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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/28 21:50:49」(JST)

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Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known as human herpesvirus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2), are two members of the herpesvirus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans.^[1] Both HSV-1 (which produces most cold sores) and HSV-2 (which produces most genital herpes) are ubiquitous and contagious. They can be spread when an infected person is producing and shedding the virus. Herpes simplex can be spread through contact with saliva, such as sharing drinks.

Symptoms of herpes simplex virus infection include watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes of the mouth, lips or genitals.^[1] Lesions heal with a scab characteristic of herpetic disease. Sometimes, the viruses cause very mild or atypical symptoms during outbreaks. However, as neurotropic and neuroinvasive viruses, HSV-1 and -2 persist in the body by becoming latent and hiding from the immune system in the cell bodies of neurons. After the initial or primary infection, some infected people experience sporadic episodes of viral reactivation or outbreaks. In an outbreak, the virus in a nerve cell becomes active and is transported via the neuron's axon to the skin, where virus replication and shedding occur and cause new sores.^[2] It is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections.^[3]

1 Transmission
2 Virology
- 2.1 Viral structure
- 2.2 Cellular entry
- 2.3 Genetic inoculation
- 2.4 Immune evasion
- 2.5 Replication
- 2.6 Latent infection
3 Viral genome
4 Evolution
5 Treatment and vaccine development
6 Alzheimer's disease
7 Multiplicity reactivation
8 Use as an anti-cancer agent
9 Use in neuronal connection tracing
10 References
11 External links

Transmission

HSV-1 and -2 are transmitted by contact with an infected area of the skin during reactivations of the virus. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 is periodically shed in the human genital tract, most often asymptomatically, and most sexual transmissions occur during asymptomatic shedding.^[4] Asymptomatic reactivation means that the virus causes atypical, subtle or hard to notice symptoms that are not identified as an active herpes infection. In one study, daily genital swab samples found HSV-2 at a median of 12-28% of days among those who have had an outbreak, and 10% of days among those suffering from asymptomatic infection, with many of these episodes occurring without visible outbreak ("subclinical shedding").^[5]

In another study, seventy-three subjects were randomized to receive valaciclovir 1 g daily or placebo for 60 days each in a 2-way crossover design. A daily swab of the genital area was self-collected for HSV-2 detection by polymerase chain reaction, in order to compare the effect of valaciclovir 1 g once daily for 60 days versus placebo on asymptomatic viral shedding in immunocompetent, HSV-2 seropositive subjects without a history of symptomatic genital herpes infection. The study found that valaciclovir significantly reduced shedding during subclinical days compared to placebo, showing a 71% reduction. 84% of subjects had no shedding while receiving valaciclovir versus 54% of subjects on placebo. 88% of patients treated with valaciclovir had no recognized signs or symptoms versus 77% for placebo.^[6]

For HSV-2, subclinical shedding may account for most of the transmission, and one study found that infection occurred after a median of 40 sex acts.^[5] Atypical symptoms are often attributed to other causes such as a yeast infection.^[7]^[8] HSV-1 is often acquired orally during childhood. It may also be sexually transmitted, including contact with saliva, such as kissing and mouth-to-genital contact (oral sex).^[9] HSV-2 is primarily a sexually transmitted infection, but rates of HSV-1 genital infections are increasing.^[7]

Both viruses may also be transmitted vertically during childbirth, although the real risk is very low.^[10] The risk of infection is minimal if the mother has no symptoms or exposed blisters during delivery. The risk is considerable when the mother is infected with the virus for the first time during late pregnancy.^[11]

Herpes simplex viruses can affect areas of skin exposed to contact with an infected person. An example of this is herpetic whitlow which is a herpes infection on the fingers. This was a common affliction of dental surgeons prior to the routine use of gloves when conducting treatment on patients.^{[citation needed]}

Virology

Viral structure

Play media

3D reconstruction and animation of a tail-like assembly in HSV-1 virion

3D reconstruction of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)

Animal herpes viruses all share some common properties. The structure of herpes viruses consists of a relatively large double-stranded, linear DNA genome encased within an icosahedral protein cage called the capsid, which is wrapped in a lipid bilayer called the envelope. The envelope is joined to the capsid by means of a tegument. This complete particle is known as the virion.^[12] HSV-1 and HSV-2 each contain at least 74 genes (or open reading frames, ORFs) within their genomes,^[13] although speculation over gene crowding allows as many as 84 unique protein coding genes by 94 putative ORFs.^[14] These genes encode a variety of proteins involved in forming the capsid, tegument and envelope of the virus, as well as controlling the replication and infectivity of the virus. These genes and their functions are summarized in the table below.

The genomes of HSV-1 and HSV-2 are complex and contain two unique regions called the long unique region (U_L) and the short unique region (U_S). Of the 74 known ORFs, U_L contains 56 viral genes, whereas U_S contains only 12.^[13] Transcription of HSV genes is catalyzed by RNA polymerase II of the infected host.^[13] Immediate early genes, which encode proteins that regulate the expression of early and late viral genes, are the first to be expressed following infection. Early gene expression follows, to allow the synthesis of enzymes involved in DNA replication and the production of certain envelope glycoproteins. Expression of late genes occurs last; this group of genes predominantly encode proteins that form the virion particle.^[13]

Five proteins from (U_L) form the viral capsid; UL6, UL18, UL35, UL38 and the major capsid protein UL19.^[12]

Cellular entry

A simplified diagram of HSV replication

Entry of HSV into the host cell involves interactions of several glycoproteins on the surface of the enveloped virus, with receptors on the surface of the host cell. The envelope covering the virus particle, when bound to specific receptors on the cell surface, will fuse with the host cell membrane and create an opening, or pore, through which the virus enters the host cell.

