded well to sport restriction and nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents, which resulted in recovery to normal athletic activity.[10]
The condition is named after Robert Bayley Osgood (1873-1956), an American Orthopedic surgeon and Carl B. Schlatter, (1864-1934), a Swiss surgeon who described the condition independently in 1903.[11]
OSD occurs from the combined affects of tibial tuberosity immaturity and quadriceps tightness.[3] There is a possibility of migration of the ossicle or fragmentation in Osgood-Schlatter patients.[2] The implications of OSD and the ossification of the tubercle can lead to functional limitations and pain for patients into adulthood.[12]
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One of the main ways to prevent OSD is to check the participant's flexibility in their quadriceps and hamstrings. Lack of flexibility in these muscles can be direct risk indicator for OSD. Muscles can shorten, which can cause pain but this is not permanent.[13] Stretches can help reduce shortening of the muscles. The main stretches for prevention of OSD focus on the hamstrings and quadriceps.[14]
This test can see various warning signs that predict if OSD might occur. Some of the things that ultrasonography can detect if there is any swelling that has occurred within the tissue as well as cartilage swelling.[15] Ultrasonography's main goal is to identify OSD in the early stage rather than later on. It has unique features such as detection of an increase of swelling within the tibia or the cartilage surrounding the area and can also see if there is any new bone starting to build up around the tibial tuberosity.
Diagnosis is made clinically,[16] and treatment is conservative with RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation), and if required acetaminophen (paracetamol), ibuprofen and/or Co-Codamol or stronger if in 'acute phase' & (the pain is severe and continuous in nature). Bracing or use of an orthopedic cast to enforce joint immobilization is rarely required and does not necessarily give quicker resolution. Sometimes, however, bracing may give comfort and help reduce pain as it reduces strain on the tibial tubercle.[17] Surgical excision may rarely be required in skeletally mature patients.[9] In chronic cases that are refractory to conservative treatment, surgical intervention yields good results, particularly for patients with bony or cartilaginous ossicles. Surgery is usually a good idea for patients that will no longer grow but the knee is still affected by Osgood-Schlatters disease. Excision of these ossicles produces resolution of symptoms and return to activity in several weeks. After surgery, it is common for lack of blood flow to below the knees and to the feet. This may cause the loss of circulation to the area, but will be back to normal again shortly. A high pain may come and go every once in a while, due to the lack of blood flow. If this happens, sitting down will help the pain decrease. Removal of all loose intratendinous ossicles associated with prominent tibial tubercles is the procedure of choice, both from the functional and the cosmetic point of view.[18] According to one study, in the great majority of young adults, the functional outcome of surgical treatment of unresolved Osgood–Schlatter disease is excellent or good, the residual pain intensity is low, and postoperative complications or subsequent reoperations are rare.[19]
The Strickland Protocol has shown a positive response in patients with a mean return to sport in less than 3 weeks. Further research into the anatomical and biomechanical responses of this protocol are currently being undertaken by the authors. The study was presented at the European College of Sports Science - 13th Congress Proceedings Estoril,Portugal, July 9–12, 2008.[20] Clinical study - Electronic Version ISSN 1536-7290
Steven Gerrard, Rafael Nadal, Paul Scholes, Danny Welbeck, Stephen Ireland, Jeff Hendrick, and Stu Hayes are sportsmen who have recovered from this condition.[21] The French tennis player, Gaël Monfils wears patella bands in an attempt to combat the condition.[22]
The disease gives pain so it will be difficult to exercise during the start of the symptoms, so physiopherapy after the worst of the swelling is recommended.
Icing the knee can also help prevent swelling, reduce pain and reduce irritation.
Rehabilitation focuses on muscle strengthening, gait training, and pain control to restore knee function.[23] Nonsurgical treatments for less severe symptoms include exercises for strength, stretches to increase range of motion, ice packs, knee tape), knee braces, anti-inflammatory agents, and electrical stimulation to control inflammation and pain. Quadriceps and hamstring exercises prescribed by rehabilitation experts restore flexibility and muscle strength.
Client education and knowledge on stretches and exercises is important. Exercises should lack pain and increase gradually with intensity. The patient is given strict guidelines on how to perform exercises at home to avoid more injury.[24] Exercises can include leg raises squats, and wall stretches to increase quadriceps and hamstring strength. This helps to avoid pain, stress, and tight muscles that lead to further injury that oppose healing. Knee orthotics such as patella straps and knee sleeves help decrease force traction and prevent painful tibia contact by restricting unnecessary movement, providing support, and also adding compression to the area of pain. Medical injections to the patellar area such as Hyperosmolar Dextrose injections are effective and safe for treating tendon and cartilage degeneration.[25]
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| リンク元 | 「オスグッド・シュラッター病」「osteochondritis」「osteochondrosis」 |
| 関連記事 | 「disease」 |