WordNet

make accountable for; "He did not want to subject himself to the judgments of his superiors"
something (a person or object or scene) selected by an artist or photographer for graphic representation; "a moving picture of a train is more dramatic than a still picture of the same subject" (同)content, depicted object
a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation; "the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly"; "the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities" (同)case, guinea_pig
the subject matter of a conversation or discussion; "he didnt want to discuss that subject"; "it was a very sensitive topic"; "his letters were always on the theme of love" (同)topic, theme
(grammar) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the grammatical constituent about which something is predicated
(logic) the first term of a proposition
being under the power or sovereignty of another or others; "subject peoples"; "a dependent prince" (同)dependent
cause to experience or suffer or make liable or vulnerable to; "He subjected me to his awful poetry"; "The sergeant subjected the new recruits to many drills"; "People in Chernobyl were subjected to radiation"
likely to be affected by something; "the bond is subject to taxation"; "he is subject to fits of depression"
of or relating to or characteristic of Japan or its people or their culture or language; "the Japanese Emperor"; "Japanese cars" (同)Nipponese
a native or inhabitant of Japan (同)Nipponese
the language (usually considered to be Altaic) spoken by the Japanese

PrepTutorEJDIC

(思考・議論・研究などの)『主題』,問題,議題,話題《+of+名》 / 『科目』,教科,学科 / (文法で)『主語』,主部 / 臣下,家来;(特に君主国の)国民,臣民 / (批判・実験などの)対象となる人(物) / (楽曲,特にフーガの)主題 / 『支配を受ける』,従属する / 《補語にのみ用いて》《be subject to+名》(…を)『受けやすい』,(…に)かかりやすい / 《補語にのみ用いて》《be subject to+名》)…に)『頼っている』,(|を)条件とする / (…に)〈国・人など〉‘を'『従わせる』《+名+to+名》 / 〈人・物など〉‘に'(いやなことなどを)『受けさせる』,経験させる《+名+to+名》
『日本の』;『日本人』(『語』)『の』 / 〈C〉『日本人』;《集合的に》日本人 / 〈U〉《冠詞をつけないで》『日本語』

UpToDate Contents

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1. 日本脳炎：疫学、診断、治療、および予防 japanese encephalitis epidemiology diagnosis treatment and prevention
2. 消化管腫瘍の内視鏡的切除術の概要 overview of endoscopic resection of gastrointestinal tumors
3. 東アジアへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to east asia
4. 節足動物媒介性脳炎 arthropod borne encephalitides
5. 早期胃癌：疫学、臨床症状、診断、および病期分類 early gastric cancer epidemiology clinical manifestations diagnosis and staging

English Journal

Efficacy, tolerability and safety of once-monthly administration of 75mg risedronate in Japanese patients with involutional osteoporosis: A comparison with a 2.5mg once-daily dosage regimen.

Hagino H1, Kishimoto H2, Ohishi H3, Horii S4, Nakamura T5.Author information 1School of Health Science and Rehabilitation Division, Tottori University, Nishicho 86, Yonago, Tottori, Japan. Electronic address: hagino@med.tottori-u.ac.jp.2Department of Orthopedics, Nojima Hospital, Tottori, Japan.3Clinical Development Dept., Ajinomoto Pharmaceuticals Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan.4Takeda Development Center Japan, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan.5National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.AbstractOral risedronate has been shown to be effective in the treatment of osteoporosis when administered once-daily or once-weekly in Japan. This randomized, double-blind, multicenter 12-month study was conducted to compare the efficacy and tolerability of oral risedronate 75mg once-monthly with 2.5mg once-daily in Japanese patients with involutional osteoporosis. Bone mineral density (BMD), biochemical markers of bone metabolism, fractures, and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated. At the end of the study (Month 12, last observation carried forward [M12, LOCF]), mean percent change (SD) from baseline in lumbar spine (L2-L4) BMD, measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (primary endpoint), was increased by 5.69 (4.00)% in the 2.5mg once-daily group (n=428), and 5.98 (4.54)% in the 75mg once-monthly group (n=422). In the non-inferiority t-test (non-inferiority margin Δ=1.5%), the 75mg once-monthly group was non-inferior to the 2.5mg once-daily group (p<0.0001). The difference between treatment groups was 0.28% (95% CI, -0.31% to 0.88%). Changes in biochemical markers of bone metabolism were generally comparable in the two groups, although decreases in the percent change from baseline in urinary NTX/CRN and CTX/CRN were statistically greater in the 2.5mg once-daily group than the 75mg once-monthly group. The frequency of new vertebral fractures (including aggravation of prevalent fractures) at the end of the study (M12, LOCF) was also similar in the two groups: 1.2% in the 2.5mg once-daily group and 1.3% in the 75mg once-monthly group. The incidence of mild/moderate/severe AEs was 75.5%/6.3%/0.5% in the 2.5mg once-daily group and 77.7%/8.1%/0.7% in the 75mg once-monthly group. AEs associated with gastrointestinal symptoms occurred in approximately 30% of subjects in each group but with no severe cases. AEs potentially associated with acute phase reaction (including symptoms of influenza-like illness or pyrexia starting within 3days of the first dose of the study drug and with a duration of 7days or less) only occurred in the 75mg once-monthly group (2.1%, 9/422 subjects; influenza-like symptoms in 1 subject and pyrexia in 8 subjects), although the incidence was low without any severe cases. In conclusion, risedronate 75mg once-monthly (a dosage which is 30 times higher than risedronate 2.5mg once-daily) had non-inferior efficacy in terms of BMD and was similarly well tolerated compared to the once-daily regimen in Japanese patients with involutional osteoporosis. Consistent with the once-daily and once-weekly dosage, the once-monthly dosage of risedronate 75mg was half that used outside Japan (150mg).
Bone.Bone.2014 Feb;59:44-52. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.10.017. Epub 2013 Oct 29.
Oral risedronate has been shown to be effective in the treatment of osteoporosis when administered once-daily or once-weekly in Japan. This randomized, double-blind, multicenter 12-month study was conducted to compare the efficacy and tolerability of oral risedronate 75mg once-monthly with 2.5mg onc
PMID 24184313