The sequential stages of HSV entry are analogous to those of other viruses. At first, complementary receptors on the virus and the cell surface bring the viral and cell membranes into proximity. In an intermediate state, the two membranes begin to merge, forming a hemifusion state. Finally, a stable entry pore is formed through which the viral envelope contents are introduced to the host cell.^[15] The virus can also be endocytosed after binding to the receptors, and the fusion could occur at the endosome.

In the case of a herpes virus, initial interactions occur when two viral envelope glycoprotein called glycoprotein C (gC) and glycoprotein B (gB) bind to a cell surface particle called heparan sulfate. Next, the major receptor binding protein, glycoprotein D (gD), binds specifically to at least one of three known entry receptors.^[16] These cell receptors include herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), nectin-1 and 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate. The receptor provides a strong, fixed attachment to the host cell. These interactions bring the membrane surfaces into mutual proximity and allow for other glycoproteins embedded in the viral envelope to interact with other cell surface molecules. Once bound to the HVEM, gD changes its conformation and interacts with viral glycoproteins H (gH) and L (gL), which form a complex. The interaction of these membrane proteins results in the hemifusion state. Afterward, gB interaction with the gH/gL complex creates an entry pore for the viral capsid.^[15] gB interacts with glycosaminoglycans on the surface of the host cell.^{[citation needed]}

Genetic inoculation

After the viral capsid enters the cellular cytoplasm, it is transported to the cell nucleus. Once attached to the nucleus at a nuclear entry pore, the capsid ejects its DNA contents via the capsid portal. The capsid portal is formed by twelve copies of portal protein, UL6, arranged as a ring; the proteins contain a leucine zipper sequence of amino acids which allow them to adhere to each other.^[17] Each icosahedral capsid contains a single portal, located in one vertex.^[18]^[19] The DNA exits the capsid in a single linear segment.^[20]

Immune evasion

HSV evades the immune system through interference with MHC class I antigen presentation on the cell surface, by blocking TAP or the transporter associated with antigen processing induced by the secretion of ICP-47 by HSV.^[21] In the host cell, TAP transports digested viral antigen epitope peptides from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum, allowing these epitopes to be combined with MHC class I molecules and presented on the surface of the cell. Viral epitope presentation with MHC class I is a requirement for activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), the major effectors of the cell-mediated immune response against virally-infected cells. ICP-47 prevents initiation of a CTL-response against HSV, allowing the virus to survive for a protracted period in the host.

Replication

Micrograph showing the viral cytopathic effect of HSV (multi-nucleation, ground glass chromatin).

Following infection of a cell, a cascade of herpes virus proteins, called immediate-early, early, and late, are produced. Research using flow cytometry on another member of the herpes virus family, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, indicates the possibility of an additional lytic stage, delayed-late.^[22] These stages of lytic infection, particularly late lytic, are distinct from the latency stage. In the case of HSV-1, no protein products are detected during latency, whereas they are detected during the lytic cycle.

The early proteins transcribed are used in the regulation of genetic replication of the virus. On entering the cell, an α-TIF protein joins the viral particle and aids in immediate-early transcription. The virion host shutoff protein (VHS or UL41) is very important to viral replication.^[23] This enzyme shuts off protein synthesis in the host, degrades host mRNA, helps in viral replication, and regulates gene expression of viral proteins. The viral genome immediately travels to the nucleus but the VHS protein remains in the cytoplasm.^[24]^[25]

The late proteins form the capsid and the receptors on the surface of the virus. Packaging of the viral particles — including the genome, core and the capsid - occurs in the nucleus of the cell. Here, concatemers of the viral genome are separated by cleavage and are placed into pre-formed capsids. HSV-1 undergoes a process of primary and secondary envelopment. The primary envelope is acquired by budding into the inner nuclear membrane of the cell. This then fuses with the outer nuclear membrane releasing a naked capsid into the cytoplasm. The virus acquires its final envelope by budding into cytoplasmic vesicles.^[26]

Latent infection

HSVs may persist in a quiescent but persistent form known as latent infection, notably in neural ganglia.^[1] HSV-1 tends to reside in the trigeminal ganglia, while HSV-2 tends to reside in the sacral ganglia, but these are tendencies only, not fixed behavior. During latent infection of a cell, HSVs express Latency Associated Transcript (LAT) RNA. LAT regulates the host cell genome and interferes with natural cell death mechanisms. By maintaining the host cells, LAT expression preserves a reservoir of the virus, which allows subsequent, usually symptomatic, periodic recurrences or "outbreaks" characteristic of non-latency. Whether or not recurrences are symptomatic, viral shedding occurs to infect a new host. A protein found in neurons may bind to herpes virus DNA and regulate latency. Herpes virus DNA contains a gene for a protein called ICP4, which is an important transactivator of genes associated with lytic infection in HSV-1.^[27] Elements surrounding the gene for ICP4 bind a protein known as the human neuronal protein Neuronal Restrictive Silencing Factor (NRSF) or human Repressor Element Silencing Transcription Factor (REST). When bound to the viral DNA elements, histone deacetylation occurs atop the ICP4 gene sequence to prevent initiation of transcription from this gene, thereby preventing transcription of other viral genes involved in the lytic cycle.^[27]^[28] Another HSV protein reverses the inhibition of ICP4 protein synthesis. ICP0 dissociates NRSF from the ICP4 gene and thus prevents silencing of the viral DNA.^[29]

