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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/25 18:04:12」(JST)

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Helicobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria possessing a characteristic helical shape. They were initially considered to be members of the Campylobacter genus, but in 1989 Goodwin et al. published sufficient reasons to justify his new genus name of Helicobacter | ^[1] The Helicobacter genus contains about 35 species.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Some species have been found living in the lining of the upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as the liver of mammals and some birds.^[5] The most widely known species of the genus is H. pylori, which infects up to 50% of the human population.^[4] Some strains of this bacterium are pathogenic to humans as it is strongly associated with peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, duodenitis, and stomach cancer. It also serves as the type species of the genus.

Helicobacter species are able to thrive in the very acidic mammalian stomach by producing large quantities of the enzyme urease, which locally raises the pH from about 2 to a more biocompatible range of 6 to 7.^[6] Bacteria belonging to this genus are usually susceptible to antibiotics such as penicillin, are microaerophilic (optimal oxygen concentration between 5 and 14%) capnophiles, and are fast-moving with their flagella.^[7]^[8]

Molecular signatures

Comparative genomic analysis has led to the identification of 11 proteins which are uniquely found in the Helicobacteraceae. Of these proteins, seven are found in all species of the family, while the remaining four are not found in any Helicobacter strains and are unique to Wollinella.^[9] Additionally, a rare genetic event has led to the fusion of the rpoB and rpoC genes in this family, which is characteristic of them.^[9]^[10]

Non-pylori Helicobacter species

Recently, new gastric (H. suis and H. baculiformis) and enterohepatic (H. equorum) species have been reported. H. pylori is of primary importance for medicine, but non-pylori Helicobacter species (NPHS), which naturally inhabit mammals (except humans) and birds, have been detected in human clinical specimens. NPHS encompass two (gastric and enterohepatic) groups, showing different organ specificity. Importantly, some species such as H. hepaticus, H. mustelae, and probably H. bilis exhibit carcinogenic potential in animals. NPHS harbour many virulence genes and may cause diseases not only in animals, but also in humans. Gastric NPHS such as H. suis (most often), H. felis, H. bizzozeronii and H. salomonis have been associated with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers in humans and, importantly, with higher risk for MALT lymphoma compared to H. pylori. Enterohepatic species e.g., H. hepaticus, H. bilis and H. ganmani have been detected by PCR, but still are not isolated from specimens of patients with hepatobiliary diseases. Moreover, NPHS may be associated with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The significance of avian helicobacters (H. pullorum, H. anseris, and H. brantae) also has been evaluated extensively. NPHS such as H. cinaedi and H. canis can cause severe infections, mostly in immunocompromised patients with animal exposure. Briefly, the role of NPHS in veterinary and human medicine is increasingly recognised. Several other topics such as isolation of still uncultured species, antibiotic resistance and treatment regimens for NPHS infections and, last but not least, NPHS pathogenesis and possible carcinogenesis in humans should be evaluated.^[2]

References

^ Goodwin CS, Armstrong JA, Chilvers T et al. (1989). "Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb. nov., respectively". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39 (4): 397–405. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-1-88.
^ ^a ^b Boyanova, L (editor) (2011). Helicobacter pylori. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-84-4.
^ Vandamme P, Falsen E, Rossaq R et al. (1991). "Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41 (1): 88–103. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-1-88. PMID 1704793.
^ ^a ^b Yamaoka Y (editor). (2008). Helicobacter pylori: Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 1-904455-31-X. [1].
^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ Dunn BE, Cohen H, Blaser MJ (1 October 1997). "Helicobacter pylori". Clin Microbiol Rev. 10 (4): 720–741. PMC 172942. PMID 9336670.
^ Hua JS, Zheng PY, Ho B (1999). "Species differentiation and identification in the genus of Helicobacter". World Journal of Gastroenterology 5 (1): 7–9.
^ Rust et al. (2008). "Helicobacter Flagella, Motility and Chemotaxis". Helicobacter pylori: Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology (Yamaoka Y, ed.). Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-31-8. [2].
^ ^a ^b Gupta, R. S. (2006). Molecular signatures (unique proteins and conserved indels) that are specific for the epsilon proteobacteria. BMC Genomics. 7:167.
^ Zakharova, N., Paster, B. J., Wesley, I., Dewhirst, F. E., Berg, D. E., and Severinov, K. V. (1999) Fused and overlapping rpoB and rpoC genes in Helicobacters, Campylobacters, and related bacteria. J Bacteriol 181: 3857-3859.

External links

Helicobacter genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
List of species in Helicobacter, with links to sequence information

UpToDate Contents

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1. ヘリコバクターピロリ菌の治療レジメン treatment regimens for helicobacter pylori
2. ヘリコバクターピロリ感染に対する診断検査およびその適応 indications and diagnostic tests for helicobacter pylori infection
3. ヘリコバクターピロリ感染の細菌学および疫学 bacteriology and epidemiology of helicobacter pylori infection
4. ヘリコバクターピロリ感染の病態生理およびそれへの免疫応答 pathophysiology of and immune response to helicobacter pylori infection
5. ヘリコバクターピロリ感染と十二指腸潰瘍の関連性 association between helicobacter pylori infection and duodenal ulcer

English Journal

Genipin-cross-linked fucose-chitosan/heparin nanoparticles for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori.

Lin YH, Tsai SC, Lai CH, Lee CH, He ZS, Tseng GC.SourceDepartment of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan. Electronic address: ylhsin@mail.cmu.edu.tw.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2013 Jun;34(18):4466-79. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.02.028. Epub 2013 Mar 15.
Helicobacter pylori is a significant human pathogen that recognizes specific carbohydrate receptors, such as the fucose receptor, and produces the vacuolating cytotoxin, which induces inflammatory responses and modulates the cell-cell junction integrity of the gastric epithelium. The clinical applic
PMID 23499480

Secondary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the colon.