[New Development in Osteoporosis Treatment. Anti-Dickkopf1 (Dkk1) antibody as a bone anabolic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis].

Tai N, Inoue D.Author information Third Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Japan.AbstractWnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in bone metabolism. This signal is subject to strict regulation, involving endogenous soluble inhibitors. Dkk1 is a member of family of secreted protein which functions in head induction during Xenopus embryogenesis. Dkk1 forms a ternary complex with LRP5/6 and Kremen, resulting in suppression of Wnt signaling and decreased bone formation. Heterozygous knockout mice of Dkk1 show high bone mass, while transgenic mice overexpressing Dkk1 exhibit low bone mass phenotype. Anti-Dkk1 monoclonal antibody has been shown to accelerate bone formation and increase bone mineral density in various animal models and is under development as a bone-anabolic agent.
Clinical calcium.Clin Calcium.2014;24(1):75-83. doi: CliCa14017583.
Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in bone metabolism. This signal is subject to strict regulation, involving endogenous soluble inhibitors. Dkk1 is a member of family of secreted protein which functions in head induction during Xenopus embryogenesis. Dkk1 forms a ternary compl
PMID 24369283

Validity of using annual mean particulate matter concentrations as measured at fixed site in assessing personal exposure: an exposure assessment study in Japan.

Michikawa T, Nakai S, Nitta H, Tamura K.Author information Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan. Electronic address: tmichikawa@nies.go.jp.AbstractFrom 2003 through 2005, we compared annual mean particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations as measured at fixed-site monitoring stations in 6 Japanese cities with those measured inside and outside subject residences and during personal monitoring. A total of 65 households participated in indoor and outdoor residential exposure monitoring. In summer and autumn, we also performed personal monitoring of one resident of each household. On each day, personal samplers were used to collect 24-h samples of PM and NO₂ simultaneously from the fixed sites, indoor and outdoor, and from those undergoing personal monitoring. We found good correlations between the fixed-site and outdoor measurements for annual mean (average of 7-day × 4-season) concentrations of PM₂.₅, PM₁₀₋₂.₅, PM10 and NO₂ (Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (ρ) ≥ 0.75). However, the correlations between the fixed-site and indoor measurements were moderate to low. In summer and autumn, the correlations between the fixed-site and personal mean concentrations of PM₂.₅ (ρ = 0.62), PM10 (ρ = 0.58), and NO₂ (ρ = 0.70) were acceptable. However, because people spend most of their time indoors, these correlations for annual mean concentrations were not estimated to be high. Our results are important in allowing researchers to estimate the effects of resulting measurement errors of PM and NO₂.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2014 Jan 1;466-467:673-80. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.084. Epub 2013 Aug 25.
From 2003 through 2005, we compared annual mean particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations as measured at fixed-site monitoring stations in 6 Japanese cities with those measured inside and outside subject residences and during personal monitoring. A total of 65 households pa
PMID 23968975

Japanese Journal

開かれた婚姻制度のための公共的理性

金野美奈子(1966-)
東京女子大学社会学年報 3, 17-32, 20150302-00-00
… The ways in which individualsexperience their own marriage is significantly affected by the ways in which our political society　institutionalizes this practice (i.e., how it situates, defines, supports, or regulates it).Indeed, whether and how marriage should be institutionalized to meet the needs of a particularhistorical period has been the subject of recurring debate. …
NAID 120005601982

Design and Implementation of an EFL Materials Evaluation Tool for Young Japanese Learners

Darlene Yamauchi
新潟国際情報大学国際学部紀要 0(創刊準備号), 127-141, 2015-07-01
… With MEXT initiative to implement English as a core subject at the 4th and 5th grade of Elementary school and devoting approximately 8 hours per month in principle for 3rd and 4th graders has meant that students are learning at an earlier age (MEXT, 2014). … In recent years, English as a foreign language (EFL) instruction in Japanese kindergartens and nursery schools has increased annually (MEXT, 2011). …
NAID 120005625103

漢字の構造分析に関わる問題 : 漢字字体の構造分解とコード化に基づく計量的分析

ヴォロビヨワガリーナ,ヴォロビヨフヴィクトル
国立国語研究所論集 9, 215-236, 2015-07
本論文では,漢字の構造分析に関わる先行研究を概観し,いくつかの問題点を指摘した。それらの問題点を解決する手がかりを得るため,新たなアプローチに基づく漢字の構造分析の方法を提唱し,以下の5つの側面から検討をおこなった。(1)常用漢字をカバーする「スタンダード化された構成要素のシステム」を開発する必要性を指摘した。その開発に成功すれば,漢字の認識や漢字習得の体系化が可能になる。(2)構成要素のシステム …
NAID 110009920479