ISO14001

関

環境マネジメントシステム

参考

• 1. wiki ja

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_14000

• 2.

http://www.env.go.jp/policy/j-hiroba/04-iso14001.html

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/15 10:51:12」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

ISO 14000（アイエスオーいちまんよんせん、アイソいちまんよんせん、イソいちまんよんせん）は、国際標準化機構 (ISO) が発行した環境マネジメントシステムに関する国際規格 (IS) 群の総称。ISO 14000および環境ISOと称呼するときは、主として「要求事項」を定めたISO 14001を指す。

ISO 14000シリーズは、1992年の地球サミットをきっかけとして規格の策定が始まり、1996年から発行が開始された。（より正確には、地球サミット前に創設された持続可能な開発のための経済人会議 (BCSD) が国際標準化機構に対して、環境についての国際規格の作成に取り組むよう要請を行った。）

ISO 14001

概要

ISO 14000ファミリーが支援する環境マネジメントシステム (EMS: Environmental Management Systems) が満たさなければならない事項を定めた規格がISO 14001である。

組織（企業、各種団体など）の活動・製品およびサービスによって生じる環境への影響を持続的に改善するためのシステムを構築し、そのシステムを継続的に改善していくPDCAサイクルを構築することが要求されている。この中で、有害な環境影響（環境への負荷）の低減、有益な環境影響の増大、組織の経営改善および環境経営が期待されている。ただし、環境パフォーマンスの評価に関する具体的な取決めはなく、組織は自主的にできる範囲で評価を行うことになる。

ISO 14001は、1996年9月に制定され、その後、2004年11月に規定の明確化とISO 9001との両立性という原則によって規格改定が行われた。 ISO 14001は環境マネジメントシステムが満たすべき必須事項を定めている。関連規格であるISO 14004は、ISO 14001の適用にあたって組織がいかに環境マネジメントシステムを構築するか広義で詳細な事項が示された手引きであり、拘束力はない。日本国内ではこれらに対応して、それぞれ日本工業規格 JIS Q 14001, JIS Q 14004が制定され、規格群中の他の規格もJIS化が行われている。

近年では、環境マネジメントシステムの適用範囲の拡大が見られ、組織の社会的責任 (SR: Social Responsibility) を評価する際の基準に利用されることがあり、社会的責任投資 (SRI: Socially Responsible Investment) にも関連している。また、組織内外の双方向コミュニケーションによる環境コミュニケーションが促進され、その情報は重要な企業情報として位置づけられる動向がある。

審査登録制度

組織がISO 14001に基づく環境マネジメントシステムを構築したことを社会へ伝えるには、自己宣言と、外部機関による評価が利用できる。外部機関である審査登録機関が第三者として審査登録制度に基づき組織を審査し、適合している場合は、公に証明され、登録証書が発行される。これがISO 14001の認証（審査登録）である。有効期間は審査登録機関によって異なるが、おおむね登録日から3年間である。

用語「認証」と「認定」

マネジメントシステムが規格に適合していることを審査し登録する場合には、「審査登録」または「認証」と用語を使用し、審査登録機関・審査員評価登録機関・審査員研修機関に対して用いる「認定」という用語とは区別する。

国際標準化機構内の政策開発委員会のひとつである適合性評価委員会 (CASCO) が作成した規格 (ISO/IEC 17011) に適合した「認定機関」が、適合性評価機関、すなわち「審査登録機関（認証機関）」、審査員の資格を与える「審査員評価登録機関」、審査員になるための研修を行う「審査員研修機関」の審査・認定・登録を統括する。なお、認定機関は他の認定機関と相互承認することによって適合性を保っている。日本での唯一の認定機関は日本適合性認定協会 (JAB) であり、海外の認定機関と相互承認している。

