日本

関: Japanese

WordNet

a string of more than 3,000 islands to the east of Asia extending 1,300 miles between the Sea of Japan and the western Pacific Ocean (同)Japanese Islands, Japanese Archipelago
a constitutional monarchy occupying the Japanese Archipelago; a world leader in electronics and automobile manufacture and ship building (同)Nippon, Nihon
of or relating to or characteristic of Japan or its people or their culture or language; "the Japanese Emperor"; "Japanese cars" (同)Nipponese
a native or inhabitant of Japan (同)Nipponese
the language (usually considered to be Altaic) spoken by the Japanese
ornamental Asiatic vine with showy orange-yellow fruit with a scarlet aril; naturalized in North America (同)Japan bittersweet, oriental bittersweet, Celastrus orbiculatus, Celastric articulatus
an Asiatic trailing evergreen honeysuckle with half-evergreen leaves and fragrant white flowers turning yellow with age; has become a weed in some areas (同)Lonicera japonica
an arm of the Pacific between China and Japan (同)East Sea
coat with a lacquer, as done in Japan
lacquer with a durable glossy black finish, originally from the orient
lacquerware decorated and varnished in the Japanese manner with a glossy durable black lacquer
(offensive slang) offensive term for a person of Japanese descent (同)Nip

PrepTutorEJDIC

『日本』
『日本の』;『日本人』(『語』)『の』 / 〈C〉『日本人』;《集合的に》日本人 / 〈U〉《冠詞をつけないで》『日本語』
黒い漆(うるし);漆器(しっき) / …‘に'黒漆を塗る

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/18 20:03:20」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

ジャパン (Japan) とは、英語で日本のこと。詳細についてはジャパンを参照のこと。

転じて、スポーツ競技における日本代表チームの意味としても使う。
英語で漆・漆器のこと。その場合は全て小文字でjapanと書く。
ジャパン (バンド) - 英国出身のバンド。
ジャパン (チェーンストア) - スギ薬局が運営するディスカウントストアチェーンストア。
5代目日産・スカイラインの愛称。
JAPAN (宮原学の曲) - 宮原学のシングル。
JAPAN (アルバム) - 長渕剛のアルバム。
ジャパン (漫画) - 三浦建太郎作の漫画。
JAPAN (漫画) - 大塚英志原作、伊藤真美作画の漫画。
JAPAN (焼酎) - 宝酒造が製造・販売する焼酎。
みつまJAPAN' - (お笑い芸人)の略称。

その他のジャパン

ジャパン・レコード（Japan RECORDS） - 徳間ジャパン（現・徳間ジャパンコミュニケーションズ）のメインレーベル。かつてはジャパン・レコードという独立したレコード会社。
BSジャパン - 日本のテレビ東京系（TXN）のBS委託放送事業者
ニュースJAPAN - 日本のフジテレビ系（FNN）の報道番組
焼きたて!!ジャぱん - 橋口たかしの料理・グルメ漫画。作品内に登場するジャぱんとは、同作の主人公・東和馬が作る創作パン。
パワーハウスJAPAN - 楠みちはるの漫画「湾岸ミッドナイト」に登場する架空のチューニングショップ。アーケードゲーム「湾岸ミッドナイト」シリーズではオーナーの帝塚良一がJAPAN帝塚となっている。
損害保険ジャパン日本興亜 - 日本の損害保険会社。
井関農機のコンバインの車種名。
ジャパン (ミズーリ州) - アメリカ合衆国の地名。

1 Etymology
2 History
- 2.1 Prehistory and ancient history
- 2.2 Feudal era
- 2.3 Modern era
3 Government and politics
4 Foreign relations and military
5 Administrative divisions
6 Geography
- 6.1 Climate
- 6.2 Biodiversity
- 6.3 Environment
7 Economy
- 7.1 Economic history
- 7.2 Exports
- 7.3 Imports
- 7.4 Science and technology
- 7.5 Infrastructure
8 Demographics
- 8.1 Religion
- 8.2 Languages
- 8.3 Education
- 8.4 Health
9 Culture
- 9.1 Art
- 9.2 Music
- 9.3 Literature
- 9.4 Cuisine
- 9.5 Sports
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links

Etymology

The English word Japan possibly derives from the early Mandarin Chinese or Wu Chinese pronunciation of the Japanese name, 日本, which in Japanese is pronounced Nippon listen (help·info) or Nihon listen (help·info). Japanese people refer to themselves as Nihonjin (日本人^?) and to their language as Nihongo (日本語^?).

From the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II, the full title of Japan was Dai Nippon Teikoku (大日本帝國^?), meaning "the Empire of Great Japan". Today the name Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku (日本国^?) is used as a formal modern-day equivalent; countries like Japan whose long form does not contain a descriptive designation are generally given a name appended by the character koku (国^?), meaning "country", "nation" or "state".

The character nichi (日^?) means "sun" or "day"; hon (本^?) means "base" or "origin". The compound means "origin of the sun" or "sunrise" (from a Chinese point of view, the sun rises from Japan); it is a source for the popular Western description of Japan as the "Land of the Rising Sun". Before Nihon came into official use, Japan was known as Wa (倭^?) or Wakoku (倭国^?).^[21]

The English word for Japan came to the West via early trade routes. The Old Mandarin or possibly early Wu Chinese (吳語) pronunciation of Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu. In modern Shanghainese, a Wu dialect, the pronunciation of characters 日本 'Japan' is Zeppen [zəʔpən]. The old Malay word for Japan, Jepang, was borrowed from a southern coastal Chinese dialect, probably Fukienese or Ningpo,^[22] and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in Malacca in the 16th century. Portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to Europe.^[23] An early record of the word in English is in a 1565 letter, spelled Giapan.^[24]

History

Prehistory and ancient history

The Golden Hall and five-storey pagoda of Hōryū-ji, among the oldest wooden buildings in the world, National Treasures, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site

A Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC constitutes the first known habitation of the Japanese archipelago. This was followed from around 14,000 BC (the start of the Jōmon period) by a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture, who include ancestors of both the contemporary Ainu people and Yamato people,^[25]^[26] characterized by pit dwelling and rudimentary agriculture.^[27] Decorated clay vessels from this period are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world. Around 300 BC, the Yayoi people began to enter the Japanese islands, intermingling with the Jōmon.^[28] The Yayoi period, starting around 500 BC, saw the introduction of practices like wet-rice farming,^[29] a new style of pottery,^[30] and metallurgy, introduced from China and Korea.^[31]

Japan first appears in written history in the Chinese Book of Han.^[32] According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the 3rd century was called Yamataikoku. Buddhism was first introduced to Japan from Baekje of Korea, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China.^[33] Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and gained widespread acceptance beginning in the Asuka period (592–710).^[34]

The Nara period (710–784) of the 8th century marked the emergence of a strong Japanese state, centered on an imperial court in Heijō-kyō (modern Nara). The Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent literature as well as the development of Buddhist-inspired art and architecture.^[35] The smallpox epidemic of 735–737 is believed to have killed as much as one-third of Japan's population.^[36] In 784, Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō before relocating it to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto) in 794.

