WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre

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(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/17 10:32:14」(JST)

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Club cells, also known as bronchiolar exocrine cells,^[1] and originally known as Clara cells (see nomenclature section), are dome-shaped cells with short microvilli, found in the small airways (bronchioles) of the lungs.^[2]

Club cells are found in the ciliated simple epithelium. These cells may secrete glycosaminoglycans to protect the bronchiole lining. Bronchiolar cells gradually increase in number as the number of goblet cells decrease.

One of the main functions of club cells is to protect the bronchiolar epithelium. They do this by secreting a small variety of products, including club cell secretory protein uteroglobin, and a solution similar to the component of the lung surfactant. They are also responsible for detoxifying harmful substances inhaled into the lungs. Club cells accomplish this with cytochrome P450 enzymes found in their smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Club cells also act as a stem cell, multiplying and differentiating into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium.^[3]

Mechanism

The respiratory bronchioles represent the transition from the conducting portion to the respiratory portion of the respiratory system. The narrow channels are usually less than 2 mm in diameter and they are lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium, consisting of ciliated cells and non-ciliated club cells, which are unique to bronchioles. In addition to being structurally diverse, club cells are also functionally variable. One major function they carry out is the synthesis and secretion of the material lining the bronchiolar lumen. This material includes glycosaminoglycans, proteins such as lysozymes, and conjugation of the secretory portion of IgA antibodies. These play an important defensive role, and they also contribute to the degradation of the mucus produced by the upper airways. The heterogeneous nature of the dense granules within the club cell's cytoplasm suggests that they may not all have a secretory function. Some of them may contain lysosomal enzymes, which carry out a digestive role, either in defense: Club cells engulf airborne toxins and break them down via their cytochrome P-450 enzymes (particularly CYP4B1, which is only present in the club cells) present in their smooth endoplasmic reticulum; or in the recycling of secretory products. Club cells are mitotically active. They divide and differentiate to form both ciliated and non-ciliated epithelial cells.

Role in disease

Club cells contain tryptase, which is believed to be responsible for cleaving the hemagglutinin surface protein of influenza A virus, thereby activating it and causing the symptoms of flu.^[4] When the l7Rn6 protein is disrupted in mice, these mice display severe emphysema at birth as a result of disorganization of the Golgi apparatus and formation of aberrant vesicular structures within club cells.^[5] Malignant club cells are also seen in bronchioalveolar carcinoma of the lung. Serum club cell proteins are used as a biomarker of lung permeability. Exposure to particulate air pollution may compromise the integrity of the lung epithelium and lead to rapid increase in epithelial barrier permeability,as reflected by increased serum club cell concentrations.^[6]

Nomenclature

Club cells were previously called Clara cells, as they were first described by Max Clara (1899–1966), in 1937. Clara was an active member of the Nazi Party and used tissue taken from executed victims of the Third Reich for his research—including the work that led to his discovery of Clara cells.^[7] In May 2012, the editorial boards of most of the major respiratory journals (including the journals of the American Thoracic Society, the European Respiratory Society and the American College of Chest Physicians) concluded that the continued use of Clara's eponym would be equivalent to honoring him; they therefore introduced a name-change policy, which went into effect beginning January 1, 2013.^[8] The term "Clara" is to be used parenthetically after "club cell" for a 2-year period, at which point when "Clara cell" and "Clara cell secretory protein" will be conclusively replaced with "club cell" and "club cell secretory protein", respectively.^[9]

References

^ Peter J. Papadakos; Burkhard Lachmann (29 August 2007). Mechanical Ventilation: Clinical Applications and Pathophysiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-0-7216-0186-1. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
^ Atkinson JJ, Adair-Kirk TL, Kelley DG, Demello D, Senior RM (2008). "Clara cell adhesion and migration to extracellular matrix". Respir. Res. 9 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-9-1. PMC 2249579. PMID 18179694.
^ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Clara+cell
^ Taubenberger JK (August 1998). "Influenza virus hemagglutinin cleavage into HA1, HA2: No laughing matter". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (17): 9713–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.17.9713. PMC 33880. PMID 9707539.
^ Fernández-Valdivia R, Zhang Y, Pai S, Metzker ML, Schumacher A (January 2006). "l7Rn6 Encodes a Novel Protein Required for Clara Cell Function in Mouse Lung Development". Genetics 172 (1): 389–99. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.048736. PMC 1456166. PMID 16157679.
^ Provost EB, Chaumont A, Kicinski M, Cox B, Fierens F, Bernard A, Nawrot TS. “Serum levels of club cell secretory protein (Clara) and short- and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution in adolescents” Environ Int. 2014 Apr 4;68C:66-70. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.011.
^ Winkelmann, Andreas; Noack, Thorsten (2010). "The Clara cell - a "Third Reich eponym"?". European Respiratory Journal 36 (4): 722–7. doi:10.1183/09031936.00146609. PMID 20223917.
^ Irwin, RS; Augustyn N; French CT; Rice J; Tedeschi V; Welch SJ (2013). "Spread the word about the journal in 2013: from citation manipulation to invalidation of patient-reported outcomes measures to renaming the Clara cell to new journal features". Chest 143: 1–5. doi:10.1378/chest.12-2762. PMID 23276834.
^ Akram, KM; Lomas NJ; Spiteri MA; Forsyth NR (2013). "Club cells inhibit alveolar epithelial wound repair via TRAIL-dependent apoptosis". Eur Respir J 41: 683–694. doi:10.1183/09031936.00213411. PMID 22790912.

External links

Histology image: 13805loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
-415956935 at GPnotebook
UIUC Histology Subject 1385
Histology at ucsf.edu

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