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drug (trade name Isuprel) used to treat bronchial asthma and to stimulate the heart (同)Isuprel
the 9th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)i

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iodineの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/11 13:34:39」(JST)

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「ISO」はこの項目へ転送されています。その他の用法については「ISO (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。

国際標準化機構（こくさいひょうじゅんかきこう、International Organization for Standardization、略称: ISO（イソ、アイソ、ISOアイエスオー））は、電気分野を除く工業分野の国際的な標準である国際規格を策定するための非政府組織。スイスジュネーヴに本部を置き、スイス民法による非営利法人である。公用語は英語・フランス語・ロシア語。各国1機関が参加できる。国際標準化機構が出版した国際規格 (IS) もISOと呼ぶ。

概要

国際規格を支える仕組みとしては、メートル条約に基づく国際単位系(SI)と、国家計量標準の同等性の承認及び校正証明書を相互に承認する仕組みがある。相互承認は、「計測及び計量標準の分野における協力に関する日本国通商産業省工業技術院（AIST）とアメリカ合衆国商務省国立標準技術研究所（NIST）との間の実施取決め」のように二国間での取り決めがある。またWTO/TBT協定は、規制・規格が各国で異なると、産品の国際貿易の技術的障害(Technical Barriers to Trade)を、できるだけなくそうとするために国際規格を尊重することを規定している。この２つの国際的な取り決めが、国際標準化機構の存在根拠となっている。

国際標準化機構という名称を略称で表そうとしたとき、言語によって異なる略称になる（英語ではIOS、フランス語ではOINなど）。そこでギリシア語のイソス（isos 均等、均質）にちなみ、言語や地域によらない短縮名としてISOを選んだ。どういう読みをするかは、各言語で自由であり、ここで言う短縮名と「かしら文字語 (acronym)」を混同して、アイソ、アイエスオーと読む習慣がある。

国際標準化機構で策定された国際規格 (IS; International Standard) は、“ISO NNNNN-P:YYYY”という形式で識別する。“NNNNN”は5けた以内の規格番号である。複数の部(part)がない規格は”−P"がない。複数の部 (part) からなる規格は、部番号“-P”をもち、省略すると複数の部全体を表す。“:YYYY”は制定年または改定年であり、改定年を問題にしないときは省略してもよい。IECと協同で策定しているDirectives、及びI7000シリーズは、“ISO/IEC NNNNN-P:YYYY”という形式で表す。IECとの合同委員会(JTC1: Joint Technical Committee one)で共同で策定した情報工学(Information Technology)分野の規格は、“ISO/IEC NNNNN-P:YYYY”という形式で表す。IS規格ではない場合、一般仕様書 (PAS)、技術仕様書 (TS)、技術報告書 (TR) などの略称を付ける。

沿革

1947年活動停止状態にあった万国規格統一協会 (ISA) を発展させ、2月に設立。
1952年日本から日本工業標準調査会 (JISC) が加盟。

参加機関

ISO会員国の地図。■緑がメンバー国 (members)。■黒は非会員国。
■黄色は標準活動がまだ進展していない国 (correspondent members)。

■赤は経済活動が非常に小規模な国 (subscriber members)^[1]。

日本日本工業標準調査会 (JISC)
米国アメリカ規格協会 (ANSI)
英国 BSI
フランス AFNOR
ドイツ DIN
中国中国国家標準化管理委員会 (SAC)
韓国韓国技術標準院 (KATS)
ニュージーランドニュージーランド規格協会 (SNZ)
インドネシアインドネシア国家標準局 (BSN)
ベトナムベトナム標準・品質局 (TCVN)
カザフスタンカザフスタン標準化・計量・認証国家委員会 (KAZMEMST)
ヨルダンヨルダン標準・計量協会 (JISM)
レバノンレバノン規格協会 (LIBNOR)
ケニアケニア標準局 (KEBS)

技術委員会と担当規格

ISOは主要な産業分野の標準化を、「技術委員会 (Technical Committee、日本工業標準調査会では「専門委員会」の訳を用いている。)」の下で行う。TCは"TC 1"（ネジ）や"TC 2"（ボルト・ナット類）から"TC 229"（ナノテクノロジー）まであり（一部は廃止・休止中）、さらに"TC 230"から"TC 243"（一般消費者向け製品の安全性）まではプロジェクト委員会 (Project Committee) という形態をとっている。プロジェクト委員会は特殊分野において、1つか2つの規格しか発行せず、規格作成が終了したらすぐに解散する。その設立にはISOにおけるTC設立の投票が不要である。

これらの技術委員会のうち、"TC 97"（情報分野）については、国際電気標準会議 (IEC) と標準化の範囲が重複するので、標準化活動をIECと合同で行うこととし、1987年に改組しISO/IEC JTC 1となった。情報技術の発展と共にJTC 1の組織は肥大化し、現在は全ISO規格の1割近くを担うまでに至っている（JTC1の活動と規格については別途参照）。JTC 1が担当する規格の多くは、"ISO/IEC"で始まる規格番号をもつ（ただしISO 9660のように、JTC 1が設立して以来、改正されていない規格は除く）。