日本では、品質管理の国際規格である初期のISO 9000シリーズを不要とした国際的な背景もあり、環境問題に関して積極的な取組みが行われ、ISO 14001を認証取得した組織数は群を抜いて世界最多国である。したがって、日本は審査登録機関の市場として、海外の認定機関から認定された審査登録機関（認証機関）による進出が多く、国際通商、要求事項の翻訳解釈、各国の法的要求事項などのメリットとデメリットが数多く挙げられる。組織が審査登録または認証を必要とする場合は、対象となる項目範囲と登録の範囲を決め、審査登録機関の選択をする。

中小企業であっても、大手企業との商取引において認証の取得が要求され、取得することが珍しくなかった。企業以外でも、地方自治体など企業以外の組織が認証を受ける例も多くなり、イメージアップを企図したNPO、学校法人、宗教法人などが取得する例も見られる。ただし、認証取得していることが必ずしも適切な環境マネジメントシステムを構築していることを意味するとは限らないので、取引先などの利害関係者の評価も重要視される。

形骸化を防ぐ目的などから、この規格の認証は毎年更新を受けなければならない制度になっているので、認証を維持し続けるためには次のようなコストが毎年発生する。

• 更新審査や更新時の手数料などの事務経費
• 従業員・職員などへの教育
• 関連する設備への継続的な補修や投資

ISO 14001の内容

ISO 14000シリーズの中でも最も基本となるISO 14001（環境マネジメントシステム ― 要求事項）の主な内容は、次のとおり。

• 4.1 一般要求事項
• 4.2 環境方針
• 4.3 計画
  • 4.3.1 環境側面
  • 4.3.2 法的及びその他の要求事項
  • 4.3.3 目的、目標及び実施計画
• 4.4 実施及び運用
  • 4.4.1 資源、役割、責任及び権限
  • 4.4.2 力量、教育訓練及び自覚
  • 4.4.3 コミュニケーション
  • 4.4.4 文書類
  • 4.4.5 文書管理
  • 4.4.6 運用管理
  • 4.4.7 緊急事態への準備及び対応
• 4.5 点検
  • 4.5.1 監視及び測定
  • 4.5.2 順守評価
  • 4.5.3 不適合並びに是正処置及び予防処置
  • 4.5.4 記録の管理
  • 4.5.5 内部監査
• 4.6 マネジメントレビュー

ISO 14000ファミリー

ISO 14000規格群には、次のものがある。

• ISO 14001:2004 環境マネジメントシステム（EMS）― 要求事項及び利用の手引き
• ISO 14004:2004 環境マネジメントシステム ― 原則、システム及び支援技法の一般指針
• ISO 14015 環境マネジメント ― 用地及び組織の環境アセスメント (EASC) …… 土壌汚染に関する規格
• ISO 14020シリーズ 環境ラベル (EL)
• ISO 14030シリーズ 環境パフォーマンス評価 (EPE)
• ISO 14040シリーズ ライフサイクルアセスメント (LCA)
• ISO 14050 環境マネジメント ― 用語
• ISO 14051 環境マネジメント ― マテリアルフローコスト会計 一般枠組み
• ISO/TR 14062 環境マネジメント ― 環境適合設計 …… 技術報告書（Technical Report）として発行、JIS の TR Q 0007 に対応する。
• ISO 14063 環境マネジメント ― 環境コミュニケーション
• ISO 14064-1 温室効果ガス ― 第1部：組織における温室効果ガスの排出量及び吸収量の定量化及び報告のための仕様並びに手引
• ISO 14064-2 温室効果ガス ― 第2部：プロジェクトにおける温室効果ガスの排出量削減又は吸収量増大の定量化、監視及び報告のための仕様並びに手引
• ISO 14064-3 温室効果ガス ― 第3部：温室効果ガスに関する主張の有効化確認及び検証のための手引
• ISO 14065 温室効果ガス ― 温室効果ガスに関する認定又はその他の承認において使用される有効化確認及び検証を行う機関に対する要求事項
• ISO 14066 温室効果ガス ― 温室効果ガスに関する主張の有効化確認及び検証を行う者の力量に関する要求事項
• ISO Guide64 製品規格に環境側面を導入するための指針 …… JIS では JIS Q 0064 として制定
• ISO 19011 品質及び環境マネジメントシステム監査のための指針