The virus can be reactivated by illnesses such as colds and influenza, eczema, emotional and physical stress, gastric upset, fatigue or injury, by menstruation and possibly exposure to bright sunlight. Genital Herpes may be reactivated by friction.^{[citation needed]}

Viral genome

The open reading frames (ORFs) of HSV-1^[13]^[30]
Gene	Protein	Function/description	Gene	Protein	Function/description
UL1	Glycoprotein L [1]	Surface and membrane	UL38	UL38; VP19C [2]	Capsid assembly and DNA maturation
UL2	UL2 [3]	Uracil-DNA glycosylase	UL39	UL39 [4]	Ribonucleotide reductase (Large subunit)
UL3	UL3 [5]	unknown	UL40	UL40 [6]	Ribonucleotide reductase (Small subunit)
UL4	UL4 [7]	unknown	UL41	UL41; VHS [8]	Tegument protein; Virion host shutoff^[23]
UL5	UL5 [9]	DNA replication	UL42	UL42 [10]	DNA polymerase processivity factor
UL6	Portal protein U_L-6	Twelve of these proteins constitute the capsid portal ring through which DNA enters and exits the capsid.^[17]^[18]^[19]	UL43	UL43 [11]	Membrane protein
UL7	UL7 [12]	Virion maturation	UL44	Glycoprotein C [13]	Surface and membrane
UL8	UL8 [14]	DNA virus helicase-primase complex-associated protein	UL45	UL45 [15]	Membrane protein; C-type lectin^[31]
UL9	UL9 [16]	Replication origin-binding protein	UL46	VP11/12 [17]	Tegument proteins
UL10	Glycoprotein M [18]	Surface and membrane	UL47	UL47; VP13/14 [19]	Tegument protein
UL11	UL11 [20]	virion exit and secondary envelopment	UL48	VP16 (Alpha-TIF) [21]	Virion maturation; activate IE genes by interacting with the cellular transcription factors Oct-1 and HCF. Binds to the sequence ^5'TAATGARAT^3'.
UL12	UL12 [22]	Alkaline exonuclease	UL49	UL49A [23]	Envelope protein
UL13	UL13 [24]	Serine-threonine protein kinase	UL50	UL50 [25]	dUTP diphosphatase
UL14	UL14 [26]	Tegument protein	UL51	UL51 [27]	Tegument protein
UL15	Terminase [28]	Processing and packaging of DNA	UL52	UL52 [29]	DNA helicase/primase complex protein
UL16	UL16 [30]	Tegument protein	UL53	Glycoprotein K [31]	Surface and membrane
UL17	UL17 [32]	Processing and packaging DNA	UL54	IE63; ICP27 [33]	Transcriptional regulation
UL18	VP23 [34]	Capsid protein	UL55	UL55 [35]	Unknown
UL19	VP5 [36]	Major capsid protein	UL56	UL56 [37]	Unknown
UL20	UL20 [38]	Membrane protein	US1	ICP22; IE68 [39]	Viral replication
UL21	UL21 [40]	Tegument protein^[32]	US2	US2 [41]	Unknown
UL22	Glycoprotein H [42]	Surface and membrane	US3	US3 [43]	Serine/threonine-protein kinase
UL23	Thymidine kinase [44]	Peripheral to DNA replication	US4	Glycoprotein G [45]	Surface and membrane
UL24	UL24 [46]	unknown	US5	Glycoprotein J [47]	Surface and membrane
UL25	UL25 [48]	Processing and packaging DNA	US6	Glycoprotein D [49]	Surface and membrane
UL26	P40; VP24; VP22A [50]	Capsid protein	US7	Glycoprotein I [51]	Surface and membrane
UL27	Glycoprotein B [52]	Surface and membrane	US8	Glycoprotein E [53]	Surface and membrane
UL28	ICP18.5 [54]	Processing and packaging DNA	US9	US9 [55]	Tegument protein
UL29	UL29; ICP8 [56]	Major DNA-binding protein	US10	US10 [57]	Capsid/Tegument protein
UL30	DNA polymerase [58]	DNA replication	US11	US11; Vmw21 [59]	Binds DNA and RNA
UL31	UL31 [60]	Nuclear matrix protein	US12	ICP47; IE12 [61]	Inhibits MHC class I pathway by preventing binding of antigen to TAP
UL32	UL32 [62]	Envelope glycoprotein	RS1	ICP4; IE175 [63]	Major transcriptional activator. Essential for progression beyond the immediate-early phase of infection. IEG transcription repressor.
UL33	UL33 [64]	Processing and packaging DNA	ICP0	ICP0; IE110; α0 [65]	E3 ubiquitin ligase that activates viral gene transcription by opposing chromatinization of the viral genome and counteracts intrinsic- and interferon-based antiviral responses.^[33]
UL34	UL34 [66]	Inner nuclear membrane protein	LRP1	LRP1 [67]	Latency-related protein
UL35	VP26 [68]	Capsid protein	LRP2	LRP2 [69]	Latency-related protein
UL36	UL36 [70]	Large tegument protein	RL1	RL1; ICP34.5 [71]	Neurovirulence factor. Antagonizes PKR by de-phosphorylating eIF4a. Binds to BECN1 and inactivates autophagy.
UL37	UL37 [72]	Capsid assembly	LAT	none [73]	Latency-associated transcript