Samurai warriors face Mongols, during the Mongol invasions of Japan. The Kamikaze, two storms, are said to have saved Japan from Mongol fleets.

This marked the beginning of the Heian period (794–1185), during which a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged, noted for its art, poetry and prose. Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of Japan's national anthem Kimigayo were written during this time.^[37]

Buddhism began to spread during the Heian era chiefly through two major sects, Tendai by Saichō, and Shingon by Kūkai. Pure Land Buddhism (Jōdo-shū, Jōdo Shinshū) greatly becomes popular in the latter half of the 11th century.

Feudal era

Japan's feudal era was characterized by the emergence and dominance of a ruling class of warriors, the samurai. In 1185, following the defeat of the Taira clan in the Genpei War, sung in the epic Tale of Heike, samurai Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed shogun and established a base of power in Kamakura. After his death, the Hōjō clan came to power as regents for the shoguns. The Zen school of Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and became popular among the samurai class.^[38] The Kamakura shogunate repelled Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281, but was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo. Go-Daigo was himself defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336.

Samurai could kill a commoner for the slightest insult and were widely feared by the Japanese population. Edo period, 1798

Ashikaga Takauji established the shogunate in Muromachi, Kyoto. This was the start of the Muromachi Period (1336–1573). The Ashikaga shogunate achieved glory in the age of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, and the culture based on Zen Buddhism (art of Miyabi) prospered. This evolved to Higashiyama Culture, and prospered until the 16th century. On the other hand, the succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords (daimyo), and a civil war (the Ōnin War) began in 1467, opening the century-long Sengoku period ("Warring States").^[39]

During the 16th century, traders and Jesuit missionaries from Portugal reached Japan for the first time, initiating direct commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West. This allowed Oda Nobunaga to obtain European technology and firearms, which he used to conquer many other daimyo. His consolidation of power began what was known as the Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573-1603). After he was assassinated in 1582, his successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified the nation in 1590 and launched two unsuccessful invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597.

Re-engraved map of Japan

Tokugawa Ieyasu served as regent for Hideyoshi's son and used his position to gain political and military support. When open war broke out, he defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu was appointed shogun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo).^[40] The Tokugawa shogunate enacted measures including buke shohatto, as a code of conduct to control the autonomous daimyo;^[41] and in 1639, the isolationist sakoku ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period (1603–1868).^[42] The study of Western sciences, known as rangaku, continued through contact with the Dutch enclave at Dejima in Nagasaki. The Edo period also gave rise to kokugaku ("national studies"), the study of Japan by the Japanese.^[43]

Modern era

On March 31, 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry and the "Black Ships" of the United States Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa. Subsequent similar treaties with Western countries in the Bakumatsu period brought economic and political crises. The resignation of the shogun led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state nominally unified under the Emperor (the Meiji Restoration).^[44]

Emperor Meiji (1868–1912), in whose name imperial rule was restored at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate

Adopting Western political, judicial and military institutions, the Cabinet organized the Privy Council, introduced the Meiji Constitution, and assembled the Imperial Diet. The Meiji Restoration transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that pursued military conflict to expand its sphere of influence. After victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea, and the southern half of Sakhalin.^[45] Japan's population grew from 35 million in 1873 to 70 million in 1935.^[46]

Chinese generals surrendering to the Japanese in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895

The early 20th century saw a brief period of "Taishō democracy" overshadowed by increasing expansionism and militarization. World War I enabled Japan, on the side of the victorious Allies, to widen its influence and territorial holdings. It continued its expansionist policy by occupying Manchuria in 1931; as a result of international condemnation of this occupation, Japan resigned from the League of Nations two years later. In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany, and the 1940 Tripartite Pact made it one of the Axis Powers.^[47] In 1941, Japan negotiated the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact.^[48]

Japanese officials surrendering to the Allies on September 2, 1945 in Tokyo Bay, ending World War II

The Empire of Japan invaded other parts of China in 1937, precipitating the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). The Imperial Japanese Army swiftly captured the capital Nanjing and conducted the Nanking Massacre.^[49] In 1940, the Empire then invaded French Indochina, after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan.^[50] On December 7–8, 1941, Japanese forces carried out surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor, attacks on British forces in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong and declared war, bringing the US and the UK into World War II in the Pacific.^[51]^[52] After the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender on August 15.^[53] The war cost Japan and the rest of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere millions of lives and left much of the nation's industry and infrastructure destroyed. The Allies (led by the US) repatriated millions of ethnic Japanese from colonies and military camps throughout Asia, largely eliminating the Japanese empire and restoring the independence of its conquered territories.^[54] The Allies also convened the International Military Tribunal for the Far East on May 3, 1946 to prosecute some Japanese leaders for war crimes. However, the bacteriological research units and members of the imperial family involved in the war were exonerated from criminal prosecutions by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers despite calls for trials for both groups.^[55]

In 1947, Japan adopted a new constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices. The Allied occupation ended with the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952^[56] and Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956. Japan later achieved rapid growth to become the second-largest economy in the world, until surpassed by China in 2010. This ended in the mid-1990s when Japan suffered a major recession. In the beginning of the 21st century, positive growth has signaled a gradual economic recovery.^[57] On March 11, 2011, Japan suffered the strongest earthquake in its recorded history; this triggered the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, one of the worst disasters in the history of nuclear power.^[58]

Government and politics

Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko

Japan is a constitutional monarchy whereby the power of the Emperor is very limited. As a ceremonial figurehead, he is defined by the constitution as "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people." Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister and other elected members of the Diet, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people.^[59] Akihito is the current Emperor of Japan; Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan, stands as next in line to the Chrysanthemum Throne.