ISO 14015

ISO 14015（用地及び組織の環境アセスメント）の目次は次のとおり。

• 0 序文
• 1 適用範囲
• 2 用語及び定義
  • 2.1 被評価側
  • 2.2 評価者
  • 2.3 事業への影響
  • 2.4 依頼者
  • 2.7 用地及び組織の環境アセスメント (EASO)
  • 2.9 環境事項
  • 2.11 実地探査
  • 2.13 被評価側の代表者
  • 2.14 用地
  • 2.15 妥当性確認
• 3 役割及び責任
  • 3.1 依頼者
  • 3.2 被評価側の代表者
  • 3.3 評価者
• 4 アセスメント手順
  • 4.1 一般
  • 4.2 計画作成
    • 4.2.1 一般
    • 4.2.2 アセスメントの目的
    • 4.2.3 アセスメントの範囲
    • 4.2.4 アセスメント基準
    • 4.2.5 アセスメント計画
  • 4.3 情報収集及び妥当性確認
    • 4.3.1 一般
    • 4.3.2 既存文書及び記録の検査
    • 4.3.3 活動及び物理的状態の観察
    • 4.3.4 面接調査
• 5 報告

評価の詳しい内容は、土壌第三者評価を参照のこと。

関連項目

• 環境問題関連の記事一覧
• ISO 9000
• 標準化
• 東京都市大学
• 三重大学
• 工学院大学

外部リンク

• ISO/TC207
• 国際標準化機構(ISO)の環境マネジメントシステムに関する国際規格が発行された件 平成8年
• 国際標準化機構(ISO)の環境ラベル及び宣言に関する国際規格及び技術報告書が発行された件 平成12年9月
• 国際標準化機構(ISO)の環境パフォーマンス評価に関する国際規格が発行された件 平成13年
• 国際標準化機構(ISO)の環境マネジメント―ライフサイクルアセスメントに関する国際規格が発行された件 平成14年
• 一般財団法人日本規格協会

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

ISO 14000 is a family of standards related to environmental management that exists to help organizations (a) minimize how their operations (processes, etc.) negatively affect the environment (i.e., cause adverse changes to air, water, or land); (b) comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other environmentally oriented requirements; and (c) continually improve in the above.

The current version of ISO 14001 is ISO 14001:2015 which was published in September 2015.

ISO 14000 is similar to ISO 9000 quality management in that both pertain to the process of how a product is produced, rather than to the product itself. As with ISO 9001, certification is performed by third-party organizations rather than being awarded by ISO directly. The ISO 19011 and ISO 17021 audit standards apply when audits are being performed.

The requirements of ISO 14001 are an integral part of the European Union's Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). EMAS's structure and material requirements are more demanding, mainly concerning performance improvement, legal compliance, and reporting duties.

Brief history of environmental management systems

See also: Environmental Management System

In 1992, BSI Group published the world's first environmental management systems standard, BS 7750. Prior to this, environmental management had been part of larger systems such as Responsible Care. BS 7750 supplied the template for the development of the ISO 14000 series in 1996, by the International Organization for Standardization, which has representation from committees all over the world (ISO) (Clements 1996, Brorson & Larsson, 1999). As of 2017, there are more than 300,000 certifications to ISO 14001 in 171 countries around the world.

Development of the ISO 14000 series

The ISO 14000 family includes most notably the ISO 14001 standard, which represents the core set of standards used by organizations for designing and implementing an effective Environmental Management System (EMS). Other standards included in this series are ISO 14004, which gives additional guidelines for a good EMS, and more specialized standards dealing with specific aspects of environmental management. The major objective of the ISO 14000 series of norms is "to promote more effective and efficient environmental management in organizations and to provide useful and usable tools--ones that are cost-effective, system-based, [and] flexible, and reflect the best organizations and the best organizational practices available for gathering, interpreting, and communicating environmentally relevant information".