Evolution

The herpes simplex 1 genomes can be classified into six clades.^[34] Four of these occur in East Africa, one in East Asia and one in Europe and North America. This suggests that the virus may have originated in East Africa. The most recent common ancestor of the Eurasian strains appears to have evolved ~60,000 years ago.^[35] The East Asian HSV-1 isolates have an unusual pattern that is currently best explained by the two waves of migration responsible for the peopling of Japan.^{[citation needed]}

The mutation rate has been estimated to be ~1.38×10⁻⁷ substitutions/site/year.^[34] In clinical setting, the mutations in either the thymidine kinase gene or DNA polymerase gene has caused resistance to aciclovir. However, most of the mutations occur in the thymidine kinase gene rather than the DNA polymerase gene.^[36]

Treatment and vaccine development

For more details on treatment of herpes simplex virus, see Herpes simplex.

For more details on vaccine research of herpes simplex virus, see Herpes simplex research.

Herpes viruses establish lifelong infections, and the virus cannot yet be eradicated from the body. Treatment usually involves general-purpose antiviral drugs that interfere with viral replication, reduce the physical severity of outbreak-associated lesions, and lower the chance of transmission to others. Studies of vulnerable patient populations have indicated that daily use of antivirals such as aciclovir^[37] and valaciclovir can reduce reactivation rates.^[8]

Alzheimer's disease

In the presence of a certain gene variation (APOE-epsilon4 allele carriers), a possible link between HSV-1 (i.e., the virus that causes cold sores or oral herpes) and Alzheimer's disease was reported in 1979.^[38] HSV-1 appears to be particularly damaging to the nervous system and increases one’s risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. The virus interacts with the components and receptors of lipoproteins, which may lead to the development of Alzheimer's disease.^[39] This research identifies HSVs as the pathogen most clearly linked to the establishment of Alzheimer’s.^[40] According to a study done in 1997, without the presence of the gene allele, HSV-1 does not appear to cause any neurological damage or increase the risk of Alzheimer’s.^[41] However, a more recent prospective study published in 2008 with a cohort of 591 people showed a statistically significant difference between patients with antibodies indicating recent reactivation of HSV and those without these antibodies in the incidence of Alzheimer's disease, without direct correlation to the APOE-epsilon4 allele.^[42] It should be noted that the trial had a small sample of patients who did not have the antibody at baseline, so the results should be viewed as highly uncertain. In 2011 Manchester University scientists showed that treating HSV1-infected cells with antiviral agents decreased the accumulation of β-amyloid and P-tau, and also decreased HSV-1 replication.^[43]

Multiplicity reactivation

Multiplicity reactivation (MR) is the process by which viral genomes containing inactivating damage interact within an infected cell to form a viable viral genome. MR was originally discovered with the bacterial virus bacteriophage T4, but was subsequently also found with pathogenic viruses including influenza virus, HIV-1, adenovirus simian virus 40, vaccinia virus, reovirus, poliovirus and herpes simplex virus.^[44]

When HSV particles are exposed to doses of a DNA damaging agent that would be lethal in single infections, but are then allowed to undergo multiple infection (i.e. two or more viruses per host cell), MR is observed. Enhanced survival of HSV-1 due to MR occurs upon exposure to different DNA damaging agents, including methyl methanesulfonate,^[45] trimethylpsoralen (which causes inter-strand DNA cross-links),^[46]^[47] and UV light.^[48] After treatment of genetically marked HSV with trimethylpsoralen, recombination between the marked viruses increases, suggesting that trimethylpsoralen damages stimulate recombination.^[46] MR of HSV appears to partially depend on the host cell recombinational repair machinery since skin fibroblast cells defective in a component of this machinery (i.e. cells from Bloom’s syndrome patients) are deficient in MR.^[48] These observations suggest that MR in HSV infections involves genetic recombination between damaged viral genomes resulting in production of viable progeny viruses. HSV-1, upon infecting host cells, induces inflammation and oxidative stress.^[49] Thus it appears that the HSV genome may be subjected to oxidative DNA damage during infection, and that MR may enhance viral survival and virulence under these conditions.

Use as an anti-cancer agent

Herpes simplex virus is considered as a potential therapy for cancer and has been extensively clinically tested to assess its oncolytic (cancer killing) ability.^[50] Interim overall survival data from Amgen's phase 3 trial of a genetically-attenuated herpes virus suggests efficacy against melanoma.^[51]

Use in neuronal connection tracing

Herpes simplex virus is also used as a transneuronal tracer defining connections among neurons by virtue of traversing synapses.^[52]

