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Chlamydophila is a bacterial genus belonging to the family Chlamydiaceae,^[2] order Chlamydiales, class/phylum Chlamydiae.

Taxonomy

Chlamydophila was recognized in 1999,^[3] with six species in Chlamydophila and three in the original genus, Chlamydia. All Chlamydiae are anaerobic bacteria with a biphasic developmental lifecycle that depends on obligately intracellular growth in eukaryotic host cells.

Prior to 1999, criteria for chlamydial species were not exclusive. For example, at that time genus Chlamydia = family Chlamydiaceae; C. psittaci were distinguished from C. trachomatis by sulfadiazine resistance, although not all C. psittaci were resistant; C. pneumoniae was classified by its appearance under electron microscopy (EM) and its ability to infect humans, although the EM appearance was found to differ from one research group to the next, and all of these species infected humans.

The systematic taxonomy established for Chlamydiae in 1999 uses up-to-date, prevailing criteria for bacterial classification, including DNA-DNA reassociation, 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA gene similarity, sequence similarity clustering of protein coding genes, and genome size. Supporting criteria such as antigen detection,^[4] glycogen staining, host association, and EM morphology are also employed, depending on applicability and availability. In 1999, many Chlamydia strains were reorganized into the genus Chlamydophila.

Comparative genomic analyses have identified large numbers of signature proteins that are uniquely present in species from the genera Chlamydia and Chlamydophila, supporting the distinctness of these genera.^[5] This view has been challenged by a more recent whole genome analysis leading to a proposal to "reunite the Chlamydiaceae into a single genus, Chlamydia".^[6] To date, this nomenclature controversy has not been resolved.^[7]

Chlamydophila differentiation

The mean DNA-DNA reassociation similarity distinguishing Chlamydophila from Chlamydia is 10.1% (95% confidence interval = 6.8 through 13.5), an accepted value for genus separation.

Divergence of Chlamydophila from Chlamydia is indicated by sequence similarity clustering of protein coding and ribosomal RNA genes. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of Chlamydophila and Chlamydia are close to 95% identical. However, 95% is not a cutoff for separating Chlamydiaceae genera but is a guideline for establishing new genera in chlamydial families. The full-length 23S rRNA genes of Chlamydophila and Chlamydia species are less than 95% identical.

Some Molecular Criteria Distinguishing Chlamydiaceae Genera
Genus	Approximate Genome Size (million DNA base pairs)	Detectable Glycogen	Number of Ribosomal Operons
Chlamydophila	1.2	No	1
Chlamydia	1.0	Yes	2

Species

Distinctions such as EM morphology, antibiotic resistance, and extrachromosomal plasmid are typically species-specific characteristics.

Species in Chlamydophila include:

Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Chlamydophila pecorum
Chlamydophila felis
Chlamydophila psittaci
Chlamydophila abortus
Chlamydophila caviae

References

^ J.P. Euzéby. "Chlamydophila". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
^ Chlamydophila at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
^ Everett KD, Bush RM, Andersen AA (April 1999). "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49 (2): 415–40. PMID 10319462. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-2-415.
^ Bush RM, Everett KD (January 2001). "Molecular evolution of the Chlamydiaceae". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51 (Pt 1): 203–20. PMID 11211261. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-1-203.
^ Griffiths E, Ventresca MS, Gupta RS (2006). "BLAST screening of chlamydial genomes to identify signature proteins that are unique for the Chlamydiales, Chlamydiaceae, Chlamydophila and Chlamydia groups of species". BMC Genomics. 7: 14. PMC 1403754 . PMID 16436211. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-7-14.
^ Stephens RS, Myers G, Eppinger M, Bavoil PM (March 2009). "Divergence without difference: phylogenetics and taxonomy of Chlamydia resolved". FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 55 (2): 115–9. PMID 19281563. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2008.00516.x.
^ "Chlamydia/Chlamydophila group". NCBI taxonomy database. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2013-03-26. Given the contentious nature of the issue, the NCBI Taxonomy Database retains both genus names for use by submitters.

