Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/05/25 20:49:15」(JST)

wiki en

High-pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS – also known as high-pressure neurological syndrome) is a neurological and physiological diving disorder that results when a diver descends below about 500 feet (150 m) using a breathing gas containing helium. The effects experienced, and the severity of those effects, depend on the rate of descent, the depth and percentage of helium.^[1]

"Helium tremors" were first widely described in 1965 by Royal Navy physiologist Peter B. Bennett, who also founded the Divers Alert Network.^[1]^[2] Russian scientist G. L. Zal'tsman also reported on helium tremors in his experiments from 1961. However, these reports were not available in the West until 1967.^[3]

The term high-pressure nervous syndrome was first used by Brauer in 1968 to describe the combined symptoms of tremor, electroencephalography (EEG) changes, and somnolence that appeared during a 1,189-foot (362 m) chamber dive in Marseille.^[4]

Symptoms

Symptoms of HPNS include tremors, myoclonic jerking, somnolence, EEG changes,^[5] visual disturbance, nausea, dizziness, and decreased mental performance.^[1]^[2]

Causes

HPNS has two components, one resulting from the speed of compression and the other from the absolute pressure. The compression effects may occur when descending below 500 feet (150 m) at rates greater than a few metres per minute, but reduce within a few hours once the pressure has stabilised. The effects from depth become significant at depths exceeding 1,000 feet (300 m) and remain regardless of the time spent at that depth.^[1]

The susceptibility of divers and animals to HPNS varies over a wide range depending on the individual, but has little variation between different dives by the same diver.^[1]

Prevention

It is likely that HPNS cannot be entirely prevented but there are effective methods to delay or change the development of the symptoms.^[1]^[6]

Utilizing slow rates of compression or adding stops to the compression have been found to prevent large initial decrements in performance.^[1]^[7]

Including other gases in the helium–oxygen mixture, such as nitrogen (creating trimix) or hydrogen (producing hydreliox) suppresses the neurological effects.^[8]^[9]^[10]

Alcohol, anesthetics and anticonvulsant drugs have had varying results in suppressing HPNS with animals.^[1] None are currently in use for humans.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Bennett, Peter B; Rostain, Jean Claude (2003). "The High Pressure Nervous Syndrome". In Brubakk, Alf O; Neuman, Tom S. Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving, 5th Rev ed. United States: Saunders. pp. 323–57. ISBN 0-7020-2571-2.
^ ^a ^b Bennett, P. B. (1965). "Psychometric impairment in men breathing oxygen-helium at increased pressures". Royal Navy Personnel Research Committee, Underwater Physiology Subcommittee Report No. 251. London.
^ Zal'tsman, G. L. (1967). "Psychological principles of a sojourn of a human in conditions of raised pressure of the gaseous medium (in Russian, 1961)". English translation, Foreign Technology Division. AD655 360. Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
^ Brauer, R. W. (1968). "Seeking man's depth level". Ocean Industry. London. 3: 28–33.
^ Brauer, R. W.; S. Dimov; X. Fructus; P. Fructus; A. Gosset; R. Naquet. (1968). "Syndrome neurologique et electrographique des hautes pressions". Rev Neurol. Paris. 121 (3): 264–5. PMID 5378824.
^ Hunger Jr, W. L.; P. B. Bennett. (1974). "The causes, mechanisms and prevention of the high pressure nervous syndrome". Undersea Biomed. Res. 1 (1): 1–28. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 4619860. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
^ Bennett, P. B.; R. Coggin; M. McLeod. (1982). "Effect of compression rate on use of trimix to ameliorate HPNS in man to 686 m (2250 ft)". Undersea Biomed. Res. 9 (4): 335–51. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 7168098. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
^ Vigreux, J. (1970). "Contribution to the study of the neurological and mental reactions of the organism of the higher mammal to gaseous mixtures under pressure". MD Thesis. Toulouse University.
^ Fife, W. P. (1979). "The use of Non-Explosive mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen for diving". Texas A&M University Sea Grant. TAMU-SG-79-201.
^ Rostain, J. C.; Gardette-Chauffour, M. C.; Lemaire, C.; Naquet, R. (1988). "Effects of a H2-He-O2 mixture on the HPNS up to 450 msw". Undersea Biomedical Research. 15 (4): 257–70. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 3212843. Retrieved 2008-04-07.

External links

Select publications about HPNS hosted by the Rubicon Foundation

English Journal

Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome after blood transfusion in a pediatric patient with sickle cell disease.

Kolovou V, Zampakis P, Ginopoulou A, Varvarigou A, Kaleyias J.SourceDepartment of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Patras, Greece.
Pediatric neurology.Pediatr Neurol.2013 Sep;49(3):213-7. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.04.024. Epub 2013 Jul 4.
BACKGROUND: Children with sickle cell disease are at increased risk for neurological complications. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is a clinico-radiological syndrome characterized by headache, vomiting, seizures, and visual disturbances along with the radiological findings of post
PMID 23831252

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome revealing renal artery stenosis in a child.

Benoist G, Dossier C, Elmaleh M, Dauger S.SourceDepartment of Paediatric, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, AP-HP, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Boulogne, France.
BMJ case reports.BMJ Case Rep.2013 Aug 23;2013. pii: bcr2013010110. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-010110.
A 14-year-old girl was admitted to the emergency department for repeated seizures with no fever. High blood pressure at admission was ascribed to the status epilepticus. Seizure recurrence promoted transfer to the paediatric intensive care unit. The MRI visualised bilateral, subcortical, white-matte
PMID 23975912

Expression and function of CCL2/CCR2 in rat micturition reflexes and somatic sensitivity with urinary bladder inflammation.

Arms L, Girard BM, Malley SE, Vizzard MA.SourceDepartment of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
American journal of physiology. Renal physiology.Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.2013 Jul 1;305(1):F111-22. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00139.2013. Epub 2013 Apr 17.
Chemokines are proinflammatory mediators of the immune response, and there is growing evidence for chemokine/receptor signaling involvement in pronociception. Bladder pain syndrome (BPS)/interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by pain, pressure, or discomfort perceived to
PMID 23594826

Japanese Journal

300-400mヘリウム酸素飽和潜水時における短潜時体性感覚誘発電位の変化

日本高気圧環境医学会雑誌 38(4), 255-262, 2003-12-25
NAID 10012809809

深度200m及び200-300mのヘリウム酸素飽和潜水時における短潜時体性感覚誘発電位の変化

日本高気圧環境医学会雑誌 38(1), 1-8, 2003-03-24
NAID 10012809546

長期在宅中心静脈栄養法における重要な諸要因

病院薬学 23(5), 478-486, 1997-10-10
NAID 10013848889

Related Pictures

Car Refrigerator (HPNS-234) of wxhengpei hydro pneumatic cylinder hpns hydro shirt Donna Rockettara - Hpns Tour *Only Auto Electronics 12V Vacuum cleaner (HPNS Cushion safety baby car seat (HPNS-2016 ashtray cigarette case (HPNS-072) for sale hpns 075 ashtray cigarette case hpns 072 Auto Electronics 12V car fridge (HPNS-291)