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^ Bowden R, Sakaoka H, Ward R, Donnelly P (2006) Patterns of Eurasian HSV-1 molecular diversity and inferences of human migrations" Infect Genet Evol 6(1) 63-74
^ Hussin A, Md. Nor NS, Ibrahim N (2013) Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of induced acyclovir-resistant clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus type 1" Antivir Res 100 306-313 doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.008
^ Kimberlin DW, Whitley RJ, Wan W, Powell DA, Storch G, Ahmed A, Palmer A, Sánchez PJ, Jacobs RF, Bradley JS, Robinson JL, Shelton M, Dennehy PH, Leach C, Rathore M, Abughali N, Wright P, Frenkel LM, Brady RC, Van Dyke R, Weiner LB, Guzman-Cottrill J, McCarthy CA, Griffin J, Jester P, Parker M, Lakeman FD, Kuo H, Lee CH, Cloud GA (2011). "Oral acyclovir suppression and neurodevelopment after neonatal herpes". N. Engl. J. Med. 365 (14): 1284–92. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1003509. PMC 3250992. PMID 21991950.
^ Middleton PJ, Petric M, Kozak M, Rewcastle NB, McLachlan DR (May 1980). "Herpes-simplex viral genome and senile and presenile dementias of Alzheimer and Pick". Lancet 315 (8176): 1038. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(80)91490-7. PMID 6103379.
^ Dobson CB, Itzhaki RF (1999). "Herpes simplex virus type 1 and Alzheimer's disease". Neurobiol. Aging 20 (4): 457–65. doi:10.1016/S0197-4580(99)00055-X. PMID 10604441.
^ Pyles RB (November 2001). "The association of herpes simplex virus and Alzheimer's disease: a potential synthesis of genetic and environmental factors" (PDF). Herpes 8 (3): 64–8. PMID 11867022.
^ Itzhaki RF, Lin WR, Shang D, Wilcock GK, Faragher B, Jamieson GA (January 1997). "Herpes simplex virus type 1 in brain and risk of Alzheimer's disease". Lancet 349 (9047): 241–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10149-5. PMID 9014911.
^ Letenneur L, Pérès K, Fleury H, Garrigue I, Barberger-Gateau P, Helmer C, Orgogozo JM, Gauthier S, Dartigues JF (2008). "Seropositivity to herpes simplex virus antibodies and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a population-based cohort study.". PLoS ONE 3 (11): e3637. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003637. PMC 2572852. PMID 18982063.
^ Wozniak MA, Frost AL, Preston CM, Itzhaki RF (2011) Antivirals Reduce the Formation of Key Alzheimer's Disease Molecules in Cell Cultures Acutely Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1" PLoS ONE 6(10) e25152. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025152
^ Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM (2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens". Infection, Genetics and Evolution 8 (3): 267–285. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002. PMID 18295550.
^ Das SK (1982). "Multiplicity reactivation of alkylating agent damaged herpes simplex virus (type I) in human cells". Mutation research 105 (1–2): 15–18. doi:10.1016/0165-7992(82)90201-9. PMID 6289091.
^ ^a ^b Hall JD, Scherer K (1981). "Repair of psoralen-treated DNA by genetic recombination in human cells infected with herpes simplex virus". Cancer Research 41 (12 Pt 1): 5033–5038. PMID 6272987.
^ Coppey J, Sala-Trepat M, Lopez B (1989). "Multiplicity reactivation and mutagenesis of trimethylpsoralen-damaged herpes virus in normal and Fanconi's anaemia cells". Mutagenesis 4 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1093/mutage/4.1.67. PMID 2541311.
^ ^a ^b Selsky CA, Henson P, Weichselbaum RR, Little JB (1979). "Defective reactivation of ultraviolet light-irradiated herpesvirus by a Bloom's syndrome fibroblast strain". Cancer Research 39 (9): 3392–3396. PMID 225021.
^ Valyi-Nagy T, Olson SJ, Valyi-Nagy K, Montine TJ, Dermody TS (2000). "Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latency in the Murine Nervous System is Associated with Oxidative Damage to Neurons". Virology 278 (2): 309–321. doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0678. PMID 11118355.
^ Varghese S, Rabkin SD (1 December 2002). "Oncolytic herpes simplex virus vectors for cancer virotherapy". Cancer Gene Therapy 9 (12): 967–978. doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700537. PMID 12522436.
^ "Amgen Presents Interim Overall Survival Data From Phase 3 Study Of Talimogene Laherparepvec In Patients With Metastatic Melanoma" (Press release). November 18, 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
^ Norgren, R. B., Jr., & Lehman, M. N. (1998). "Herpes simplex virus as a transneuronal tracer. [Review].". Neurosci Biobehav Rev 22 (6): 695–708. doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(98)00008-6. PMID 9809305.

External links

Genital Herpes - Public Health Agency of Canada
Herpes simplex: Host viral protein interactions: A database of HSV-1 interacting host proteins
3D macromolecular structures of the Herpes simplex virus archived in the EM Data Bank(EMDB)

UpToDate Contents

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1. ヒトヘルペスウイルス7感染 human herpesvirus 7 infection
2. ヒトヘルペスウイルス6型感染症のウイルス学、病因、および疫学 virology pathogenesis and epidemiology of human herpesvirus 6 infection
3. 小児におけるヒトヘルペスウイルス6感染：臨床症状、診断および治療 human herpesvirus 6 infection in children clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment
4. ヒトヘルペスウイルス8感染の診断および抗ウイルス療法 diagnosis and antiviral therapy of human herpesvirus 8 infection
5. 成人におけるヒトヘルペスウイルス6感染の臨床症状、診断、および治療 clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment of human herpesvirus 6 infection in adults

English Journal

Blockade of transforming growth factor-β signaling enhances oncolytic herpes simplex virus efficacy in patient-derived recurrent glioblastoma models.