電気分野の標準化はISOでは行わず、専ら国際電気標準会議 (IEC) が策定する。ただし自動車のようにISO側にTCがある製品の電気部品に関連する規格をISO側で策定することもある。また、通信分野の標準化は万国電信条約にもとづいて国際電気通信連合(ITU)で策定することがある。

以下に技術委員会の一覧と、各委員会が作成した著名な規格を示す。（JTC 1の規格については専用項目を参照）

[技術委員会の一覧]

TC番号	TC名称	英語名	活動状態（2007年）	日本（2007年）	主な規格
1	ねじ	Screw threads		Pメンバー
2	締結用部品	Fasteners		Pメンバー
3			廃止
4	転がり軸受	Rolling bearings		Pメンバー
5	金属管及び管継手	Ferrous metal pipes and metallic fittings		Pメンバー
6	紙、板紙及びパルプ	Paper, board and pulps		Pメンバー
7			廃止
8	船舶及び海洋技術	Ships and marine technology		幹事国
9			廃止
10	製図、製品の確定方法、関連文書	Technical product documentation		Pメンバー
11	ボイラ及び圧力容器	Boilers and pressure vessels		Pメンバー
12	量、単位、記号、換算率及び換算量	Quantities, units, symbols, conversion factors		Pメンバー
13			廃止
14	機械の軸及び附属品	Shafts for machinery and accessories
15			廃止
16			廃止
17	鋼	Steel		幹事国
18	亜鉛及び亜鉛合金	Zinc and zinc alloys - STANDBY		Pメンバー
19	標準数	Preferred numbers - STANDBY	休止
20	航空機及び宇宙機	Aircraft and space vehicles		Pメンバー
21	消防器具	Equipment for fire protection and fire fighting		Pメンバー
22	自動車	Road vehicles		Pメンバー
23	農業用トラクタ及び機械	Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry
24	ふるい、ふるい分け及びふるい分け法以外の粒子径測定方法	Particle characterization including sieving		Pメンバー
25	鋳鉄	Cast irons and pig irons
26	銅及び銅合金	Copper and copper alloys		Pメンバー
27	固体燃料	Solid mineral fuels		Pメンバー
28	石油製品及び潤滑油	Petroleum products and lubricants		Pメンバー
29	工具	Small tools		Pメンバー
30	管路における流量測定	Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits		Pメンバー
31	タイヤ、リム及びタイヤバルブ	Tyres, rims and valves		Pメンバー
32			廃止
33	耐火物	Refractories		Pメンバー
34	農産食品	Food products		Pメンバー
35	ペイント及びワニス	Paints and varnishes		Pメンバー
36	映画	Cinematography		Pメンバー
37	専門用語、言語、内容の情報資源	Terminology and other language and content resources		Pメンバー
38	繊維	Textiles		幹事国
39	工作機械	Machine tools		Pメンバー
40			廃止
41	プーリ及びベルト（Vベルトを含む）	Pulleys and belts (including veebelts)		Pメンバー
42	写真	Photography		Pメンバー
43	音響	Acoustics		Pメンバー
44	溶接	Welding and allied processes		Pメンバー
45	ゴム及び製品	Rubber and rubber products		Pメンバー
46	情報とドキュメンテーション	Information and documentation		Pメンバー
47	化学	Chemistry		幹事国
48	実験用装置	Laboratory equipment
49			廃止
50			廃止
51	ユニットロード用パレット	Pallets for unit load method of materials handling		Pメンバー
52	小形金属缶	Light gauge metal containers
53			廃止
54	精油	Essential oils
55			廃止
56			廃止
57			廃止
58	ガス容器	Gas cylinders		Pメンバー
59	ビルディングコンストラクション	Building construction		Pメンバー
60	歯車	Gears		Pメンバー
61	プラスチック	Plastics		Pメンバー
62			廃止
63	ガラス容器	Glass containers
64			廃止
65			廃止
66			廃止
67	石油・石油化学及び天然ガス工業用材料及び装置	Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries		Pメンバー
68	ファイナンシャルサービス	Financial services		Pメンバー
69	統計的方法の適用	Applications of statistical methods		Pメンバー
70	往復動内燃機関	Internal combustion engines		Pメンバー
71	コンクリート、鉄筋コンクリート及びプレストレストコンクリート	Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete		Pメンバー
72	繊維機械及び附属品	Textile machinery and accessories		Pメンバー
73			廃止
74	セメント及び石灰	Cement and lime		Pメンバー
75			廃止
76	医療用輸血装置	Transfusion, infusion and injection equipment for medical and pharmaceutical use
77	繊維強化セメント製品	Products in fibre reinforced cement		Pメンバー
78			廃止
79	軽金属及び同合金	Light metals and their alloys		Pメンバー
80			廃止
81	農薬の名称	Common names for pesticides and other agrochemicals		Pメンバー
82	鉱山	Mining - STANDBY
83	スポーツ用品及びレジャー用品	Sports and recreational equipment
84	医療用注射器及び注射針	Devices for administration of medicinal products and intravascular catheters
85	原子力	Nuclear energy		Pメンバー
86	冷凍技術及び空気調和技術	Refrigeration and air-conditioning		Pメンバー
87	コルク	Cork
88			廃止
89	木質系パネル	Wood-based panels		Pメンバー
90			廃止
91	界面活性剤	Surface active agents		Pメンバー