ISO 14000 series is based on a voluntary approach to environmental regulation (Szymanski & Tiwari 2004). The series includes the ISO 14001 standard, which provides guidelines for the establishment or improvement of an EMS. The standard shares many common traits with its predecessor, ISO 9000, the international standard of quality management (Jackson 1997), which served as a model for its internal structure (National Academy Press 1999), and both can be implemented side by side. As with ISO 9000, ISO 14000 acts both as an internal management tool and as a way of demonstrating a company’s environmental commitment to its customers and clients (Boiral 2007).

Prior to the development of the ISO 14000 series, organizations voluntarily constructed their own EMSs, but this made comparisons of environmental effects between companies difficult; therefore, the universal ISO 14000 series was developed. An EMS is defined by ISO as: "part of the overall management system, that includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes, and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, and maintaining the environmental policy" (ISO 1996 cited in Federal Facilities Council Report 1999).

ISO 14001 standard

ISO 14001 sets out the criteria for an Environmental Management System (EMS). It does not state requirements for environmental performance, but maps out a framework that a company or organization can follow to set up an effective EMS. It can be used by any organization that wants to improve resource efficiency, reduce waste, and drive down costs. Using ISO 14001 can provide assurance to company management and employees as well as external stakeholders that environmental impact is being measured and improved. ISO 14001 can also be integrated with other management functions and assists companies in meeting their environmental and economic goals.

ISO 14001, as with other ISO 14000 standards, is voluntary (IISD 2010), with its main aim to assist companies in continually improving their environmental performance, while complying with any applicable legislation. Organizations are responsible for setting their own targets and performance measures, with the standard serving to assist them in meeting objectives and goals and in the subsequent monitoring and measurement of these (IISD 2010).

The standard can be applied to a variety of levels in the business, from organizational level, right down to the product and service level (RMIT university). Rather than focusing on exact measures and goals of environmental performance, the standard highlights what an organization needs to do to meet these goals (IISD 2010).

ISO 14001 is known as a generic management system standard, meaning that it is relevant to any organization seeking to improve and manage resources more effectively. This includes:

• single-site to large multi-national companies
• high-risk companies to low-risk service organizations
• manufacturing, process, and the service industries, including local governments
• all industry sectors including public and private sectors
• original equipment manufacturers and their suppliers.

All standards are periodically reviewed by ISO to ensure they still meet market requirements. The current version is ISO 14001:2015. After the revision has been published, certified organizations get a three-year transition period to adapt their environmental management system to the new edition of the standard. The new version of ISO 14001 is focusing on the improvement of environmental performance rather than to improve the management system itself.

The new ISO 14001:2015 standard has been published and includes several new updates all aimed at making environmental management more comprehensive and relevant to the supply chain. One of the main updates is to consider environmental impacts during the life cycle — although there is no requirement to actually complete a life cycle analysis. In addition the commitments of top management and the methods of evaluating compliance have also been strengthened.

Another significant change has been the linking of ISO 14001 to the general management system structure, introduced in 2015, called the High Level Structure. Both ISO 9001 and 14001 use this same structure making implementation and auditing more uniform. The new standard also requires the holder of the certificate to specify risks and opportunities and how to address them.

Basic principles and methodology

The PDCA cycle

These are based on the well-known Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle.

Plan: establish objectives and processes required

Prior to implementing ISO 14001, an initial review or gap analysis of the organization's processes and products is recommended, to assist in identifying all elements of the current operation and, if possible, future operations, that may interact with the environment, termed "environmental aspects" (Martin 1998). Environmental aspects can include both direct, such as those used during manufacturing, and indirect, such as raw materials (Martin 1998). This review assists the organization in establishing their environmental objectives, goals, and targets, which should ideally be measurable; helps with the development of control and management procedures and processes; and serves to highlight any relevant legal requirement, which can then be built into the policy (Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand 2004).

Do: implement the processes

During this stage, the organization identifies the resources required and works out those members of the organization responsible for the EMS' implementation and control (Martin 1998). This includes establishing procedures and processes, although only one documented procedure is specified related to operational control. Other procedures are required to foster better management control over elements such as documentation control, emergency preparedness and response, and the education of employees, to ensure that they can competently implement the necessary processes and record results (Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand 2004). Communication and participation across all levels of the organization, especially top management, is a vital part of the implementation phase, with the effectiveness of the EMS being dependent on active involvement from all employees.