Japan's legislative organ is the National Diet, seated in Chiyoda, Tokyo. The Diet is a bicameral body, consisting of a House of Representatives with 480 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved, and a House of Councillors of 242 seats, whose popularly elected members serve six-year terms. There is universal suffrage for adults over 20 years of age,^[2] with a secret ballot for all elected offices.^[59] The Diet is dominated by the social liberal Democratic Party of Japan and the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). The LDP has enjoyed near continuous electoral success since 1955, except for a brief 11-month period between 1993 and 1994, and from 2009 to 2012. It holds 294 seats in the lower house and 83 seats in the upper house.

The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government and is appointed by the Emperor after being designated by the Diet from among its members. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet, and he appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State. Following the LDP's landslide victory in the 2012 general election, Shinzō Abe replaced Yoshihiko Noda as the Prime Minister on December 26, 2012^[60] and became the country's sixth prime minister to be sworn in 6 years. Although the Prime Minister is formally appointed by the Emperor, the Constitution of Japan explicitly requires the Emperor to appoint whoever is designated by the Diet.^[59]

Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki.^[61] However, since the late 19th century the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably Germany. For example, in 1896, the Japanese government established a civil code based on a draft of the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch; with the code remaining in effect with post–World War II modifications.^[62] Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature and has the rubber stamp of the Emperor. The Constitution requires that the Emperor promulgate legislation passed by the Diet, without specifically giving him the power to oppose legislation.^[59] Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts.^[63] The main body of Japanese statutory law is called the Six Codes.^[64]

Foreign relations and military

JDS Kongō (DDG-173), a guided missile destroyer, launching a Standard Missile 3 anti-ballistic missile in 2007.

Japan is a member of the G8, APEC, and "ASEAN Plus Three", and is a participant in the East Asia Summit. Japan signed a security pact with Australia in March 2007^[65] and with India in October 2008.^[66] It is the world's third largest donor of official development assistance after the United States and France, donating US$9.48 billion in 2009.^[67]

Japan has close economic and military relations with the United States; the US-Japan security alliance acts as the cornerstone of the nation's foreign policy.^[68] A member state of the United Nations since 1956, Japan has served as a non-permanent Security Council member for a total of 20 years, most recently for 2009 and 2010. It is one of the G4 nations seeking permanent membership in the Security Council.^[69]

Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors: with Russia over the South Kuril Islands, with South Korea over the Liancourt Rocks, with China and Taiwan over the Senkaku Islands, and with China over the EEZ around Okinotorishima.^[70] Japan also faces an ongoing dispute with North Korea over the latter's abduction of Japanese citizens and its nuclear weapons and missile program (see also Six-party talks).^[71]

Japan maintains one of the largest military budgets of any country in the world.^[72] Japan contributed non-combatant troops to the Iraq War but subsequently withdrew its forces.^[73] The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) is a regular participant in RIMPAC maritime exercises.^[74]

Japan's military (the Japan Self-Defense Forces) is restricted by Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, which renounces Japan's right to declare war or use military force in international disputes. Accordingly, Japan's Self-Defence force is a usual military that has never fired shots outside Japan.^[75] It is governed by the Ministry of Defense, and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF). The forces have been recently used in peacekeeping operations; the deployment of troops to Iraq marked the first overseas use of Japan's military since World War II.^[73] Japan Business Federation has called on the government to lift the ban on arms exports so that Japan can join multinational projects such as the Joint Strike Fighter.^[76]

In May 2014 Prime Minister Shinzō Abe said Japan wanted to shed the passiveness it has maintained since the end of World War II and take more responsibility for regional security. He said Japan wanted to play a key role and offered neighboring countries Japan's support.^[77]

Administrative divisions

Japan consists of forty-seven prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor, legislature and administrative bureaucracy. Each prefecture is further divided into cities, towns and villages.^[78] The nation is currently undergoing administrative reorganization by merging many of the cities, towns and villages with each other. This process will reduce the number of sub-prefecture administrative regions and is expected to cut administrative costs.^[79]

Geography

Topographic map of the Japanese archipelago

Japan has a total of 6,852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of East Asia. The country, including all of the islands it controls, lies between latitudes 24° and 46°N, and longitudes 122° and 146°E. The main islands, from north to south, are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. The Ryukyu Islands, which includes Okinawa, are a chain to the south of Kyushu. Together they are often known as the Japanese Archipelago.^[80]

About 73 percent of Japan is forested, mountainous, and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial, or residential use.^[2]^[81] As a result, the habitable zones, mainly located in coastal areas, have extremely high population densities. Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.^[82]

The islands of Japan are located in a volcanic zone on the Pacific Ring of Fire. They are primarily the result of large oceanic movements occurring over hundreds of millions of years from the mid-Silurian to the Pleistocene as a result of the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the continental Amurian Plate and Okinawa Plate to the south, and subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Okhotsk Plate to the north. Japan was originally attached to the eastern coast of the Eurasian continent. The subducting plates pulled Japan eastward, opening the Sea of Japan around 15 million years ago.^[83]

Japan has 108 active volcanoes. During the twentieth century several new volcanoes emerged, including Shōwa-shinzan on Hokkaido and Myōjin-shō off the Bayonnaise Rocks in the Pacific. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunami, occur several times each century.^[84] The 1923 Tokyo earthquake killed over 140,000 people.^[85] More recent major quakes are the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, a 9.0-magnitude^[86] quake which hit Japan on March 11, 2011, and triggered a large tsunami.^[58] Due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire, Japan is substantially prone to earthquakes and tsunami, having the highest natural disaster risk in the developed world.^[87]

Climate

Cherry blossoms of Mount Yoshino has been the subject of many plays and waka poetry

Autumn maple leaves (momiji) at Kongōbu-ji on Mount Kōya, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate, but varies greatly from north to south. Japan's geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones: Hokkaido, Sea of Japan, Central Highland, Seto Inland Sea, Pacific Ocean, and Ryūkyū Islands. The northernmost zone, Hokkaido, has a humid continental climate with long, cold winters and very warm to cool summers. Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snowbanks in the winter.^[88]