92	火災安全	Fire safety		Pメンバー
93	でん粉（同製品及び副産物を含む）	Starch (including derivatives and by-products)
94	個人安全―保護衣及び保護具	Personal safety -- Protective clothing and equipment		Pメンバー
95			廃止
96	クレーン及び関連装置	Cranes		Pメンバー
97			廃止
98	構造物の設計の基本	Bases for design of structures		Pメンバー
99			廃止
100	伝動用及びコンベア用チェーン並びにスプロケット	Chains and chain sprockets for power transmission and conveyors		Pメンバー
101	連続搬送装置（コンベアホイスト）	Continuous mechanical handling equipment
102	鉄鉱石及び還元鉄	Iron ore and direct reduced iron		幹事国
103			廃止
104	貨物コンテナ	Freight containers		Pメンバー
105	ワイヤロープ	Steel wire ropes		Pメンバー
106	歯科	Dentistry		Pメンバー
107	金属及び無機質皮膜	Metallic and other inorganic coatings		Pメンバー
108	機械振動及び衝撃	Mechanical vibration, shock and condition monitoring		Pメンバー
109	オイルバーナ及び附属装置	Oil and gas burners		Pメンバー
110	産業車両	Industrial trucks		Pメンバー
111	巻上げ用リンクチェーン、フック及び附属品	Round steel link chains, chain slings, components and accessories		Pメンバー
112	真空技術	Vacuum technology		Pメンバー
113	開水路における流量測定	Hydrometry		Pメンバー
114	時計	Horology		Pメンバー
115	ポンプ	Pumps		Pメンバー
116	暖房装置	Space heating appliances - STANDBY	休止
117	工業用送風機	Industrial fans
118	圧縮機、空気圧工具、空気圧機械、空気圧装置	Compressors and pneumatic tools, machines and equipment
119	粉末冶金材料及び製品	Powder metallurgy		Pメンバー
120	皮革	Leather
121	麻酔装置及び人工呼吸器関連装置	Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment		Pメンバー
122	包装	Packaging		幹事国
123	平軸受	Plain bearings		Pメンバー
124			廃止
125			廃止
126	タバコ及びタバコ製品	Tobacco and tobacco products		Pメンバー
127	土工機械	Earth-moving machinery		Pメンバー
128	ガラス工場、パイプライン及び付属物	Glass plant, pipeline and fittings - STANDBY	休止
129	アルミニウム鉱石及び鉱物	Aluminium ores - STANDBY	休止
130	印刷技術	Graphic technology		Pメンバー
131	油圧・空気圧システム及び要素機器	Fluid power systems		Pメンバー
132	フェロアロイ	Ferroalloys		Pメンバー
133	衣料品のサイズシステムと表示	Sizing systems and designations for clothes - STANDBY	休止	Pメンバー
134	肥料及び土壌改良剤	Fertilizers and soil conditioners	休止
135	非破壊試験	Non-destructive testing		幹事国
136	家具	Furniture		Pメンバー
137	靴の寸法、名称及び表示	Footwear sizing designations and marking systems	休止
138	流体輸送用プラスチック管、継手及びバルブ類	Plastics pipes, fittings and valves for the transport of fluids		幹事国
139			廃止
140			廃止
141			廃止
142	空気及びその他のガスの清浄装置	Cleaning equipment for air and other gases		Pメンバー
143			廃止
144	空気供給及び拡散	Air distribution and air diffusion - STANDBY	休止
145	図記号	Graphical symbols		Pメンバー
146	大気の質	Air quality		Pメンバー
147	水質	Water quality		Pメンバー
148	ミシン	Sewing machines		Pメンバー
149	自転車	Cycles		Pメンバー
150	外科用体内埋没材	Implants for surgery		Pメンバー
151			廃止
152	ギプス、ギプス用石こう及びギプス用品	Gypsum, gypsum plasters and gypsum products - STANDBY	休止
153	バルブ	Valves		Pメンバー
154	行政・商業・工業用書式及び記載項目	Processes, data elements and documents in commerce, industry and administration		Pメンバー
155	ニッケル及びニッケル合金	Nickel and nickel alloys		Pメンバー
156	金属及び金属の腐食	Corrosion of metals and alloys		Pメンバー
157	避妊具	Mechanical contraceptives		Pメンバー
158	ガス分析	Analysis of gases
159	人間工学	Ergonomics		Pメンバー
160	建築用ガラス	Glass in building		Pメンバー
161	熱発生装置の制御及び安全装置	Control and protective devices for gas and oil burners and gas and oil burning appliances		Pメンバー
162	ドア及び窓	Doors and windows		幹事国
163	建築環境における熱的性能とエネルギー使用	Thermal performance and energy use in the built environment		Pメンバー
164	金属の機械試験	Mechanical testing of metals		幹事国
165	木質構造	Timber structures		Pメンバー
166	食卓用陶磁器・ガラス器	Ceramic ware, glassware and glass ceramic ware in contact with food - STANDBY		Pメンバー
167	鋼構造及びアルミニウム構造	Steel and aluminium structures		Pメンバー
168	義肢及び装具	Prosthetics and orthotics		Pメンバー
169			廃止
170	外科用器具	Surgical instruments
171	文書画像アプリケーション	Document management applications		Pメンバー