Check: measure and monitor the processes and report results

During the "check" stage, performance is monitored and periodically measured to ensure that the organization's environmental targets and objectives are being met (Martin 1998). In addition, internal audits are conducted at planned intervals to ascertain whether the EMS meets the user's expectations and whether the processes and procedures are being adequately maintained and monitored (Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand 2004).

Act: take action to improve performance of EMS based on results

After the checking stage, a management review is conducted to ensure that the objectives of the EMS are being met, the extent to which they are being met, and that communications are being appropriately managed; and to evaluate changing circumstances, such as legal requirements, in order to make recommendations for further improvement of the system (Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand 2004). These recommendations are incorporated through continual improvement: plans are renewed or new plans are made, and the EMS moves forward.

Continual Improvement Process (CI)

ISO 14001 encourages a company to continually improve its environmental performance. Apart from the obvious – the reduction in actual and possible negative environmental impacts – this is achieved in three ways:

• Expansion: More and more business areas get covered by the implemented EMS.
• Enrichment: More and more activities, products, processes, emissions, resources, etc. get managed by the implemented EMS.
• Upgrading: An improvement of the structural and organizational framework of the EMS, as well as an accumulation of know-how in dealing with business-environmental issues.

Overall, the CI concept expects the organization to gradually move away from merely operational environmental measures towards a strategic approach on how to deal with environmental challenges.

Benefits

ISO 14001 was developed primarily to assist companies with a framework for better management control that can result in reducing their environmental impacts. In addition to improvements in performance, organizations can reap a number of economic benefits including higher conformance with legislative and regulatory requirements (Sheldon 1997) by adopting the ISO standard. By minimizing the risk of regulatory and environmental liability fines and improving an organization’s efficiency (Delmas 2009), benefits can include a reduction in waste, consumption of resources, and operating costs. Secondly, as an internationally recognized standard, businesses operating in multiple locations across the globe can leverage their conformance to ISO 14001, eliminating the need for multiple registrations or certifications (Hutchens 2010). Thirdly, there has been a push in the last decade by consumers for companies to adopt better internal controls, making the incorporation of ISO 14001 a smart approach for the long-term viability of businesses. This can provide them with a competitive advantage against companies that do not adopt the standard (Potoki & Prakash, 2005). This in turn can have a positive impact on a company's asset value (Van der Deldt, 1997). It can lead to improved public perceptions of the business, placing them in a better position to operate in the international marketplace (Potoki & Prakash 1997; Sheldon 1997). The use of ISO 14001 can demonstrate an innovative and forward-thinking approach to customers and prospective employees. It can increase a business’s access to new customers and business partners. In some markets it can potentially reduce public liability insurance costs. It can serve to reduce trade barriers between registered businesses (Van der Deldt, 1997). There is growing interest in including certification to ISO 14001 in tenders for public-private partnerships for infrastructure renewal. Evidence of value in terms of environmental quality and benefit to the taxpayer has been shown in highway projects in Canada.

Conformity Assessment

ISO 14001 can be used in whole or in part to help an organization (for-profit or not-for-profit) better manage its relationship with the environment. If all the elements of ISO 14001 are incorporated into the management process, the organization may opt to prove that it has achieved full alignment or conformity with the international standard, ISO 14001, by using one of four recognized options. These are:

1. make a self-determination and self-declaration, or
2. seek confirmation of its conformance by parties having an interest in the organization, such as customers, or
3. seek confirmation of its self-declaration by a party external to the organization, or
4. seek certification/registration of its EMS by an external organization.

ISO does not control conformity assessment; its mandate is to develop and maintain standards. ISO has a neutral policy on conformity assessment. One option is not better than the next. Each option serves different market needs. The adopting organization decides which option is best for them, in conjunction with their market needs.