In the Sea of Japan zone on Honshu's west coast, northwest winter winds bring heavy snowfall. In the summer, the region is cooler than the Pacific area, though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures because of the foehn wind. The Central Highland has a typical inland humid continental climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter, and between day and night; precipitation is light, though winters are usually snowy. The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the Seto Inland Sea from seasonal winds, bringing mild weather year-round.^[88]

The Pacific coast features a humid subtropical climate that experiences milder winters with occasional snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind. The Ryukyu Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very heavy, especially during the rainy season.^[88]

The average winter temperature in Japan is 5.1 °C (41.2 °F) and the average summer temperature is 25.2 °C (77.4 °F).^[89] The highest temperature ever measured in Japan—40.9 °C (105.6 °F)—was recorded on August 16, 2007.^[90] The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa, and the rain front gradually moves north until reaching Hokkaido in late July. In most of Honshu, the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks. In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain.^[91]

Biodiversity

The Japanese macaques at Jigokudani hot spring are notable for visiting the spa in the winter.

Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin Islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.^[92] Japan has over 90,000 species of wildlife, including the brown bear, the Japanese macaque, the Japanese raccoon dog, and the Japanese giant salamander.^[93] A large network of national parks has been established to protect important areas of flora and fauna as well as thirty-seven Ramsar wetland sites.^[94]^[95] Four sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their outstanding natural value.^[96]

Environment

In the period of rapid economic growth after World War II, environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations; as a result, environmental pollution was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s. Responding to rising concern about the problem, the government introduced several environmental protection laws in 1970.^[97] The oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy because of Japan's lack of natural resources.^[98] Current environmental issues include urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, and toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and international co-operation for conservation.^[99]

As of June 2015, more than 40 coal-fired power plants are planned or under construction in Japan. The NGO Climate Action Network announced Japan as the winner of its "Fossil of the Day" award for "doing the most to block progress on climate action."^[100]

Japan ranks 26th in the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, which measures a nation's commitment to environmental sustainability.^[101] As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and host of the 1997 conference that created it, Japan is under treaty obligation to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps to curb climate change.^[102]

Economy

The Tokyo Stock Exchange, the largest stock exchange in Asia^[103]

Economic history

Some of the structural features of Japan's economic growth developed in the Edo period, such as the network of transport routes, by road and water, and the futures contracts, banking and insurance of the Osaka rice brokers.^[104] During the Meiji period from 1868, Japan expanded economically with the embrace of the market economy.^[105] Many of today's enterprises were founded at the time, and Japan emerged as the most developed nation in Asia.^[106] The period of overall real economic growth from the 1960s to the 1980s has been called the Japanese post-war economic miracle: it averaged 7.5 percent in the 1960s and 1970s, and 3.2 percent in the 1980s and early 1990s.^[107]

Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s during what the Japanese call the Lost Decade, largely because of the after-effects of the Japanese asset price bubble and domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Government efforts to revive economic growth met with little success and were further hampered by the global slowdown in 2000.^[2] The economy showed strong signs of recovery after 2005; GDP growth for that year was 2.8 percent, surpassing the growth rates of the US and European Union during the same period.^[108]

As of 2012^[update], Japan is the third largest national economy in the world, after the United States and China, in terms of nominal GDP,^[109] and the fourth largest national economy in the world, after the United States, China and India, in terms of purchasing power parity.^[7] As of 2014^[update], Japan's public debt was estimated at more than 200 percent of its annual gross domestic product, the largest of any nation in the world.^[110] In August 2011, Moody's rating has cut Japan's long-term sovereign debt rating one notch from Aa3 to Aa2 inline with the size of the country's deficit and borrowing level. The large budget deficits and government debt since the 2009 global recession and followed by earthquake and tsunami in March 2011 made the rating downgrade.^[111] The service sector accounts for three quarters of the gross domestic product.^[112]

Exports

A plug-in hybrid car manufactured by Toyota, one of the world's largest carmakers. Japan is the second-largest producer of automobiles in the world.^[113]

Japan has a large industrial capacity, and is home to some of the largest and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronics, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemical substances, textiles, and processed foods. Agricultural businesses in Japan cultivate 13 percent of Japan's land, and Japan accounts for nearly 15 percent of the global fish catch, second only to China.^[2] As of 2010^[update], Japan's labor force consisted of some 65.9 million workers.^[114] Japan has a low unemployment rate of around four percent. Some 20 million people, around 17 per cent of the population, were below the poverty line in 2007.^[115] Housing in Japan is characterized by limited land supply in urban areas.^[116]

Japan's exports amounted to US$4,210 per capita in 2005. As of 2012^[update], Japan's main export markets were China (18.1 percent), the United States (17.8 percent), South Korea (7.7 percent), Thailand (5.5 percent) and Hong Kong (5.1 percent). Its main exports are transportation equipment, motor vehicles, iron and steel products, semiconductors and auto parts.^[117] Japan's main import markets as of 2012^[update] were China (21.3 percent), the US (8.8 percent), Australia (6.4 percent), Saudi Arabia (6.2 percent), United Arab Emirates (5.0 percent), South Korea (4.6 percent) and Qatar (4.0 percent).^[2]

Imports

Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef), chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its industries. By market share measures, domestic markets are the least open of any OECD country.^[118] Junichiro Koizumi's administration began some pro-competition reforms, and foreign investment in Japan has soared.^[119]

Japan ranks 27th of 189 countries in the 2014 Ease of doing business index and has one of the smallest tax revenues of the developed world. The Japanese variant of capitalism has many distinct features: keiretsu enterprises are influential, and lifetime employment and seniority-based career advancement are relatively common in the Japanese work environment.^[118]^[120] Japanese companies are known for management methods like "The Toyota Way", and shareholder activism is rare.^[121]

Some of the largest enterprises in Japan include Toyota, Nintendo, NTT DoCoMo, Canon, Honda, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sony, Panasonic, Toshiba, Sharp, Nippon Steel, Nippon Oil, and Seven & I Holdings Co..^[122] It has some of the world's largest banks, and the Tokyo Stock Exchange (known for its Nikkei 225 and TOPIX indices) stands as the second largest in the world by market capitalization.^[123] As of 2006^[update], Japan was home to 326 companies from the Forbes Global 2000 or 16.3 percent.^[124] In 2013, it was announced that Japan would be importing shale natural gas.^[125]