172	光学及び光学機器	Optics and photonics		Pメンバー
173	福祉用具	Assistive products for persons with disability		Pメンバー
174	ジュエリー	Jewellery		Pメンバー
175	ほたる石	Fluorspar - STANDBY	休止	Pメンバー
176	品質管理及び品質保証	Quality management and quality assurance		Pメンバー	ISO 9000
177	キャラバン	Caravans
178	リフト（エレベーター）・エスカレータ及び動く歩道	Lifts, escalators and moving walks		Pメンバー
179	組石造	Masonry - STANDBY	休止
180	太陽エネルギー	Solar energy
181	おもちゃの安全性	Safety of toys		Pメンバー
182	地盤工学	Geotechnics		Pメンバー
183	銅・鉛及び亜鉛及びニッケルの鉱石並びに精鉱	Copper, lead, zinc and nickel ores and concentrates		Pメンバー
184	産業オートメーションシステム及びインテグレーション	Industrial automation systems and integration		Pメンバー
185	超過圧力に対する保護用安全機器	Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure		Pメンバー
186	刃物類及び金属製卓上用・装飾用容器	Cutlery and table and decorative metal hollow-ware
187			廃止
188	スモールクラフト	Small craft		Pメンバー
189	陶磁器質タイル	Ceramic tile		Pメンバー
190	地盤環境	Soil quality		Pメンバー
191	人道的わな	Animal (mammal) traps - STANDBY	休止
192	ガスタービン	Gas turbines		Pメンバー
193	天然ガス	Natural gas
194	医用・歯科用材料及び機器の生物学的評価	Biological evaluation of medical devices		Pメンバー
195	建設用機械と装置	Building construction machinery and equipment		Pメンバー
196	装飾用宝石	Natural stone - STANDBY	休止
197	水素技術	Hydrogen technologies		Pメンバー
198	ヘルスケア製品の滅菌	Sterilization of health care products		Pメンバー
199	機械類の安全性	Safety of machinery		Pメンバー	ISO 12100
200			廃止
201	表面化学分析	Surface chemical analysis		幹事国
202	マイクロビーム分析	Microbeam analysis		Pメンバー
203	技術エネルギーシステム	Technical energy systems		Pメンバー
204	高度道路交通システム (ITS)	Intelligent transport systems		Pメンバー
205	建築環境設計	Building environment design		Pメンバー
206	ファインセラミックス	Fine ceramics		幹事国
207	環境管理	Environmental management		Pメンバー	ISO 14000
208	産業用熱タービン	Thermal turbines for industrial application (steam turbines, gas expansion turbines) - STANDBY	休止	Pメンバー
209	クリーンルーム及び関連制御環境	Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments		Pメンバー
210	医療用具の品質管理と関連する一般事項	Quality management and corresponding general aspects for medical devices		Pメンバー
211	地理情報	Geographic information/Geomatics		Pメンバー	ISO 6709 ISO 19100
212	臨床検査及び体外診断検査システム	Clinical laboratory testing and in vitro diagnostic test systems		Pメンバー
213	製品の寸法・形状の仕様及び評価	Dimensional and geometrical product specifications and verification		Pメンバー
214	昇降式作業台	Elevating work platforms		Pメンバー
215	保健医療情報	Health informatics		Pメンバー
216	履物	Footwear
217	化粧品	Cosmetics		Pメンバー
218	木材	Timber		Pメンバー
219	床敷物	Floor coverings		Pメンバー
220	極低温容器	Cryogenic vessels
221	ジオシンセティック	Geosynthetics		Pメンバー
222	パーソナルファイナンシャルプランニング	Personal financial planning - STANDBY		Pメンバー
223	社会セキュリティ	Societal Security		Pメンバー
224	飲料水供給及び下水施設サービス	Service activities relating to drinking water supply systems and wastewater systems - Quality criteria of the service and performance indicators		Pメンバー
225	市場調査	Market, opinion and social research		Pメンバー
226	一次アルミニウム製造用材料	Materials for the production of primary aluminium
227	ばね	Springs		幹事国
228	観光及び関連サービス	Tourism and related services
229	ナノテクノロジー	Nanotechnologies		Pメンバー
230	心理分析サービス	Psychological assessment	プロジェクト委員会
231	ブランド評価	Brand valuation	プロジェクト委員会
232	非公式教育サービス	Learning services for non-formal education and training		Pメンバー
233	清掃サービス		プロジェクト委員会
234	漁業・水産・養殖	Fisheries and aquaculture
235	格付けサービス	Rating services	プロジェクト委員会
236	プロジェクトマネジメント	Project Management	プロジェクト委員会	Pメンバー
237	博覧会用語	Exhibition terminology	プロジェクト委員会	Pメンバー
238		Solid biofuels
239		Network services billing	プロジェクト委員会
240		Product recall	プロジェクト委員会
241		Road-Traffic Safety Management System	プロジェクト委員会
242		Energy Management	プロジェクト委員会
243		Consumer product safety	プロジェクト委員会