Esaki S1,2, Nigim F1, Moon E1, Luk S1, Kiyokawa J1, Curry W Jr1, Cahill DP1, Chi AS3, Iafrate AJ4, Martuza RL1, Rabkin SD1, Wakimoto H1.
International journal of cancer.Int J Cancer.2017 Dec 1;141(11):2348-2358. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30929. Epub 2017 Aug 26.
PMID 28801914

Isolation and identification of compounds from Kalanchoe pinnata having human alphaherpesvirus and vaccinia virus antiviral activity.

Cryer M1, Lane K1, Greer M1, Cates R2, Burt S3, Andrus M3, Zou J4, Rogers P1, Hansen MD5, Burgado J6, Panayampalli SS6, Day CW7, Smee DF7, Johnson BF1.
Pharmaceutical biology.Pharm Biol.2017 Dec;55(1):1586-1591. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1310907.
PMID 28395583

Shared ancestry of herpes simplex virus 1 strain Patton with recent clinical isolates from Asia and with strain KOS63.

Pourchet A1, Copin R2, Mulvey MC3, Shopsin B4, Mohr I1, Wilson AC5.
Virology.Virology.2017 Dec;512:124-131. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.016.
PMID 28957690

Japanese Journal

Herpesvirus hominis type 2変種株によるtransformationの制禦機構に関する研究

大阪大学歯学雑誌 22(1), p71-86, 1977-06
NAID 40000304898

Herpesvirus hominis-II型感染細胞における形態学的変化に関する実験的研究

千葉医学雑誌 53(1/2), 23-35, 1977-04
NAID 110006443756

Herpesvirus hominis hepatitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Occurrence in an adult with pemphigus vulgaris

Arch Intern Med 136, 1312-1317, 1976
NAID 30005416894

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Simplexvirus」「ヘルペスウイルス・ホミニス」
関連記事	「herpesvirus」「hominis」

「Simplexvirus」

Herpes simplex virus
	TEM micrograph of a herpes simplex virus
Virus classification
Group:	Group I (dsDNA)
Order:	Herpesvirales
Family:	Herpesviridae
Subfamily:	Alphaherpesvirinae
Genus:	Simplexvirus
Species
	Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1); Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2);

　　[★]

シンプレックスウイルス、シンプレックスウイルス属、Simplexvirus属

関: herpes simplex virus、Herpesvirus hominis

「ヘルペスウイルス・ホミニス」

　　[★]

ラ: Herpesvirus hominis
関: 単純ヘルペスウイルス、シンプレックスウイルス属

「herpesvirus」

　　[★] ヘルペスウイルス科、ヘルペスウイルス

「hominis」

　　[★]

Mycoplasma hominis、Blastocystis hominis

[Sherris-1] Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 555–62. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

[2] "Herpes simplex". DermNet NZ — New Zealand Dermatological Society. 2006-09-16. Retrieved 2006-10-15.

[StrafaceSelmin2012-3] Straface, Gianluca; Selmin, Alessia; Zanardo, Vincenzo; De Santis, Marco; Ercoli, Alfredo; Scambia, Giovanni (2012). "Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Pregnancy". Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012: 1–6. doi:10.1155/2012/385697. ISSN 1064-7449.

[pmid24671939-4] Schiffer JT, Mayer BT, Fong Y, Swan DA, Wald A (2014). "Herpes simplex virus-2 transmission probability estimates based on quantity of viral shedding". J R Soc Interface 11 (95): 20140160. doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.0160. PMID 24671939.

[Johnstonetal_2011-5] Johnston C, Koelle DM, Wald A (Dec 2011). "HSV-2: in pursuit of a vaccine.". J Clin Invest 121 (12): 4600–9. doi:10.1172/JCI57148. PMID 22133885.

[pmid18157071-6] Sperling RS, Fife KH, Warren TJ, Dix LP, Brennan CA (March 2008). "The effect of daily valacyclovir suppression on herpes simplex virus type 2 viral shedding in HSV-2 seropositive subjects without a history of genital herpes". Sex Transm Dis 35 (3): 286–90. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31815b0132. PMID 18157071.

[pmid18156035-7] Gupta R, Warren T, Wald A (2007). "Genital herpes". Lancet 370 (9605): 2127–37. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61908-4. PMID 18156035.

[PMID_18186706-8] Koelle DM, Corey L (2008). "Herpes simplex: insights on pathogenesis and possible vaccines". Annual Review of Medicine 59: 381–95. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.59.061606.095540. PMID 18186706.

[9] "EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT HERPES".

[pmid19797284-10] Corey L, Wald A (2009). "Maternal and Neonatal HSV Infections". New England Journal of Medicine 361 (14): 1376–85. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0807633. PMC 2780322. PMID 19797284.

[pmid17317423-11] Kimberlin DW (2007). "Herpes simplex virus infections of the newborn". Semin. Perinatol. 31 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2007.01.003. PMID 17317423.

[pmid16814597-12] Mettenleiter TC, Klupp BG, Granzow H (2006). "Herpesvirus assembly: a tale of two membranes". Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 9 (4): 423–9. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2006.06.013. PMID 16814597.

[pmid16490275-13] McGeoch DJ, Rixon FJ, Davison AJ (2006). "Topics in herpesvirus genomics and evolution". Virus Res. 117 (1): 90–104. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2006.01.002. PMID 16490275.