Option 1 is sometimes incorrectly referred to as "self-certify" or "self-certification". This is not an acceptable reference under ISO terms and definitions, for it can lead to confusion in the market. The user is responsible for making their own determination. Option 2 is often referred to as a customer or 2nd-party audit, which is an acceptable market term. Option 3 is an independent third-party process by an organization that is based on an engagement activity and delivered by specially trained practitioners. This option was based on an accounting procedure branded as the EnviroReady Report, which was created to help small- and medium-sized organizations. Its development was originally based on the Canadian Handbook for Accountants; it is now based on an international accounting standard. The fourth option, certification, is another independent third-party process, which has been widely implemented by all types of organizations. Certification is also known in some countries as registration. Service providers of certification or registration are accredited by national accreditation services such as UKAS in the UK.

ISO 14001 and EMAS

In 2010, the latest EMAS Regulation (EMAS III) entered into force; the scheme is now globally applicable, and includes key performance indicators and a range of further improvements. As of December 2016, more than 4,500 organisations and approximately 7,800 sites are EMAS registered.

Complementarities and differences

ISO 14001's environmental management system requirements are very similar to those of EMAS. Additional requirements for EMAS include:

• stricter requirements on the measurement and evaluation of environmental performance against objectives and targets.
• government supervision of the environmental verifiers
• strong employee involvement; EMAS organisations acknowledge that active employee involvement is a driving force and a prerequisite for continuous and successful environmental improvements.
• environmental core indicators creating multi-annual comparability within and between organisations
• mandatory provision of information to the general public
• registration by a public authority.

ISO 14001 use in supply chains

There are many reasons that ISO 14001 should be potentially attractive to supply chain managers, including the use of the voluntary standard to guide the development of integrated systems, its requirement for supply chain members in industries such as automotive and aerospace, the potential of pollution prevention leading to reduced costs of production and higher profits, its alignment with the growing importance of corporate social responsibility, and the possibility that an ISO-registered system may provide firms with a unique environmental resource, capabilities, and benefits that lead to competitive advantage.

Emerging areas of research are starting to address the use of this standard to show that ISO 14001 registration can be leveraged across the supply chain for competitive advantage. By looking at ISO 14001 registered firms, information from the study compared different amounts of integration and sustainability in the supply chain. Several research propositions and an empirical framework posit the impacts of ISO 14001 on supply chain design.

The propositions include:

1. ISO registration leading to more proactive environmental management including process and performance measurement related to sustainability across a supply chain;
2. That ISO-registered plants with formal environmental management systems will have higher levels of communication required between OEMs and Tier I suppliers;
3. ISO-registered plants with direct relationships to other registered plants in their supply chain will have higher levels of waste reduction and cost efficiency than nonregistered plants;
4. ISO-registered plants with direct relationships to other registered plants in the supply chain will have sustainable practices and projects with better ROI than nonregistered firms;
5. ISO-registered plants with direct relationships to other registered plants will have higher levels of customer relationship management and will be positively associated with greater expansion opportunities and image than non-registered plants;
6. ISO-registered plants with direct relationships to other registered plants will have fewer issues with employee health and reduced numbers of safety incidents than nonregistered plants;
7. ISO-registered plants with a direct relationship to other registered plants will have a strong positive relationship between formal communication, training, monitoring/control systems, and firm performance; and
8. ISO-registered plants with a direct relationship to other registered plants will have higher levels of involvement and communication, which will be positively related to more internal and external integration with supply chain members.

List of ISO 14000 series standards

• ISO 14001 Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance for use
• ISO 14004 Environmental management systems - General guidelines on implementation
• ISO 14006 Environmental management systems - Guidelines for incorporating ecodesign
• ISO 14015 Environmental assessment of sites and organizations
• ISO 14020 series (14020 to 14025) Environmental labels and declarations
• ISO 14030 discusses post-production environmental assessment
• ISO 14031 Environmental performance evaluation—Guidelines
• ISO 14040 series (14040 to 14049), Life Cycle Assessment, LCA, discusses pre-production planning and environment goal setting.
• ISO 14046 sets guidelines and requirements for water footprint assessments of products, processes, and organizations. Includes only air and soil emissions that impact water quality in the assessment.