Science and technology

The Japanese Experiment Module (Kibo) at the International Space Station

Japan is a leading nation in scientific research, particularly technology, machinery and biomedical research. Nearly 700,000 researchers share a US$130 billion research and development budget, the third largest in the world.^[126] Japan is a world leader in fundamental scientific research, having produced nineteen Nobel laureates in either physics, chemistry or medicine,^[127] three Fields medalists,^[128] and one Gauss Prize laureate.^[129] Some of Japan's more prominent technological contributions are in the fields of electronics, automobiles, machinery, earthquake engineering, industrial robotics, optics, chemicals, semiconductors and metals. Japan leads the world in robotics production and use, possessing more than 20% (300,000 of 1.3 million) of the world's industrial robots as of 2013^[update]^[130]—though their share was historically even higher, representing one-half of all industrial robots worldwide in 2000.^[131]

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is Japan's space agency; it conducts space, planetary, and aviation research, and leads development of rockets and satellites. It is a participant in the International Space Station: the Japanese Experiment Module (Kibo) was added to the station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2008.^[132] Japan's plans in space exploration include: launching a space probe to Venus, Akatsuki;^[133]^[134] developing the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter to be launched in 2016;^[135] and building a moon base by 2030.^[136]

On September 14, 2007, it launched lunar explorer "SELENE" (Selenological and Engineering Explorer) on an H-IIA (Model H2A2022) carrier rocket from Tanegashima Space Center. SELENE is also known as Kaguya, after the lunar princess of The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter.^[137] Kaguya is the largest lunar mission since the Apollo program. Its purpose is to gather data on the moon's origin and evolution. It entered a lunar orbit on October 4,^[138]^[139] flying at an altitude of about 100 km (62 mi).^[140] The probe's mission was ended when it was deliberately crashed by JAXA into the Moon on June 11, 2009.^[141]

Infrastructure

A high-speed Shinkansen "Bullet train"

As of 2011^[update], 46.1 percent of energy in Japan was produced from petroleum, 21.3 percent from coal, 21.4 percent from natural gas, 4.0 percent from nuclear power, and 3.3 percent from hydropower. Nuclear power produced 9.2 percent of Japan's electricity, as of 2011, down from 24.9 percent the previous year.^[142] However, by May 2012 all of the country's nuclear power plants had been taken offline because of ongoing public opposition following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in March 2011, though government officials continued to try to sway public opinion in favor of returning at least some of Japan's 50 nuclear reactors to service.^[143] As of November 2014^[update], two reactors at Sendai are likely to restart in early 2015.^[144] Given its heavy dependence on imported energy,^[145] Japan has aimed to diversify its sources and maintain high levels of energy efficiency.^[146]

Japan's road spending has been extensive.^[147] Its 1.2 million kilometers of paved road are the main means of transportation.^[148] A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities and is operated by toll-collecting enterprises. New and used cars are inexpensive; car ownership fees and fuel levies are used to promote energy efficiency. However, at just 50 percent of all distance traveled, car usage is the lowest of all G8 countries.^[149]

Dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets; major companies include seven JR enterprises, Kintetsu Corporation, Seibu Railway and Keio Corporation. Some 250 high-speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities and Japanese trains are known for their safety and punctuality.^[150]^[151] Proposals for a new Maglev route between Tokyo and Osaka are at an advanced stage.^[152] There are 175 airports in Japan;^[2] the largest domestic airport, Haneda Airport, is Asia's second-busiest airport.^[153] The largest international gateways are Narita International Airport, Kansai International Airport and Chūbu Centrair International Airport.^[154] Nagoya Port is the country's largest and busiest port, accounting for 10 percent of Japan's trade value.^[155]

Demographics

Ainu, an ethnic minority people from Japan

A Japanese wedding at the Meiji Shrine

Japan's population is estimated at around 127.1 million,^[2] with 80% of the population living on Honshū. Japanese society is linguistically and culturally homogeneous,^[156] composed of 98.5% ethnic Japanese,^[2] with small populations of foreign workers.^[156] Zainichi Koreans,^[157] Zainichi Chinese, Filipinos, Brazilians mostly of Japanese descent,^[158] and Peruvians mostly of Japanese descent are among the small minority groups in Japan.^[159] In 2003, there were about 134,700 non-Latin American Western and 345,500 Latin American expatriates, 274,700 of whom were Brazilians (said to be primarily Japanese descendants, or nikkeijin, along with their spouses),^[158] the largest community of Westerners.^[160]

The most dominant native ethnic group is the Yamato people; primary minority groups include the indigenous Ainu^[161] and Ryukyuan peoples, as well as social minority groups like the burakumin.^[162] There are persons of mixed ancestry incorporated among the Yamato, such as those from Ogasawara Archipelago.^[163] In spite of the widespread belief that Japan is ethnically homogeneous (in 2009, foreign-born non-naturalized workers made up only 1.7% of the total population),^[164] also because of the absence of ethnicity and/or race statistics for Japanese nationals, at least one analysis describes Japan as a multiethnic society, for example, John Lie.^[165] However, this statement is refused by many sectors of Japanese society, who still tend to preserve the idea of Japan being a monocultural society and with this ideology of homogeneity, has traditionally rejected any need to recognize ethnic differences in Japan, even as such claims have been rejected by such ethnic minorities as the Ainu and Ryukyuan people. Former Japanese Prime Minister Tarō Asō has once described Japan as being a nation of "one race, one civilization, one language and one culture".^[166]

Japan has the second longest overall life expectancy at birth of any country in the world: 83.5 years for persons born in the period 2010–2015.^[17]^[18] The Japanese population is rapidly aging as a result of a post–World War II baby boom followed by a decrease in birth rates. In 2012, about 24.1 percent of the population was over 65, and the proportion is projected to rise to almost 40 percent by 2050.^[167]