感度

写真フィルム・撮像素子の感度を表す記号として、「ISO 100」「ISO 400」などのようにも使われる。これらは、フィルムのシャッター速度に関する規格 ISO 5800（1987年版）に基づいた格付け (ISO speed rating) の数字であり、規格そのものの番号 (5800) ではない点に注意を要する。

脚注

^ ISO - ISO members

外部リンク

International Organization for Standardization
日本工業標準調査会：国際標準化
一般財団法人日本規格協会

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations.

Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promotes worldwide proprietary, industrial and commercial standards. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland,^[4] and as of 2013 works in 164 countries.^[5]

It was one of the first organizations granted general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council.

1 Overview
2 Name and abbreviations
3 History
4 Structure
- 4.1 IEC joint committees
  - 4.1.1 ISO/IEC JTC 1
  - 4.1.2 ISO/IEC JTC 2
5 Membership
6 Financing
7 International Standards and other publications
- 7.1 Document copyright
8 Standardization process
9 Products named after ISO
10 Criticism
11 See also
12 Notes and references
13 Further reading
14 External links

Overview

ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, is an independent, non-governmental organization, the members of which are the standards organization of the 164 member countries. It is the world's largest developer of voluntary international standards and facilitates world trade by providing common standards between nations. Nearly twenty thousand standards have been set covering everything from manufactured products and technology to food safety, agriculture and healthcare.^[4]

Use of the standards aids in the creation of products and services that are safe, reliable and of good quality. The standards help businesses increase productivity while minimizing errors and waste. By enabling products from different markets to be directly compared, they facilitate companies in entering new markets and assist in the development of global trade on a fair basis. The standards also serve to safeguard consumers and the end-users of products and services, ensuring that certified products conform to the minimum standards set internationally.^[4]

Name and abbreviations

The three official languages of the ISO are English, French, and Russian.^[3] The name of the organization in French is Organisation internationale de normalisation, and in Russian, Международная организация по стандартизации. According to the ISO, as its name in different languages would have different abbreviations ("IOS" in English, "OIN" in French, etc.), the organization adopted "ISO" as its abbreviated name in reference to the Greek word isos (ἴσος, meaning equal).^[6] However, during the founding meetings of the new organization, this Greek word was not evoked, so this explanation may have been imagined later.^[7]

Both the name "ISO" and the logo are registered trademarks, and their use is restricted.^[8]

History

Plaque marking the building in Prague where the ISO's predecessor, the ISA, was founded.

(Click to enlarge / read.)

The organization today known as ISO began in 1926 as the International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations (ISA). It was suspended in 1942^[9] during World War II, but after the war ISA was approached by the recently formed United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC) with a proposal to form a new global standards body. In October 1946, ISA and UNSCC delegates from 25 countries met in London and agreed to join forces to create the new International Organization for Standardization; the new organization officially began operations in February 1947.^[10]

Structure

ISO is a voluntary organization whose members are recognized authorities on standards, each one representing one country. Members meet annually at a General Assembly to discuss ISO's strategic objectives. The organization is coordinated by a Central Secretariat based in Geneva.^[11]

A Council with a rotating membership of 20 member bodies provides guidance and governance, including setting the Central Secretariat's annual budget.^[11]^[12]

The Technical Management Board is responsible for over 250 technical committees, who develop the ISO standards.^[11]^[13]^[14]^[15]

IEC joint committees

ISO has formed joint committees with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) to develop standards and terminology in the areas of electrical, electronic and related technologies.

ISO/IEC JTC 1

Information technology

ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) was created in 1987 to "[d]evelop, maintain, promote and facilitate IT standards".^[16]

ISO/IEC JTC 2

Joint Project Committee – Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources – Common terminology

ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 2 (JTC 2) was created in 2009 for the purpose of "[s]tandardization in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources".^[17]

Membership

ISO member countries with a national standards body and ISO voting rights.

Correspondent members (countries without a national standards body).

Subscriber members (countries with small economies).

Non-member countries with ISO 3166-1 codes.

ISO has 163 national members,^[2] out of the 206 total countries in the world.

ISO has three membership categories:^[2]

Member bodies are national bodies considered the most representative standards body in each country. These are the only members of ISO that have voting rights.
Correspondent members are countries that do not have their own standards organization. These members are informed about ISO's work, but do not participate in standards promulgation.
Subscriber members are countries with small economies. They pay reduced membership fees, but can follow the development of standards.

Participating members are called "P" members, as opposed to observing members, who are called "O" members.

Financing

ISO is funded by a combination of:^[18]

Organizations that manage the specific projects or loan experts to participate in the technical work.
Subscriptions from member bodies. These subscriptions are in proportion to each country's gross national product and trade figures.
Sale of standards.

International Standards and other publications

ISO's main products are international standards. ISO also publishes technical reports, technical specifications, publicly available specifications, technical corrigenda, and guides.^[19]^[20]

International standards: These are designated using the format ISO[/IEC] [/ASTM] [IS] nnnnn[-p]:[yyyy] Title, where nnnnn is the number of the standard, p is an optional part number, yyyy is the year published, and Title describes the subject. IEC for International Electrotechnical Commission is included if the standard results from the work of ISO/IEC JTC1 (the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee). ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) is used for standards developed in cooperation with ASTM International. yyyy and IS are not used for an incomplete or unpublished standard and may under some circumstances be left off the title of a published work.