A water footprint assessment can assist in:

• assessing the magnitude of potential environmental impacts related to water;
• identifying opportunities to reduce water related potential environmental impacts associated with products at various stages in their life cycle as well as processes and organizations;
• strategic risk management related to water;
• facilitating water efficiency and optimization of water management at product, process and organizational levels;
• informing decision-makers in industry, government or non-governmental organizations of their potential environmental impacts related to water (e.g. for the purpose of strategic planning, priority setting, product or process design or redesign, decisions about investment of resources);
• providing consistent and reliable information, based on scientific evidence for reporting water footprint results.

A water footprint assessment alone is insufficient to be used to describe the overall potential environmental impacts of products, processes or organizations. The water footprint assessment according to this International Standard can be conducted and reported as a stand-alone assessment, where only impacts related to water are assessed, or as part of a life cycle assessment, where consideration is given to a comprehensive set of environmental impacts and not only impacts related to water. In this International Standard, the term “water footprint” is only used when it is the result of an impact assessment. The specific scope of the water footprint assessment is defined by the users of this International Standard in accordance with its requirements.

• ISO 14046 2014, Environmental Management- Water Footprint- Principles, Requirements, and Guidelines
• ISO 14050 terms and definitions
• ISO 14062 Integrating environmental aspects into product design and development (2002)
• ISO 14063 environmental communication guidelines and examples (2006)
• ISO 14064 measuring, quantifying, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions
• ISO 19011 specifies one audit protocol for both 14000 and 9000 series standards together

See also

• EMAS
• Environmental economics
• Environmental Management System
• International Organisation for Standardisation
• ISO 26000

Further reading

• Boiral, O. (2007). "Corporate Greening Through ISO 14001: A Rational Myth?". Organization Science. 18: 127. doi:10.1287/orsc.1060.0224. 
• Brorson, T & Larsson, G 1999, Environmental Management: How to Implement an Environmental Management System within a Company or Other Organization, EMS AB, Stockholm.
• Burden, L. 2010, How to up the EMS ante, <http://www.environmentalmanagementsystem.com.au/iso-14001-environmental-management-systems.html>
• Clements, R.B 1996, Complete Guide to ISO 14000, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
• Corbett, Charles J.; Kirsch, David A. (2009). "International Diffusion of Iso 14000 Certification". Production and Operations Management. 10 (3): 327. doi:10.1111/j.1937-5956.2001.tb00378.x. 
• Delmas, Magali (2009). "Erratum to "Stakeholders and Competitive Advantage: The Case of ISO 14001"". Production and Operations Management. 13 (4): 398. doi:10.1111/j.1937-5956.2004.tb00226.x. 
• Delmas, Magali; Montiel, Ivan (2009). "Greening the Supply Chain: When is Customer Pressure Effective?". Journal of Economics & Management Strategy. 18: 171. doi:10.1111/j.1530-9134.2009.00211.x. 
• Federal Facilities Council Report 1999, Environmental Management Systems and ISO 14001, National Academy Press, Washington DC.
• Gastl, R 2009, CIP in Environmental Management, English management summary of: Gastl, R 2009, Kontinuierliche Verbesserung im Umweltmanagement - die KVP-Forderung der ISO 14001 in Theorie und Unternehmenspraxis, 2nd Edition, vdf, Zurich-Switzerland, envirocip.com
• Hutchens, S, Using ISO 9001 or ISO 14001 to Gain a Competitive Advantage, Intertek white paper, viewed 10 September 2010, intertek.com
• Jackson, Suzan L. (1997). "Monitoring and measurement systems for implementing ISO 14001". Environmental Quality Management. 6 (3): 33. doi:10.1002/tqem.3310060306. 
• International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) 2010, ISO 14001, viewed 26 August 2010, iisd.org
• ISO 2007, The ISO survey of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 Certifications: 16th cycle, ISO, Geneva.
• The ISO Survey of Management System Standard Certifications 2011: viewed 7 Jan 2013 http://www.iso.org/iso/home/news_index/news_archive/news.htm?refid=Ref1686
• Martin, R 1998, ISO 14001 Guidance Manual, National Centre for environmental decision-making research: Technical report, viewed 23 August 2010, usistf.org
• Potoski, Matthew; Prakash, Aseem (2005). "Green Clubs and Voluntary Governance: ISO 14001 and Firms' Regulatory Compliance". American Journal of Political Science. 49 (2): 235. doi:10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00120.x. 
• RMIT University, Encyclopedia: ISO 14000 series, viewed 29 August 2010, rglobal.rmit.edu.au
• Sheldon C. 1997, ISO 14001 and Beyond: Environmental Management Systems in the Real World, Prentice Hall, New York.
• Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand 2004, Environmental management systems – Requirements with guidance for use.
• Szymanski *, Michal; Tiwari, Piyush (2004). "ISO 14001 and the Reduction of Toxic Emissions". The Journal of Policy Reform. 7: 31. doi:10.1080/1384128042000219717. 
• Van Der Veldt, Danja (1997). "Case studies of ISO 14001: A new business guide for global environmental protection". Environmental Quality Management. 7: 1. doi:10.1002/tqem.3310070102. 
• Nemati, Mehdi; Zheng, Yuqing; Hu, Wuyang (2016). "ISO-14001 Standard and Firms’ Environmental Performance: Evidence from the US Transportation Equipment Manufacturers". Agricultural and Applied Economics Association. [url= http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/235645/2/Nemati_Zheng_Hu_ISO-14001%20Standard%20and%20Firms%20Environmental%20Performance%20Evidence%20from%20the%20U.S.%20Transportation%20Equipment%20Manufacturers.pdf]

