同: γ-carboxyglutamate

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sea milkwort (同)genus Glaux
the 7th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)g

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まん中で二つに開く小型の旅行かばん

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/10 22:10:07」(JST)

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For the acronym, see GLA (disambiguation).

The northwest part of the fortification at Gla seen from the "palace", part of the Kopais plain visible in background

Gla (rarely Glas) (Greek: Γλα or Γλας) was an important fortified site of the Mycenaean civilization, located in Boeotia, mainland Greece. Despite its impressive size, more than ten times larger than contemporary Athens or Tiryns, Gla is not mentioned in the Iliad.^[1]

Description[edit]

Location[edit]

The site is located on a limestone outcrop or hill that jutted into Lake Kopais (now drained) or formed an island within it. The flat-topped outcrop rises up to 38m above the surrounding area. It measures circa 900 x 575m (at the widest point). The ancient name of the site is unknown, it is unclear whether it is one of the Boeotian places named by Homer (some scholars suggest that Gla is Homer's Arne). The scholarly designation "Gla" is from the Albanian word for fortification, the modern local population calls the site Paliokastro (Greek for "ancient fortress").^[2]

Size[edit]

Excavation revealed much detail about the fortification walls (which were always visible) and, on the interior, remains of buildings from the Mycenaean period. The fortification encloses an area of nearly 20 hectares, about 10 times as much as the Mycenaean citadels of Athens or Tiryns.

Walls[edit]

The south gate, external view (note ashlar masonry)

The walls are built of medium-sized limestone blocks, mostly in the Cyclopean masonry technique (ashlar masonry is employed at some of the gates). They have a total length of 2.8 km, are up to 6.75m wide and 3-5m high. In many locations they are built directly on the cliffs that form the limit of the outcrop. It had four gates, an unusually high number for a Mycenaean fortification, in the north, west, south and southeast. Elaborate built ramps led to the gates. The fortification can be dated to early LH III B, that is, circa 1300 BC.

Draining of Kopais[edit]

Much of the area within the walls is vacant, leading archaeologists to believe that it served as a refuge for farmers in the area of Lake Kopais in the event of attack. It is suggested that the land dominated by the citadel of Gla served as the "bread basket" of the Mycenaean world. This is supported by the fact that Lake Kopais, the largest lake in southern Greece, had been drained by a system of dams and canals (one of the most astonishing achievements of prehistoric engineering) at about the same time as the erection of Gla, producing a large fertile plain. The drainage system collapsed from destruction or neglect at or after the end of Mycenaean Civilisation; in Classical Antiquity, the lake existed again. It was drained a second time in the 19th century.

Interior structures[edit]

Palace[edit]

The most striking interior feature is a large L-shaped building, often described as a "palace". It is in the north of the site, which is subdivided by several internal walls in this area. The "palace" is located on an artificial terrace and consists of three wings. Each of the wings contains mostly very small rooms, arranged in groups of six and accessed by corridors. At the two ends of the L, there are similar arrangements of rooms resembling the megaron complexes known from Tiryns, Mycenae Dimini and Pylos. Nevertheless, the lack of several typical features of other Mycenaean palaces, namely of a "throne room", a (circular) hearth and a "bathroom" casts some doubt on the designation of the structure as a palace.

Agora[edit]

Two further Mycenaean architectural complexes were found further south, in the area of the so-called "agora", which is separated from the "palace area" by a wall. The two complexes are parallel to each other (north-south orientation) and have similar plans. In each, a long corridor links buildings in the north and south of the complex. They are subdivided into small rooms. There is no scholarly consensus on their function. Suggestions include use as barracks, storage spaces/distribution centres, or workshops. The storage theory is supported by the discovery of large amounts of carbonised grain (probably burnt during the destruction of the site) in one of the buildings.

Tiles[edit]

An interesting feature of the buildings at Gla is the discovery of fired pan and cover tiles, suggesting that some Mycenaean buildings already featured pitched, tiled roofs similar to those known from Classical antiquity.^[3]

There is some evidence that human occupation of Gla was not limited to the Mycenaean period. For example, the site yielded pottery from Neolithic and Byzantine times. It does not, however, appear to have been occupied during the Greek and Roman periods.