Technical reports: These are issued when a technical committee or subcommittee has collected data of a different kind from that normally published as an International Standard,^[19] such as references and explanations. The naming conventions for these are the same as for standards, except TR prepended instead of IS in the report's name.
For example:

ISO/IEC TR 17799:2000 Code of Practice for Information Security Management
ISO/TR 19033:2000 Technical product documentation — Metadata for construction documentation

Technical and publicly available specifications: Technical specifications may be produced when "the subject in question is still under development or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement to publish an International Standard". A publicly available specification is usually "an intermediate specification, published prior to the development of a full International Standard, or, in IEC may be a 'dual logo' publication published in collaboration with an external organization".^[19] By convention, both types of specification are named in a manner similar to the organization's technical reports.
For example:

ISO/TS 16952-1:2006 Technical product documentation — Reference designation system — Part 1: General application rules
ISO/PAS 11154:2006 Road vehicles — Roof load carriers

Technical corrigenda: ISO also sometimes issues "technical corrigenda" (where "corrigenda" is the plural of corrigendum). These are amendments made to existing standards due to minor technical flaws, usability improvements, or limited-applicability extensions. They are generally issued with the expectation that the affected standard will be updated or withdrawn at its next scheduled review.^[19]

ISO guides

These are meta-standards covering "matters related to international standardization".^[19] They are named using the format "ISO[/IEC] Guide N:yyyy: Title".
For example:

ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and related activities — General vocabulary
ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 General requirements for bodies operating product certification

Document copyright

ISO documents are copyrighted and ISO charges for most copies. It does not, however, charge for most draft copies of documents in electronic format. Although they are useful, care must be taken using these drafts as there is the possibility of substantial change before they become finalized as standards. Some standards by ISO and its official U.S. representative (and, via the U.S. National Committee, the International Electrotechnical Commission) are made freely available.^[21]^[22]

Standardization process

A standard published by ISO/IEC is the last stage of a long process that commonly starts with the proposal of new work within a committee. Here are some abbreviations used for marking a standard with its status:^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]

PWI – Preliminary Work Item
NP or NWIP – New Proposal / New Work Item Proposal (e.g., ISO/IEC NP 23007)
AWI – Approved new Work Item (e.g., ISO/IEC AWI 15444-14)
WD – Working Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC WD 27032)
CD – Committee Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC CD 23000-5)
FCD – Final Committee Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC FCD 23000-12)
DIS – Draft International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC DIS 14297)
FDIS – Final Draft International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC FDIS 27003)
PRF – Proof of a new International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC PRF 18018)
IS – International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007)

Abbreviations used for amendments:^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]

NP Amd – New Proposal Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 15444-2:2004/NP Amd 3)
AWI Amd – Approved new Work Item Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 14492:2001/AWI Amd 4)
WD Amd – Working Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO 11092:1993/WD Amd 1)
CD Amd / PDAmd – Committee Draft Amendment / Proposed Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/CD Amd 6)
FPDAmd / DAM (DAmd) – Final Proposed Draft Amendment / Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003/FPDAmd 1)
FDAM (FDAmd) – Final Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/FDAmd 4)
PRF Amd – (e.g., ISO 12639:2004/PRF Amd 1)
Amd – Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/Amd 1:2007)

Other abbreviations:^[27]^[28]^[30]^[31]

TR – Technical Report (e.g., ISO/IEC TR 19791:2006)
DTR – Draft Technical Report (e.g., ISO/IEC DTR 19791)
TS – Technical Specification (e.g., ISO/TS 16949:2009)
DTS – Draft Technical Specification (e.g., ISO/DTS 11602-1)
PAS – Publicly Available Specification
TTA – Technology Trends Assessment (e.g., ISO/TTA 1:1994)
IWA – International Workshop Agreement (e.g., IWA 1:2005)
Cor – Technical Corrigendum (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/Cor 1:2008)
Guide – a guidance to technical committees for the preparation of standards

International Standards are developed by ISO technical committees (TC) and subcommittees (SC) by a process with six steps:^[25]^[32]

Stage 1: Proposal stage
Stage 2: Preparatory stage
Stage 3: Committee stage
Stage 4: Enquiry stage
Stage 5: Approval stage
Stage 6: Publication stage

The TC/SC may set up working groups (WG) of experts for the preparation of a working drafts. Subcommittees may have several working groups, which can have several Sub Groups (SG).^[33]