External links

• ISO 14000 essentials

English Journal

• [Merits of acquiring ISO15189 accreditation].

• Kitagawa M1.
• Rinsho byori. The Japanese journal of clinical pathology.Rinsho Byori.2010 Jan;58(1):73-7.
• In Japan, an ISO15189 accreditation system was started in 2005. To date, 47 hospitals have been accredited. In this session, I will present the merits of acquiring accreditation regarding ISO15189 based on our experience. Our hospital has 263 beds. The Clinical Examination Section consists of 12 sta
• PMID 20169948

• Corporate environmental policy statements in mainland China: to what extent do they conform to ISO 14000 documentation?

• Chung SS1, Fryxell GE, Lo CW.
• Environmental management.Environ Manage.2005 Apr;35(4):468-82.
• For decades, industry has been the main source of pollution in China. Determined to make changes, the mainland Chinese authorities have decided to promote mechanisms that incorporate environmental concerns into the internal management of enterprises. This is manifested in the rapid adoption of the I
• PMID 15902447

• Toward environmental management systems in Australian agriculture to achieve better environmental outcomes at the catchment scale.

• Seymour EJ1, Ridley AM.
• Environmental management.Environ Manage.2005 Mar;35(3):311-29.
• Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are being trialed for Australian agricultural industries as society becomes more concerned about agriculture's environmental performance. EMS is a structured approach used by farm businesses to assess, monitor, and improve environmental performance. Use of EMS
• PMID 15925974

Japanese Journal

• ISO9001、ISO14001規格改正動向 規格の素となる共通テキストがわかれば新規格が見える(第4回)ISO 9001:2015 改正ポイントと審査の要点

• JFA : Japan Forging Association (52), 42-49, 2015-10
• NAID 40020644305

• 特集 20年目の大改訂 ISO14001を活用せよ

• 日経エコロジー = Nikkei ecology (195), 22-42, 2015-09
• NAID 40020555473

• ISO9001、ISO14001規格改正動向 規格の素となる共通テキストがわかれば新規格が見える(第3回)マネジメントシステムの有効活用に向けた内部監査の変革と実践

• JFA : Japan Forging Association (51), 79-83, 2015-07
• NAID 40020549149

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International Standardization Organization, ISO, International Organization for Standardization

• ISO9001：品質マネジメントシステム
• ISO14001：環境マネジメントシステム