Gallery[edit]

Looking toward the citadel proper from the northeast corner.
View of Northern wall of Gla from below the citadel
Standing in the citadel proper looking to the east with a view of the Northern Wall

Notes[edit]

^ Samuel Mark, Homeric Seafaring (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2005), p. 11.
^ Nic Fields & Donato Spedaliere, 2004: Mycenaean Fortifications, Oxford: Osprey Publishing; p. 39
^ Ione Mylonas Shear, “Excavations on the Acropolis of Midea: Results of the Greek-Swedish Excavations under the Direction of Katie Demakopoulou and Paul Åström”, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 104, No. 1. (Jan., 2000), pp. 133-134 (134)

Source of translation[edit]

Attribution

This article incorporates information from this version of the equivalent article on the German Wikipedia. Incorporating extra information from the previous English language version.

External links[edit]

Livius.org: Gla

Coordinates: 38°29′00″N 23°10′56″E / 38.48333°N 23.18222°E / 38.48333; 23.18222

UpToDate Contents

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1. ビタミンKおよびその合成ならびにガンマカルボキシグルタミン酸の機能 vitamin k and the synthesis and function of gamma carboxyglutamic acid
2. 骨格の正常な発達および骨形成ならびに骨吸収の調節 normal skeletal development and regulation of bone formation and resorption
3. 第VIII因子および第IX因子の生物学と正常な機能 biology and normal function of factor viii and factor ix
4. 広汎性特発性骨増殖症（DISH） diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis dish
5. ビタミンKの概要 overview of vitamin k

English Journal

Warfarin accelerates ectopic mineralization in abcc6(-/-) mice: clinical relevance to pseudoxanthoma elasticum.

Li Q, Guo H, Chou DW, Harrington DJ, Schurgers LJ, Terry SF, Uitto J.SourceDepartment of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The American journal of pathology.Am J Pathol.2013 Apr;182(4):1139-50. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.12.037. Epub 2013 Feb 15.
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a multisystem ectopic mineralization disorder caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene. Warfarin, a commonly used anticoagulant, is associated with increased mineralization of the arterial blood vessels and cardiac valves. We hypothesized that warfarin may accelerate e
PMID 23415960

Serum bone formation marker correlation with improved osseointegration in osteoporotic rats treated with simvastatin.

Du Z, Chen J, Yan F, Doan N, Ivanovski S, Xiao Y.SourceDepartment of Oral Implants, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Clinical oral implants research.Clin Oral Implants Res.2013 Apr;24(4):422-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02341.x. Epub 2011 Nov 10.
OBJECTIVE: Simvastatin has been shown to enhance osseointegration of pure titanium implants in osteoporotic rats. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the serum level of bone formation markers and the osseointegration of pure titanium implants in osteoporotic rats treated with simva
PMID 22092686

Investigating causality between interacting brain areas with multivariate autoregressive models of MEG sensor data.

Michalareas G, Schoffelen JM, Paterson G, Gross J.SourceDepartment of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, United Kingdom; Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany. georgem@psy.gla.ac.uk.
Human brain mapping.Hum Brain Mapp.2013 Apr;34(4):890-913. doi: 10.1002/hbm.21482. Epub 2012 Feb 13.
In this work, we investigate the feasibility to estimating causal interactions between brain regions based on multivariate autoregressive models (MAR models) fitted to magnetoencephalographic (MEG) sensor measurements. We first demonstrate the theoretical feasibility of estimating source level causa
PMID 22328419

Japanese Journal

GGCX 遺伝子多型がオステオカルシンのGla化と骨密度に及ぼす影響 : 第一報　PCR-SSP 法によるGGCX 遺伝子多型判定試験の検討

長谷川秀隆,神口浩,村上大介,松木秀明
4(1), 33-39, 2013-03-29
… 本研究の目的は、γ-グルタミルカルボキシラーゼ（GGCX）遺伝子多型が、オステオカルシンのGla化と骨密度に及ぼす影響を検討し、将来、骨代謝異常をきたす慢性疾患を持つ人々に骨量低下や骨粗鬆症の予防のための効果的な栄養指導を行うことである。 …
NAID 120005286876

座談会世界的なSC規模の基準「GLA」とは何?