The changes in demographic structure have created a number of social issues, particularly a potential decline in workforce population and increase in the cost of social security benefits like the public pension plan.^[168] A growing number of younger Japanese are not marrying or remain childless.^[169] In 2011, Japan's population dropped for a fifth year, falling by 204,000 people to 126.24 million people. This was the greatest decline since at least 1947, when comparable figures were first compiled.^[170] This decline was made worse by the March 11 earthquake and tsunami, which killed nearly 16,000 people with approximately another 2,600 still listed as missing as of 2014.^[171]

Japan's population is expected to drop to 95 million by 2050;^[167]^[172] demographers and government planners are currently in a heated debate over how to cope with this problem.^[169] Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation's aging population.^[173]^[174] Japan accepts a steady flow of 15,000 new Japanese citizens by naturalization (帰化) per year.^[175] According to the UNHCR, in 2012 Japan accepted just 18 refugees for resettlement,^[176] while the US took in 76,000.^[177]

Japan suffers from a high suicide rate.^[178]^[179] In 2009, the number of suicides exceeded 30,000 for the twelfth straight year.^[180] Suicide is the leading cause of death for people under 30.^[181]

Religion

The torii of Itsukushima Shrine near Hiroshima, one of the Three Views of Japan and a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Japan has full religious freedom based on Article 20 of its Constitution. Upper estimates suggest that 84–96 percent of the Japanese population subscribe to Buddhism or Shinto, including a large number of followers of a syncretism of both religions.^[2]^[182] However, these estimates are based on people affiliated with a temple, rather than the number of true believers. Other studies have suggested that only 30 percent of the population identify themselves as belonging to a religion.^[183] According to Edwin Reischauer and Marius Jansen, some 70–80% of the Japanese do not consider themselves believers in any religion.^[184]

Nevertheless, the level of participation remains high, especially during festivals and occasions such as the first shrine visit of the New Year. Taoism and Confucianism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs.^[185] Japanese streets are decorated on Tanabata, Obon and Christmas. Fewer than one percent of Japanese are Christian.^[186] Other minority religions include Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Judaism, and since the mid-19th century numerous new religious movements have emerged in Japan.^[187]

Languages

More than 99 percent of the population speaks Japanese as their first language.^[2] Japanese is an agglutinative language distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary indicating the relative status of speaker and listener. Japanese writing uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets of kana (syllabaries based on cursive script and radical of kanji), as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals.^[188]

Besides Japanese, the Ryukyuan languages (Amami, Kunigami, Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni), also part of the Japonic language family, are spoken in the Ryukyu Islands chain. Few children learn these languages,^[189] but in recent years the local governments have sought to increase awareness of the traditional languages. The Okinawan Japanese dialect is also spoken in the region. The Ainu language, which has no proven relationship to Japanese or any other language, is moribund, with only a few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaido.^[190] Public and private schools generally require students to take Japanese language classes as well as English language courses.^[191]^[192]

Education

Announcement of the results of the entrance examinations to the University of Tokyo

Primary schools, secondary schools and universities were introduced in 1872 as a result of the Meiji Restoration.^[193] Since 1947, compulsory education in Japan comprises elementary and middle school, which together last for nine years (from age 6 to age 15). Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior high school, and, according to the MEXT, as of 2005^[update] about 75.9 percent of high school graduates attended a university, junior college, trade school, or other higher education institution.^[194]

The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University.^[195]^[196] The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of Japanese 15-year-olds as sixth best in the world.^[197]

Health

In Japan, health care is provided by national and local governments. Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health insurance system that provides relative equality of access, with fees set by a government committee. People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments. Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored insurance.^[198] Patients are free to select the physicians or facilities of their choice.^[199]

Culture

Kinkaku-ji or 'The Temple of the Golden Pavilion' in Kyoto, Special Historic Site, Special Place of Scenic Beauty, and UNESCO World Heritage Site; its torching by a monk in 1950 is the subject of a novel by Mishima.

Japanese culture has evolved greatly from its origins. Contemporary culture combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. Traditional Japanese arts include crafts such as ceramics, textiles, lacquerware, swords and dolls; performances of bunraku, kabuki, noh, dance, and rakugo; and other practices, the tea ceremony, ikebana, martial arts, calligraphy, origami, onsen, Geisha and games. Japan has a developed system for the protection and promotion of both tangible and intangible Cultural Properties and National Treasures.^[200] Nineteen sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, fifteen of which are of cultural significance.^[96]

Art

19th-century Ukiyo-e woodblock printing The Great Wave off Kanagawa, one of the best recognized works of Japanese art in the world.

The Shrines of Ise have been celebrated as the prototype of Japanese architecture.^[201] Largely of wood, traditional housing and many temple buildings see the use of tatami mats and sliding doors that break down the distinction between rooms and indoor and outdoor space.^[202] Japanese sculpture, largely of wood, and Japanese painting are among the oldest of the Japanese arts, with early figurative paintings dating back to at least 300 BC. The history of Japanese painting exhibits synthesis and competition between native Japanese aesthetics and adaptation of imported ideas.^[203]

The interaction between Japanese and European art has been significant: for example ukiyo-e prints, which began to be exported in the 19th century in the movement known as Japonism, had a significant influence on the development of modern art in the West, most notably on post-Impressionism.^[203] Famous ukiyo-e artists include Hokusai and Hiroshige. The fusion of traditional woodblock printing and Western art led to the creation of manga, a comic book format that is now popular within and outside Japan.^[204] Manga-influenced animation for television and film is called anime. Japanese-made video game consoles have been popular since the 1980s.^[205]

Music

Japanese music is eclectic and diverse. Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the 9th and 10th centuries. The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the 14th century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth.^[206] Western classical music, introduced in the late 19th century, now forms an integral part of Japanese culture. The imperial court ensemble Gagaku has influenced the work of some modern Western composers.^[207]

Notable classical composers from Japan include Toru Takemitsu and Rentarō Taki. Popular music in post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European trends, which has led to the evolution of J-pop, or Japanese popular music.^[208] Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity in Japan. A 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional pursuits such as flower arranging (ikebana) or tea ceremonies.^[209]

Literature

12th-century illustrated handscroll of The Tale of Genji, a National Treasure

The earliest works of Japanese literature include the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki chronicles and the Man'yōshū poetry anthology, all from the 8th century and written in Chinese characters.^[210]^[211] In the early Heian period, the system of phonograms known as kana (Hiragana and Katakana) was developed. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative.^[212] An account of Heian court life is given in The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu is often described as the world's first novel.^[213]^[214]