Stages in the development process of an ISO standard^[24]^[25]^[26]^[29]^[32]^[30]
Stage code	Stage	Associated document name	Abbreviations	Description Notes
00	Preliminary	Preliminary work item	PWI
10	Proposal	New work item proposal	NP or NWIP NP Amd/TR/TS/IWA
20	Preparatory	Working draft or drafts	AWI AWI Amd/TR/TS WD WD Amd/TR/TS
30	Committee	Committee draft or drafts	CD CD Amd/Cor/TR/TS PDAmd (PDAM) PDTR PDTS
40	Enquiry	Enquiry draft	DIS FCD FPDAmd DAmd (DAM) FPDISP DTR DTS	(CDV in IEC)
50	Approval	Final draft	FDIS FDAmd (FDAM) PRF PRF Amd/TTA/TR/TS/Suppl FDTR
60	Publication	International Standard	ISO TR TS IWA Amd Cor
90	Review		ISO TR TS IWA Amd Cor
95	Withdrawal

It is possible to omit certain stages, if there is a document with a certain degree of maturity at the start of a standardization project, for example a standard developed by another organization. ISO/IEC directives allow also the so-called "Fast-track procedure". In this procedure a document is submitted directly for approval as a draft International Standard (DIS) to the ISO member bodies or as a final draft International Standard (FDIS) if the document was developed by an international standardizing body recognized by the ISO Council.^[25]

The first step—a proposal of work (New Proposal) is approved at the relevant subcommittee or technical committee (e.g., SC29 and JTC1 respectively in the case of Moving Picture Experts Group - ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11). A working group (WG) of experts is set up by the TC/SC for the preparation of a working draft. When the scope of a new work is sufficiently clarified, some of the working groups (e.g., MPEG) usually make open request for proposals—known as a "call for proposals". The first document that is produced for example for audio and video coding standards is called a verification model (VM) (previously also called a "simulation and test model"). When a sufficient confidence in the stability of the standard under development is reached, a working draft (WD) is produced. This is in the form of a standard but is kept internal to working group for revision. When a working draft is sufficiently solid and the working group is satisfied that it has developed the best technical solution to the problem being addressed, it becomes committee draft (CD). If it is required, it is then sent to the P-members of the TC/SC (national bodies) for ballot.

The CD becomes final committee draft (FCD) if the number of positive votes is above the quorum. Successive committee drafts may be considered until consensus is reached on the technical content. When it is reached, the text is finalized for submission as a draft International Standard (DIS). The text is then submitted to national bodies for voting and comment within a period of five months. It is approved for submission as a final draft International Standard (FDIS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC are in favour and not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. ISO will then hold a ballot with National Bodies where no technical changes are allowed (yes/no ballot), within a period of two months. It is approved as an International Standard (IS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC is in favour and not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. After approval, only minor editorial changes are introduced into the final text. The final text is sent to the ISO Central Secretariat, which publishes it as the International Standard.^[23]^[25]

Products named after ISO

The fact that many of the ISO-created standards are ubiquitous has led, on occasion, to common use of "ISO" to describe the actual product that conforms to a standard. Some examples of this are:

Many CD images end in the file extension "ISO" to signify that they are using the ISO 9660 standard file system as opposed to another file system—hence CD images are commonly referred to as "ISOs". Virtually all computers with CD-ROM drives can read CDs that use this standard. Some DVD-ROMs also use ISO 9660 file systems.
Photographic film's sensitivity to light (its "film speed") is described by ISO 6, ISO 2240 and ISO 5800. Hence, the film's speed is often referred to as by its ISO number.
As it was originally defined in ISO 518, the flash hot shoe found on cameras is often called the "ISO shoe".

Criticism

With the exception of a small number of isolated standards,^[21] ISO standards are normally not available free of charge, but for a purchase fee,^[34] which has been seen by some as too expensive for small open source projects.^[35]

The ISO/IEC JTC1 fast-track procedures ("Fast-track" as used by OOXML and "PAS" as used by OpenDocument) have garnered criticism in relation to the standardization of Office Open XML (ISO/IEC 29500). Martin Bryan, outgoing Convenor of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34 WG1, is quoted as saying:

I would recommend my successor that it is perhaps time to pass WG1’s outstanding standards over to OASIS, where they can get approval in less than a year and then do a PAS submission to ISO, which will get a lot more attention and be approved much faster than standards currently can be within WG1.

The disparity of rules for PAS, Fast-Track and ISO committee generated standards is fast making ISO a laughing stock in IT circles. The days of open standards development are fast disappearing. Instead we are getting 'standardization by corporation'.^[36]

Computer security entrepreneur and Ubuntu investor, Mark Shuttleworth, commented on the Standardization of Office Open XML process by saying "I think it de-values the confidence people have in the standards setting process," and Shuttleworth alleged that ISO did not carry out its responsibility. He also noted that Microsoft had intensely lobbied many countries that traditionally had not participated in ISO and stacked technical committees with Microsoft employees, solution providers and resellers sympathetic to Office Open XML.