External links

Chlamydophila genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
Taxonomic Outline of the Procaryotes, Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Second Edition Release 1.0, April c. [1]

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における肺炎クラミジアによる肺炎 pneumonia caused by chlamydia pneumoniae in adults
2. 小児における肺炎クラミジアによる肺炎 pneumonia caused by chlamydia species in children
3. 成人の外来患者における市中肺炎の治療 treatment of community acquired pneumonia in adults in the outpatient setting
4. 小児における市中肺炎：外来治療 community acquired pneumonia in children outpatient treatment
5. アテローム性動脈硬化症の潜在的な病原因子としての肺炎クラミジア感染 chlamydia pneumoniae infection as a potential etiologic factor in atherosclerosis

English Journal

Abortion in cattle due to infection with Staphylococcus lugdunensis.

Ardigò P1, D'Incau M1, Pongolini S2.
Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc.J Vet Diagn Invest.2014 Nov;26(6):818-20. doi: 10.1177/1040638714550182. Epub 2014 Oct 7.
An aborted fetus of 7 months gestation, the associated placenta, and a single blood sample from the dam were submitted for diagnostic investigation to the diagnostic laboratory of the Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute in Parma, Italy. The serum was negative for Neosp
PMID 25292193

Influence of intimal Chlamydophila pneumoniae persistence on cardiovascular complications after coronary intervention.

Tuleta I1, Reek D, Braun P, Bauriedel G, Nickenig G, Skowasch D, Andrié R.
Infection.Infection.2014 Oct 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE: Chlamydophila pneumoniae has been implicated in atherosclerosis/restenosis; however, clear evidence is missing. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the influence of intimal infection and systemic inflammation on cardiovascular complications after coronary intervention.METHODS: 45
PMID 25344890

Long-term outcomes of first-line treatment with doxycycline in patients with previously untreated ocular adnexal marginal zone B cell lymphoma.

Han JJ1, Kim TM, Jeon YK, Kim MK, Khwarg SI, Kim CW, Kim IH, Heo DS.
Annals of hematology.Ann Hematol.2014 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print]
Ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL) has been associated with Chlamydophila psittaci infection, for which doxycycline has been suggested as a treatment option. We conducted this study to evaluate the long-term results of first-line doxycycline treatment in patients with OAL. Ninety patients with histologic
PMID 25338969

Japanese Journal

Effect of the steroid receptor antagonist RU486 (mifepristone) on an IFNγ-induced persistent Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection model in epithelial HEp-2 cells

Ishida Kasumi,Yamazaki Tomohiro,Motohashi Kazuki,Kobayashi Miho,Matsuo Junji,Osaki Takako,Hanawa Tomoko,Kamiya Shigeru,Yamamoto Yoshimasa,Yamaguchi Hiroyuki
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 18(1), 22-29, 2012-02
… We have previously demonstrated that the steroid receptor antagonist mifepristone (RU486) causes growth inhibition of Chlamydophila pneumoniae by binding to and subsequently destroying the bacteria during their normal developmental cycle in epithelial HEp-2 cells. …
NAID 120003783328

Chlamydophila pneumoniae attachment and infection in low proteoglycan expressing human lymphoid Jurkat cells

Kobayashi Miho,Ishida Kasumi,Matsuo Junji,Nakamura Shinji,Nagasawa Ayumi,Motohashi Kazuki,Yao Takashi,Hirai Itaru,Yamamoto Yoshimasa,Suzuki Haruki,Shimizu Chikara,Matsuno Kazuhiko,Yamaguchi Hiroyuki
Microbial Pathogenesis 51(3), 209-216, 2011-09
… This study investigated the proteoglycan (PG)-dependent mechanism of Chlamydophila pneumoniae attachment to lymphocytic cells. …
NAID 120003295071

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リンク元	「クラミドフィラ属」「クラミドフィラ」
拡張検索	「Chlamydophila pneumoniae」「Chlamydophila属」「Chlamydophila感染症」「Chlamydophila infection」「Chlamydophila pneumoniae肺炎」

「クラミドフィラ属」

Chlamydophila
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Chlamydiae
Class:	Chlamydiae
Order:	Chlamydiales
Family:	Chlamydiaceae
Genus:	Chlamydophila
Species
	Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Grayston et al. 1989) Everett et al. 1999; Chlamydophila pecorum (Fukushi and Hirai 1992) Everett et al. 1999; Chlamydophila psittaci (Lillie 1930) Everett et al. 1999; Chlamydophila abortus Everett et al. 1999; Chlamydophila felis Everett et al. 1999; Chlamydophila caviae Everett et al. 1999;