During the Edo period, the chōnin ("townspeople") overtook the samurai aristocracy as producers and consumers of literature. The popularity of the works of Saikaku, for example, reveals this change in readership and authorship, while Bashō revivified the poetic tradition of the Kokinshū with his haikai (haiku) and wrote the poetic travelogue Oku no Hosomichi.^[215] The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms as Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Yukio Mishima and, more recently, Haruki Murakami. Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors—Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburō Ōe (1994).^[212]

Cuisine

Breakfast at a ryokan or inn

Japanese cuisine is based on combining staple foods, typically Japanese rice or noodles, with a soup and okazu — dishes made from fish, vegetable, tofu and the like – to add flavor to the staple food. In the early modern era ingredients such as red meats that had previously not been widely used in Japan were introduced. Japanese cuisine is known for its emphasis on seasonality of food,^[216] quality of ingredients and presentation. Japanese cuisine offers a vast array of regional specialties that use traditional recipes and local ingredients. The Michelin Guide has awarded restaurants in Japan more Michelin stars than the rest of the world combined.^[217]

Sports

Sumo wrestlers form around the referee during the ring-entering ceremony

Traditionally, sumo is considered Japan's national sport.^[218] Japanese martial arts such as judo, karate and kendo are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country. After the Meiji Restoration, many Western sports were introduced in Japan and began to spread through the education system.^[219] Japan hosted the Summer Olympics in Tokyo in 1964. Japan has hosted the Winter Olympics twice: Sapporo in 1972 and Nagano in 1998.^[220] Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, making Tokyo the first Asian city to host the Olympics twice.^[221] Japan is the most successful Asian Rugby Union country, winning the Asian Five Nations a record 6 times and winning the newly formed IRB Pacific Nations Cup in 2011. Japan will host the 2019 IRB Rugby World Cup.^[222]

Baseball is currently the most popular spectator sport in the country. Japan's top professional league, now known as Nippon Professional Baseball, was established in 1936.^[223] Since the establishment of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992, association football has also gained a wide following.^[224] Japan was a venue of the Intercontinental Cup from 1981 to 2004 and co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea.^[225] Japan has one of the most successful football teams in Asia, winning the Asian Cup four times.^[226] Also, Japan recently won the FIFA Women's World Cup in 2011.^[227] Golf is also popular in Japan,^[228] as are forms of auto racing like the Super GT series and Formula Nippon.^[229] The country has produced one NBA player, Yuta Tabuse.^[230]

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^ ^a ^b Arrowsmith, Rupert Richard (2010). Modernism and the Museum: Asian, African, and Pacific Art and the London Avant-Garde. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959369-9.
^ "A History of Manga". NMP International. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
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^ Malm, William P. (2000). Traditional Japanese music and musical instruments (New ed.). Kodansha International. pp. 31–45. ISBN 978-4-7700-2395-7.
^ See for example, Olivier Messiaen, Sept haïkaï (1962), (Olivier Messiaen: a research and information guide, Routledge, 2008, By Vincent Perez Benitez, page 67) and (Messiaen the Theologian, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2010, page 243-65, By Andrew Shenton)
^ Campion, Chris (August 22, 2005). "J-Pop History". The Observer (London). Retrieved April 1, 2007.
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^ Keene, Donald (2000). Seeds in the Heart: Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11441-7.
^ "Asian Studies Conference, Japan (2000)". Meiji Gakuin University. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
^ ^a ^b "Windows on Asia—Literature : Antiquity to Middle Ages: Recent Past". Michigan State University. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 126–127. ISBN 1-4051-2359-1.
^ Royall, Tyler, ed. (2003). The Tale of Genji. Penguin Classics. pp. i–ii, xii. ISBN 0-14-243714-X.
^ Keene, Donald (1999). World Within Walls: Japanese Literature of the Pre-Modern Era, 1600–1867. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11467-7.
^ "A Day in the Life: Seasonal Foods", The Japan Forum Newsletter No.September 14, 1999.
^ 「ミシュランガイド東京・横浜・鎌倉2011」を発行　三つ星が14軒、二つ星が54軒、一つ星が198軒に (in Japanese). Michelin Japan. November 24, 2010. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
^ "Sumo: East and West". PBS. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
^ "Culture and Daily Life". Embassy of Japan in the UK. Archived from the original on March 17, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
^ "Olympic History in Japan". Japanese Olympic Committee. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
^ IOC selects Tokyo as host of 2020 Summer Olympic Games
^ "rugbyworldcup.com". Retrieved November 1, 2013.
^ Nagata, Yoichi; Holway, John B. (1995). "Japanese Baseball". In Palmer, Pete. Total Baseball (4th ed.). Viking Press. p. 547.
^ "Soccer as a Popular Sport: Putting Down Roots in Japan" (PDF). The Japan Forum. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
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^ Varcoe, Fred. "Japanese Golf Gets Friendly". Metropolis. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
^ Clarke, Len. "Japanese Omnibus: Sports". Metropolis. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
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External links

Find more about Japan at Wikipedia's sister projects
	Definitions from Wiktionary
	Media from Commons
	News stories from Wikinews
	Textbooks from Wikibooks
	Learning resources from Wikiversity

Government

Kantei.go.jp, official site of the Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet
Kunaicho.go.jp, official site of the Imperial House
National Diet Library
Public Relations Office

Tourism

Japan National Tourist Organization
Japan travel guide from Wikivoyage

General information

Japan entry at The World Factbook
Japan from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Japan at DMOZ
Japan profile from BBC News
Energy Profile for Japan from the US Energy Information Administration
Japan from the OECD
Key Development Forecasts for the Japan from International Futures

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Fukuda N1, Kaishima M2, Ishii J3, Kondo A2, Honda S4.
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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 79」「Japanese」「日本」
拡張検索	「Japan Society for Clinical Laboratory Automation」「Research Development Corporation of Japan」「Japan Neurosurgical Society」

「100Cases 79」

Japan
Japan; 日本国; Nippon-koku; Nihon-koku;
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Demonym	Japanese
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Formation
Area
Population
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　　[★]