When you have a process built on trust and when that trust is abused, ISO should halt the process... ISO is an engineering old boys club and these things are boring so you have to have a lot of passion … then suddenly you have an investment of a lot of money and lobbying and you get artificial results. The process is not set up to deal with intensive corporate lobbying and so you end up with something being a standard that is not clear.^[37]

Notes and references

^ The three official full names of the ISO can be found at the beginning of the foreword sections of the PDF document: "ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and related activities — General vocabulary" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c "ISO members". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b "How to use the ISO Catalogue". ISO.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c "About ISO". ISO. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007.
^ The number of membre working countries an be found on the first page of the report. "Annual Report 2013" (PDF). ISO. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
^ "About ISO - Our name". ISO. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012.
^ "Friendship among equals" (PDF). ISO. (page 20)
^ "ISO name and logo". ISO. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012.
^ "A Brief History of ISO". University of Pittsburgh.
^ Friendship among equals - Recollections from ISO's first fifty years (PDF), International Organization for Standardization, 1997, pp. 15–18, ISBN 92-67-10260-5, archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2012
^ ^a ^b ^c "Structure and governance". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012.
^ "Council". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012.
^ "Technical committees". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012.
^ "Who develops ISO standards?". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012.
^ "Governance of technical work". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012.
^ "ISO/IEC JTC 1". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 15 December 2011.
^ "ISO/IEC JPC 2 Joint Project Committee - Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources - Common terminology". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012.
^ "General information on ISO". ISO. Archived from the original on 5 October 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e The ISO directives are published in two distinct parts:
- "ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1: Procedures for the technical work" (PDF). ISO/IEC. 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2012.
- "ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2: Rules for the structure and drafting of International Standards" (PDF). ISO/IEC. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2011.
^ ISO. "ISO/IEC Directives and ISO supplement". Archived from the original on 23 April 2005.
^ ^a ^b "Freely Available Standards". ISO. 1 February 2011.
^ "Free ANSI Standards". Archived from the original on 3 April 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c "About MPEG". chiariglione.org. Archived from the original on 21 February 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ISO. "International harmonized stage codes". Archived from the original on 12 August 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ISO. "Stages of the development of International Standards". Archived from the original on 12 August 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The ISO27k FAQ - ISO/IEC acronyms and committees". IsecT Ltd. Archived from the original on 24 November 2005.
^ ^a ^b ^c ISO (2007). "ISO/IEC Directives Supplement — Procedures specific to ISO" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ISO (2007). "List of abbreviations used throughout ISO Online". Archived from the original on 12 August 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c "US Tag Committee Handbook" (DOC). March 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ISO/IEC JTC1 (2 November 2009), Letter Ballot on the JTC 1 Standing Document on Technical Specifications and Technical Reports (PDF)
^ ISO. "ISO deliverables". Archived from the original on 12 August 2007.
^ ^a ^b ISO (2008), ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 - Procedures for the technical work, Sixth edition, 2008 (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2010
^ ISO, IEC (5 November 2009). "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29, SC 29/WG 11 Structure (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 - Coding of Moving Pictures and Audio)". Archived from the original on 28 January 2001.
^ "Shopping FAQs". ISO. Archived from the original on 5 October 2007.
^ Jelliffe, Rick (1 August 2007). "Where to get ISO Standards on the Internet free". oreillynet.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. The lack of free online availability has effectively made ISO standard irrelevant to the (home/hacker section of the) Open Source community
^ "Report on WG1 activity for December 2007 Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34/WG1 in Kyoto". iso/jtc1 sc34. Archived from the original on 12 August 2007.
^ "Ubuntu’s Shuttleworth blames ISO for OOXML’s win". ZDNet.com. 1 April 2008. Archived from the original on 4 April 2008.

External links

Official website
- Publicly Available Standards, with free access to a small subset of the standards.
- Advanced search for standards and/or projects
- Concept Database, a terminological database of ISO standards.
ISO/IEC JTC1
Certification Bodies TRA Certification
Personnel Certification

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「国際標準化機構」

International Organization for Standardization^[1]
	ISO membership (see below)
Abbreviation	ISO
Formation	23 February 1947
Type	Non-governmental organization
Purpose	International standardization
Headquarters	Geneva, Switzerland
Membership	163 members
Official languages	English; French; Russian;
Website	iso.org

　　[★]

英: International Standardization Organization, ISO, International Organization for Standardization

ISO9001：品質マネジメントシステム
ISO14001：環境マネジメントシステム

「International Organization for Standardization」

　　[★] 国際標準化機構、ISO

「I」

　　[★]

「IS」

　　[★] 挿入配列 insertion sequence

[1] ISO - ISO members

[general_vocabulary-1] The three official full names of the ISO can be found at the beginning of the foreword sections of the PDF document: "ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and related activities — General vocabulary" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2011.

[ISO_members-2] "ISO members". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015.

[languages-3] "How to use the ISO Catalogue". ISO.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007.

[About_ISO-4] "About ISO". ISO. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007.

[5] The number of membre working countries an be found on the first page of the report. "Annual Report 2013" (PDF). ISO. Retrieved 18 June 2014.

[about_iso-6] "About ISO - Our name". ISO. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012.

[iso_name-7] "Friendship among equals" (PDF). ISO. (page 20)

[iso_logo-8] "ISO name and logo". ISO. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012.

[Brief_history-9] "A Brief History of ISO". University of Pittsburgh.

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リンク元	「国際標準化機構」「International Organization for Standardization」
関連記事	「I」「IS」


ISO membership (see below)
Abbreviation	ISO
Formation	23 February 1947
Type	Non-governmental organization
Purpose	International standardization
Headquarters	Geneva, Switzerland
Membership	163 members^[2]
Official languages	English French Russian^[3]
Website	iso.org

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