Shaheen S, Guddati AK.SourceDepartment of Internal Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, 50 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA.
Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England).Med Oncol.2013 Jun;30(2):502. doi: 10.1007/s12032-013-0502-2. Epub 2013 Feb 20.
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-type lymphomas most commonly occur in the stomach and have been associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. However, MALT-type lymphoma of the colon is a rare entity. It commonly manifests with symptoms of weight loss, low-grade fever, constipation, melena
PMID 23423787

Japanese Journal

Helicobacter pylori感染症 (特集小児の消化器疾患 : 症候から最新の治療まで) -- (ガイドラインからみた消化器疾患)

奥田真珠美,前川講平,藤野哲朗
小児科診療 76(2), 225-231, 2013-02
NAID 40019563510

Evaluation of a Newly Developed Rapid Stool Antigen Test Using an Immunochromatographic Assay To Detect Helicobacter pylori

Jekarl Dong Wook,An Yeon Ju,Lee Seungok
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 66(1), 60-64, 2013-01
NAID 40019557093

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

国試過去問	「106A041」
リンク元	「Gastrospirillum」「ヘリコバクター属」
拡張検索	「Helicobacter cinaedi」「Helicobacter hepaticus」「fecal Helicobacter pylori antigen」

「106A041」

Helicobacter
	Scanning electron micrograph of Helicobacter bacteria.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Epsilonproteobacteria
Order:	Campylobacterales
Family:	Helicobacteraceae
Genus:	Helicobacter; Goodwin et al. 1989
Species
	H. acinonychis; H. anseris; H. aurati; H. baculiformis; H. bilis; H. bizzozeronii; H. brantae; H. canadensis; H. canis; H. cetorum; H. cholecystus; H. cinaedi; H. cynogastricus; H. equorum; H. felis; H. fennelliae; H. ganmani; H. heilmannii; H. hepaticus; H. mesocricetorum; H. macacae; H. marmotae; H. mastomyrinus; H. mesocricetorum; H. muridarum; H. mustelae; H. pametensis; H. pullorum; H. pylori; H. rappini; H. rodentium; H. salomonis; H. suis; H. trogontum; H. typhlonius; H. winghamensis

　　[★]

78歳の男性。黒色便を主訴に来院した。数日前から心窩部不快感を自覚していた。本日、突然の心窩部痛があり、黒色便に気付いたため受診した。 2年前から腰痛のため、自宅近くの診療所で治療を受けている。
意識は清明。身長168cm、体重62kg。体温36.8℃。脈拍92/分、整。血圧130/86mmHg。呼吸数16/分。 SpO2 98%(roomair)。眼瞼結膜は貧血様である。腹部は平坦、軟で、心窩部に軽度の圧痛を認める。腸雑音は亢進している。直腸指診を行うと黒色便が付着した。緊急に施行した上部消化管内視鏡検査の写真(別冊No. 15A、 B)を別に示す。
この患者から聴取された病歴で最も重視すべきなのはどれか。

a　胃がん検診の受診歴
b　下部消化管の検査歴
c　癌の家族歴
d　非ステロイド性抗炎症薬(NSAIDs)の内服歴
e　Helicobacter pylori除菌歴

[正答]

※国試ナビ4※　［106A040］←［国試_106］→［106A042］

「Gastrospirillum」

　　[★]

ガストロスピリラム、ガストロスピリルム、ストロスピリラム属、ガストロスピリルム属、Gastrospirillum属

関: Helicobacter

「ヘリコバクター属」

　　[★]

ラ: Helicobacter
同: ヘリコバクター, Helicobacter属

ヘリコバクター属

Helicobacter pylori

「Helicobacter cinaedi」

　　[★]

関: ヘリコバクター属

カンピロバクターの仲間で腸炎の原因菌となり得る。

「Helicobacter hepaticus」

　　[★]

ヘリコバクター・ヘパティカス

関: H. hepaticus

「fecal Helicobacter pylori antigen」

　　[★] 糞便中ヘリコバクター・ピロリ抗原

[1] Goodwin CS, Armstrong JA, Chilvers T et al. (1989). "Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb. nov., respectively". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39 (4): 397–405. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-1-88.

[BoyanovaL-2] Boyanova, L (editor) (2011). Helicobacter pylori. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-84-4.

[3] Vandamme P, Falsen E, Rossaq R et al. (1991). "Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41 (1): 88–103. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-1-88. PMID 1704793.

[YamaokaY-4] Yamaoka Y (editor). (2008). Helicobacter pylori: Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 1-904455-31-X. [1].

[5] Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

[6] Dunn BE, Cohen H, Blaser MJ (1 October 1997). "Helicobacter pylori". Clin Microbiol Rev. 10 (4): 720–741. PMC 172942. PMID 9336670.

[7] Hua JS, Zheng PY, Ho B (1999). "Species differentiation and identification in the genus of Helicobacter". World Journal of Gastroenterology 5 (1): 7–9.

[Rustetal-8] Rust et al. (2008). "Helicobacter Flagella, Motility and Chemotaxis". Helicobacter pylori: Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology (Yamaoka Y, ed.). Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-31-8. [2].

[Gupta-9] Gupta, R. S. (2006). Molecular signatures (unique proteins and conserved indels) that are specific for the epsilon proteobacteria. BMC Genomics. 7:167.

[10] Zakharova, N., Paster, B. J., Wesley, I., Dewhirst, F. E., Berg, D. E., and Severinov, K. V. (1999) Fused and overlapping rpoB and rpoC genes in Helicobacters, Campylobacters, and related bacteria. J Bacteriol 181: 3857-3859.

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案内

Helicobacter