[pmid15266111-14] Rajcáni J, Andrea V, Ingeborg R (2004). "Peculiarities of herpes simplex virus (HSV) transcription: an overview". Virus Genes 28 (3): 293–310. doi:10.1023/B:VIRU.0000025777.62826.92. PMID 15266111.

[Subramanian_17299053-15] Subramanian RP, Geraghty RJ (2007). "Herpes simplex virus type 1 mediates fusion through a hemifusion intermediate by sequential activity of glycoproteins D, H, L, and B". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (8): 2903–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608374104. PMC 1815279. PMID 17299053.

[16] Akhtar J, Shukla D (2009). "Viral entry mechanisms: Cellular and viral mediators of herpes simplex virus entry". FEBS Journal 276 (24): 7228–7236. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07402.x. PMC 2801626. PMID 19878306.

[pmid17188319-17] Cardone G, Winkler DC, Trus BL, Cheng N, Heuser JE, Newcomb WW, Brown JC, Steven AC (May 2007). "Visualization of the Herpes Simplex Virus Portal in situ by Cryo-electron Tomography". Virology 361 (2): 426–34. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.047. PMC 1930166. PMID 17188319.

[pmid15507654-18] Trus BL, Cheng N, Newcomb WW, Homa FL, Brown JC, Steven AC (November 2004). "Structure and Polymorphism of the UL6 Portal Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1". Journal of Virology 78 (22): 12668–71. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.22.12668-12671.2004. PMC 525097. PMID 15507654.

[Nellissery_2007-19] Nellissery JK, Szczepaniak R, Lamberti C, Weller SK (2007-06-20). "A Putative Leucine Zipper within the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 UL6 Protein Is Required for Portal Ring Formation". Journal Virology 81 (17): 8868–77. doi:10.1128/JVI.00739-07. PMC 1951442. PMID 17581990.

[pmid17540405-20] Newcomb WW, Booy FP, Brown JC (2007). "Uncoating the Herpes Simplex Virus Genome". J. Mol. Biol. 370 (4): 633–42. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.05.023. PMC 1975772. PMID 17540405.

[21] Abbas et al (2009) Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Elsevier Inc.

[PMID_17005685-22] Adang LA, Parsons CH, Kedes DH (2006). "Asynchronous Progression through the Lytic Cascade and Variations in Intracellular Viral Loads Revealed by High-Throughput Single-Cell Analysis of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection". J. Virol. 80 (20): 10073–82. doi:10.1128/JVI.01156-06. PMC 1617294. PMID 17005685.

[pmid12083325-23] Matis J, Kúdelová M (2001). "Early shutoff of host protein synthesis in cells infected with herpes simplex viruses". Acta Virol. 45 (5–6): 269–77. doi:10.2217/fvl.11.24. PMID 12083325.

[pmid16940547-24] Taddeo B, Roizman B (2006). "The Virion Host Shutoff Protein (UL41) of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Is an Endoribonuclease with a Substrate Specificity Similar to That of RNase A". J. Virol. 80 (18): 9341–5. doi:10.1128/JVI.01008-06. PMC 1563938. PMID 16940547.

[25] Skepper JN, Whiteley A, Browne H, Minson A (June 2001). "Herpes Simplex Virus Nucleocapsids Mature to Progeny Virions by an Envelopment → Deenvelopment → Reenvelopment Pathway". J. Virol. 75 (12): 5697–702. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.12.5697-5702.2001. PMC 114284. PMID 11356979.

[26] Granzow H, Klupp BG, Fuchs W, Veits J, Osterrieder N, Mettenleiter TC (April 2001). "Egress of Alphaherpesviruses: Comparative Ultrastructural Study". J. Virol. 75 (8): 3675–84. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.8.3675-3684.2001. PMC 114859. PMID 11264357.

[PMID17555596-27] Pinnoji RC, Bedadala GR, George B, Holland TC, Hill JM, Hsia SC (2007). "Repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor/neuronal restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) can regulate HSV-1 immediate-early transcription via histone modification". Virol. J. 4: 56. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-4-56. PMC 1906746. PMID 17555596.

[pmid17502875-28] Bedadala GR, Pinnoji RC, Hsia SC (2007). "Early growth response gene 1 (Egr-1) regulates HSV-1 ICP4 and ICP22 gene expression". Cell Res. 17 (6): 546–55. doi:10.1038/cr.2007.44. PMID 17502875.

[pmid16082207-29] Roizman B, Gu H, Mandel G (2005). "The first 30 minutes in the life of a virus: unREST in the nucleus". Cell Cycle 4 (8): 1019–21. doi:10.4161/cc.4.8.1902. PMID 16082207.

[30] Search in UniProt Knowledgebase (Swiss-Prot and TrEMBL) for: HHV1

[pmid18256535-31] Wyrwicz LS, Ginalski K, Rychlewski L (2007). "HSV-1 UL45 encodes a carbohydrate binding C-type lectin protein". Cell Cycle 7 (2): 269–71. doi:10.4161/cc.7.2.5324. PMID 18256535.

[pmid16014918-32] Vittone V, Diefenbach E, Triffett D, Douglas MW, Cunningham AL, Diefenbach RJ (2005). "Determination of Interactions between Tegument Proteins of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1". J. Virol. 79 (15): 9566–71. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.15.9566-9571.2005. PMC 1181608. PMID 16014918.