☆case79　混乱

79歳　女性

主訴：混乱

現病歴：5年前より高血圧と診断され薬物で加療中であった。混乱がひどくなってきたと訴え娘と来院。娘の話では3週間前より混乱の症状が始まっており、以前は認知機能に問題は無かった。患者は食欲の減退、頭痛、筋痙攣(muscle cramp)も訴えていた。高血圧の治療は診断時よりアテノロールを服用していたが四肢の冷感をうったえて2ヶ月前に中止、ベンドロフルメチアジド1日2.5mgに切り替え特に問題なかった。

生活歴：単身であり、近くに娘が住んでいる。

嗜好歴：飲酒、喫煙共に無し。

服用薬：服用薬無し。近所の薬品屋で購入したビタミン剤は飲んでいる。

身体所見 examination

　皮膚のツルゴール正常。脈拍 80/分、整。血圧 146/90 mmHg。頚静脈圧：正常。異常心音認めず。末梢の浮腫無し。呼吸器系、消化器系異常なし。abbreviated mental test scoreは6/10。時間と場所の見当識無し。局所神経症状無し。眼底に銀線動脈とarteriovenous nippingを認める。乳頭浮腫は認めない。

検査所見 investigations

　低ナトリウム血症、軽度の低カリウム血症、クレアチニン軽度低下、尿浸透圧低下。

問診(S)

　混乱(程度は次第に重度に)

　食欲減退

　頭痛

　筋痙攣

　高血圧

　アテノロール服用(5年前より2ヶ月前まで。服用により四肢が出る)中止後、ベンドロフルメチアジド服用

身体所見(O)

　高血圧(146/90mmg)　→　Japanの基準だとI度高血圧(YN.C-162)

　abbreviated mental test score: 6/10　→　認知症/譫妄疑い

　眼底にsilver-wiringとarteriovenous nippingを認め乳頭浮腫を認めない (YN.C-165)

　(陰性所見)

　ツルゴールは正常　→　脱水を否定

　高血圧以外の循環器疾患は否定的？、呼吸器、消化器系は正常らしい

　場所にと時間に関する見当識がないのでJCSだと2

　局所神経症状なし　→　中枢神経系の疾患は考えづらい？

検査(O)

　低ナトリウム血症、軽度の低カリウム血症、クレアチニン軽度低下、尿浸透圧低下。

----------------

■チアジド系利尿薬

　・副作用は？

　　低カリウム血症、耐糖能低下、高尿酸血症、高カリウム血症、アルカローシス、GFR↓。(YN.C-62)

　・禁忌は？

　　無尿、腎不全、糖尿病、高脂血症。(YN.C-62)

　・特徴(医学用語辞典より)

　　・降圧利尿薬として本態性高血圧症に対する第一選択薬の1つとして用いられる。

　　・有効率が高いこと、至適用量の個人差が少ないこと、効果の発現が緩徐で過度の降圧を来さないことなどの利点を有している。

　・ベンドロフルメチアジド　bendroflumethiazide

　　チアジド系利尿薬の一種

■アテノロール(YN.C-64)

　・β1選択性β遮断薬。

　・心臓のβ1受容体に選択的に作用し、本態性高血圧症、狭心症、頻脈性不整脈に対して有用性が認められている。

■学習事項

　・混乱(confusion)をきたす疾患を鑑別してみよう

■abbreviated mental test score (en wikipediaより)

　・1972年にHodkinsonが老人の認知症の可能性について、迅速に評価できる手法として紹介。

　・認知症以外にも、混乱や認知機能障害の評価にも使われている。

　・10の項目があって、答えられると1点。6点以下でdelirium(譫妄)やdementia(認知症)が疑われる。

　・年齢、今何時、住所を覚えてもらい最後に聞く、今何年、病院名/家の住所、二人の人の認知、誕生日、世界大戦が始まった年、現在の王？の名前、20から1までカウントダウン

■診断

　利尿薬による低ナトリウム血症

　　利尿剤による低ナトリウム血症は治療開始後2,3週間以内に起こりやすい。

　　NSAIDも服用している老年女性に多い(NSAIDは水の排泄を抑制)

　　　メカニズム？：NSAIDはプロスタグランジンの生成を阻害　→　レニン分泌↓　→　輸出細動脈は拡張したまま　→　GFR低下　→　水の排泄がうまくいかないのだろうか。

■血漿浸透圧を計算してみよう

　2 x ([Na+] + [K+]) + [urea] + [glucose] [単位:mOsmol/kg]

■低ナトリウム血症(YN.D-138)

「Japanese」

　　[★]

n.

日本人、日本語

adj.

日本の

関: Asian、Chinese、Japan

「日本」

　　[★]

英: Japan、Japanese
関: 日本語、日本人

「Japan Society for Clinical Laboratory Automation」

　　[★] 日本臨床検査自動化学会

「Research Development Corporation of Japan」

　　[★]

新技術事業団

関: JRDC

「Japan Neurosurgical Society」

　　[★] 日本脳神経外科学会

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v t e Largest cities or towns in Japan 2010 Census
	Rank	Name	Prefecture	Pop.	Rank	Name	Prefecture	Pop.
Tōkyō Yokohama	1	Tōkyō	Tōkyō	8,949,447	11	Hiroshima	Hiroshima	1,174,209	Ōsaka Nagoya
	2	Yokohama	Kanagawa	3,689,603	12	Sendai	Miyagi	1,045,903
	3	Ōsaka	Ōsaka	2,666,371	13	Kitakyūshū	Fukuoka	977,288
	4	Nagoya	Aichi	2,263,907	14	Chiba	Chiba	962,130
	5	Sapporo	Hokkaidō	1,914,434	15	Sakai	Ōsaka	842,134
	6	Kōbe	Hyōgo	1,544,873	16	Niigata	Niigata	812,192
	7	Kyōto	Kyōto	1,474,473	17	Hamamatsu	Shizuoka	800,912
	8	Fukuoka	Fukuoka	1,463,826	18	Kumamoto	Kumamoto	734,294
	9	Kawasaki	Kanagawa	1,425,678	19	Sagamihara	Kanagawa	717,561
	10	Saitama	Saitama	1,222,910	20	Shizuoka	Shizuoka	716,328

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