渋谷宗彦,及川亘弘,篠原一博 [他]
SC Japan today (455), 86-89, 2013-01-00
NAID 40019550597

透析患者におけるCalcific Uremic Arteriolopathyの病態と治療

石井まどか
東京女子医科大学雑誌 82(E2), E370-E375, 2012-07-31
… しかし近年、fetuin-A (2-Heremens-Schmid glycoprotein)、Matrix Gla Protein、OsteoprotegerinがビタミンDやビタミンKと密接に関わりながら異所性石灰化を抑制していることが示されてきている。 …
NAID 110009435915

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「γ-カルボキシグルタミン酸」「γカルボキシグルタミン酸」「gamma-carboxyglutamate」「1-carboxyglutamic acid」「gamma-carboxyglutamic acid」
拡張検索	「Glasgow-Pittsburgh cerebral performance category」「Glasgow昏睡尺度」「Glasgow coma scale」
関連記事	「G」「GLA」

「γ-カルボキシグルタミン酸」

　　[★]

英: γ-carboxyglutamic acid, Gla, GLA
同: 4-カルボキシグルタミン酸、3-アミノ-1,1,3-プロパントリカルボン酸 3-amino-1,1,3- propanetricarboxylic acid

「γカルボキシグルタミン酸」

　　[★]

英: gamma-carboxyglutamic acid、gamma-carboxyglutamate、1-carboxyglutamic acid、Gla
関: γ-カルボキシグルタミン酸、1-カルボキシグルタミン酸

「gamma-carboxyglutamate」

　　[★]

γカルボキシグルタミン酸、γ-カルボキシグルタミン酸

関: 1-carboxyglutamic acid、gamma-carboxyglutamic acid、Gla

「1-carboxyglutamic acid」

　　[★]

1-カルボキシグルタミン酸、γカルボキシグルタミン酸

関: gamma-carboxyglutamate、gamma-carboxyglutamic acid、Gla

「gamma-carboxyglutamic acid」

　　[★]

γカルボキシグルタミン酸

関: 1-carboxyglutamic acid、gamma-carboxyglutamate、Gla

「Glasgow-Pittsburgh cerebral performance category」

　　[★]

同: GP-CPC, CPC, Pittsburgh cerebral performance category, Glasgow outcome scale?

GP-CPC 1: conscious, alert, and oriented with normal cognitive functions

GP-CPC 2: conscious and alert with moderate cerebral disability

GP-CPC 3: conscious with severe disability

GP-CPC 4: comatose or in persistent vegetative state

GP-CPC 5: certified brain death or dead by traditional criteria.

参考1

	CPC	OPC
1	Good cerebral performance: Conscious, alert, able to work, might have mild neurologic or psycholgic deficit.	Good overall performance: Healthy, alert, capable of normal life, CPC 1.
2	Moderate cerebral disability: Conscious, sufficient cerebral function for independent activities of daily life. Able to work in sheltered environment.	Moderate overall disability: -Conscious (CPC 2), or moderate disability from noncerebral systems dysfunction alone (CPC 1), or both. -Performs independent activities of daily life, but is disabled for competitive work.
3	Severe cerebral disability: Conscious, dependent on others for daily support because of impaired brain function. Ranges from ambulatory state to severe dementia or paralysis.	Severe overall disability: -Conscious (CPC 3), or severe disability from non-cerebral organ systems dysfunction alone (CPC 1 or 2), or both. -Dependent on others for daily support.
4	Coma or vegetative state: Any degree of coma without the presence of all brain death criteria. Unawareness, even if appears awake (vegetative state) without interaction with environment; may have spontaneous eye opening and sleep-awake cycles. Cerebral unresponsiveness.	Coma or vegetative state: Same as CPC 4.
5	Brain death. Apnea, areflexia, EEG silence, etc.	Brain death:

参考

1.

http://www.mplsheart.org/sites/all/default/userfiles/file/10%20Sendelbach%20-%20Neurocognitive%20090810.pdf

2. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage.

Jennett B, Bond M.
Lancet.Lancet.1975 Mar 1;1(7905):480-4.
Persisting disability after brain damage usually comprises both mental and physical handicap. The mental component is often the more important in contributing to overall social disability. Lack of an objective scale leads to vague and over-optimistic estimates of outcome, which obscure the ultimat
PMID 46957