[pmid_21765858-33] Matis J, Kúdelová M (2011). "HSV-1 ICP0: paving the way for viral replication". Future Virology 6 (4): 421–429. doi:10.2217/fvl.11.24. PMID 12083325.

[Kolb2013-34] Kolb AW, Ané C, Brandt CR (2013) Using HSV-1 genome phylogenetics to track past human migrations" PLoS One 8(10) e76267. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076267

[Bowden2006-35] Bowden R, Sakaoka H, Ward R, Donnelly P (2006) Patterns of Eurasian HSV-1 molecular diversity and inferences of human migrations" Infect Genet Evol 6(1) 63-74

[Hussin2013-36] Hussin A, Md. Nor NS, Ibrahim N (2013) Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of induced acyclovir-resistant clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus type 1" Antivir Res 100 306-313 doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.008

[pmid21991950-37] Kimberlin DW, Whitley RJ, Wan W, Powell DA, Storch G, Ahmed A, Palmer A, Sánchez PJ, Jacobs RF, Bradley JS, Robinson JL, Shelton M, Dennehy PH, Leach C, Rathore M, Abughali N, Wright P, Frenkel LM, Brady RC, Van Dyke R, Weiner LB, Guzman-Cottrill J, McCarthy CA, Griffin J, Jester P, Parker M, Lakeman FD, Kuo H, Lee CH, Cloud GA (2011). "Oral acyclovir suppression and neurodevelopment after neonatal herpes". N. Engl. J. Med. 365 (14): 1284–92. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1003509. PMC 3250992. PMID 21991950.

[38] Middleton PJ, Petric M, Kozak M, Rewcastle NB, McLachlan DR (May 1980). "Herpes-simplex viral genome and senile and presenile dementias of Alzheimer and Pick". Lancet 315 (8176): 1038. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(80)91490-7. PMID 6103379.

[Dobson1999-39] Dobson CB, Itzhaki RF (1999). "Herpes simplex virus type 1 and Alzheimer's disease". Neurobiol. Aging 20 (4): 457–65. doi:10.1016/S0197-4580(99)00055-X. PMID 10604441.

[Pyles2001-40] Pyles RB (November 2001). "The association of herpes simplex virus and Alzheimer's disease: a potential synthesis of genetic and environmental factors" (PDF). Herpes 8 (3): 64–8. PMID 11867022.

[Itzhaki1997-41] Itzhaki RF, Lin WR, Shang D, Wilcock GK, Faragher B, Jamieson GA (January 1997). "Herpes simplex virus type 1 in brain and risk of Alzheimer's disease". Lancet 349 (9047): 241–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10149-5. PMID 9014911.

[42] Letenneur L, Pérès K, Fleury H, Garrigue I, Barberger-Gateau P, Helmer C, Orgogozo JM, Gauthier S, Dartigues JF (2008). "Seropositivity to herpes simplex virus antibodies and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a population-based cohort study.". PLoS ONE 3 (11): e3637. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003637. PMC 2572852. PMID 18982063.

[43] Wozniak MA, Frost AL, Preston CM, Itzhaki RF (2011) Antivirals Reduce the Formation of Key Alzheimer's Disease Molecules in Cell Cultures Acutely Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1" PLoS ONE 6(10) e25152. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025152

[44] Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM (2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens". Infection, Genetics and Evolution 8 (3): 267–285. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002. PMID 18295550.

[45] Das SK (1982). "Multiplicity reactivation of alkylating agent damaged herpes simplex virus (type I) in human cells". Mutation research 105 (1–2): 15–18. doi:10.1016/0165-7992(82)90201-9. PMID 6289091.

[Hall-46] Hall JD, Scherer K (1981). "Repair of psoralen-treated DNA by genetic recombination in human cells infected with herpes simplex virus". Cancer Research 41 (12 Pt 1): 5033–5038. PMID 6272987.

[47] Coppey J, Sala-Trepat M, Lopez B (1989). "Multiplicity reactivation and mutagenesis of trimethylpsoralen-damaged herpes virus in normal and Fanconi's anaemia cells". Mutagenesis 4 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1093/mutage/4.1.67. PMID 2541311.

[Selsky-48] Selsky CA, Henson P, Weichselbaum RR, Little JB (1979). "Defective reactivation of ultraviolet light-irradiated herpesvirus by a Bloom's syndrome fibroblast strain". Cancer Research 39 (9): 3392–3396. PMID 225021.

[49] Valyi-Nagy T, Olson SJ, Valyi-Nagy K, Montine TJ, Dermody TS (2000). "Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latency in the Murine Nervous System is Associated with Oxidative Damage to Neurons". Virology 278 (2): 309–321. doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0678. PMID 11118355.

[50] Varghese S, Rabkin SD (1 December 2002). "Oncolytic herpes simplex virus vectors for cancer virotherapy". Cancer Gene Therapy 9 (12): 967–978. doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700537. PMID 12522436.

[51] "Amgen Presents Interim Overall Survival Data From Phase 3 Study Of Talimogene Laherparepvec In Patients With Metastatic Melanoma" (Press release). November 18, 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2015.

[52] Norgren, R. B., Jr., & Lehman, M. N. (1998). "Herpes simplex virus as a transneuronal tracer. [Review].". Neurosci Biobehav Rev 22 (6): 695–708. doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(98)00008-6. PMID 9809305.

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Herpesvirus hominis