down-regulation

• 下方制御、下向き調節、発現低下、(発現量などの)減少、ダウンレギュレーション

関

decline、decrease、diminish、diminution、down-regulate、downmodulation、downregulate、downregulation、fall、loss、receptor down-regulation、reduce、reduction

WordNet

1. yield to temptation or sin; "Adam and Eve fell"
2. the season when the leaves fall from the trees; "in the fall of 1973" (同)autumn
3. come as if by falling; "Night fell"; "Silence fell" (同)descend, settle
4. be born, used chiefly of lambs; "The lambs fell in the afternoon"
5. begin vigorously; "The prisoners fell to work right away"
6. go as if by falling; "Grief fell from our hearts"
7. occur at a specified time or place; "Christmas falls on a Monday this year"; "The accent falls on the first syllable"
8. pass suddenly and passively into a state of body or mind; "fall into a trap"; "She fell ill"; "They fell out of favor"; "Fall in love"; "fall asleep"; "fall prey to an imposter"; "fall into a strange way of thinking"; "she fell to pieces after she lost her work"
9. a lapse into sin; a loss of innocence or of chastity; "a fall from virtue"
10. a sudden decline in strength or number or importance; "the fall of the House of Hapsburg" (同)downfall
11. when a wrestlers shoulders are forced to the mat (同)pin
12. a movement downward; "the rise and fall of the tides"
13. come under, be classified or included; "fall into a category"; "This comes under a new heading" (同)come
14. lose an upright position suddenly; "The vase fell over and the water spilled onto the table"; "Her hair fell across her forehead" (同)fall down
15. fall to somebody by assignment or lot; "The task fell to me"; "It fell to me to notify the parents of the victims" (同)light
16. be inherited by; "The estate fell to my sister"; "The land returned to the family"; "The estate devolved to an heir that everybody had assumed to be dead" (同)return, pass, devolve
17. touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly; "Light fell on her face"; "The sun shone on the fields"; "The light struck the golden necklace"; "A strange sound struck my ears" (同)shine, strike
18. assume a disappointed or sad expression; "Her face fell when she heard that she would be laid off"; "his crest fell"
19. be captured; "The cities fell to the enemy"
20. be cast down; "his eyes fell"
21. be due; "payments fall on the 1st of the month"
22. come out; issue; "silly phrases fell from her mouth"
23. descend in free fall under the influence of gravity; "The branch fell from the tree"; "The unfortunate hiker fell into a crevasse"
24. die, as in battle or in a hunt; "Many soldiers fell at Verdun"; "Several deer have fallen to the same gun"; "The shooting victim fell dead"
25. drop oneself to a lower or less erect position; "She fell back in her chair"; "He fell to his knees"
26. lose office or power; "The government fell overnight"; "The Qing Dynasty fell with Sun Yat-sen"
27. lose ones chastity; "a fallen woman"
28. move in a specified direction; "The line of men fall forward"
29. slope downward; "The hills around here fall towards the ocean"
30. suffer defeat, failure, or ruin; "We must stand or fall"; "fall by the wayside"
31. to be given by assignment or distribution; "The most difficult task fell on the youngest member of the team"; "The onus fell on us"; "The pressure to succeed fell on the youngest student"
32. to be given by right or inheritance; "The estate fell to the oldest daughter"
33. undergo meiosis; "The cells reduce"
34. cook until very little liquid is left; "The cook reduced the sauce by boiling it for a long time" (同)boil_down, concentrate
35. be the essential element; "The proposal boils down to a compromise" (同)come_down, boil_down
36. take off weight (同)melt off, lose weight, slim, slenderize, thin, slim down
37. make smaller; "reduce an image" (同)scale_down
38. narrow or limit; "reduce the influx of foreigners" (同)tighten
39. make less complex; "reduce a problem to a single question"
40. cut down on; make a reduction in; "reduce your daily fat intake"; "The employer wants to cut back health benefits" (同)cut_down, cut_back, trim, trim down, trim back, cut, bring_down
41. bring to humbler or weaker state or condition; "He reduced the population to slavery"
42. destress and thus weaken a sound when pronouncing it
43. lessen and make more modest; "reduce ones standard of living"
44. lower in grade or rank or force somebody into an undignified situation; "She reduced her niece to a servant"
45. reposition (a broken bone after surgery) back to its normal site
46. simplify the form of a mathematical equation of expression by substituting one term for another
47. make smaller; "He decreased his staff" (同)lessen, minify
48. a process of becoming smaller or shorter (同)decrement
49. decrease in size, extent, or range; "The amount of homework decreased towards the end of the semester"; "The cabin pressure fell dramatically"; "her weight fell to under a hundred pounds"; "his voice fell to a whisper" (同)diminish, lessen, fall
50. the amount by which something decreases (同)decrement
51. the act of decreasing or reducing something (同)diminution, reduction, step-down
52. a change downward; "there was a decrease in his temperature as the fever subsided"; "there was a sharp drop-off in sales" (同)lessening, drop-off
53. the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue; "the company operated at a loss last year"; "the company operated in the red last year" (同)red ink, red
54. gradual decline in amount or activity; "weight loss"; "a serious loss of business"
55. something that is lost; "the car was a total loss"; "loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt"
56. the disadvantage that results from losing something; "his loss of credibility led to his resignation"; "losing him is no great deprivation" (同)deprivation
57. the act of losing someone or something; "everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock"
58. the experience of losing a loved one; "he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather"
59. inflect for number, gender, case, etc., "in many languages, speakers decline nouns, pronouns, and adjectives"
60. a condition inferior to an earlier condition; a gradual falling off from a better state (同)declination
61. change toward something smaller or lower (同)diminution
62. grow smaller; "Interest in the project waned" (同)go_down, wane
63. go down in value; "the stock market corrected"; "prices slumped" (同)slump, correct
64. go down; "The roof declines here"
65. any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen); always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent (同)reducing
66. the act of reducing complexity (同)simplification
67. to a lower intensity; "he slowly phased down the light until the stage was completely black"
68. soft fine feathers (同)down feather
69. (American football) a complete play to advance the football; "you have four downs to gain ten yards"
70. fine soft dense hair (as the fine short hair of cattle or deer or the wool of sheep or the undercoat of certain dogs) (同)pile
71. (usually plural) a rolling treeless highland with little soil
72. understood perfectly; "had his algebra problems down" (同)down pat, mastered
73. extending or moving from a higher to a lower place; "the down staircase"; "the downward course of the stream" (同)downward
74. spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position; "dont fall down"; "rode the lift up and skied down"; "prices plunged downward" (同)downwards, downward, downwardly
75. cause to come or go down; "The policeman downed the heavily armed suspect"; "The mugger knocked down the old lady after she refused to hand over her wallet" (同)knock down, cut_down, push down, pull down
76. shoot at and force to come down; "the enemy landed several of our aircraft" (同)shoot down, land
77. away from a more central or a more northerly place; "was sent down to work at the regional office"; "worked down on the farm"; "came down for the wedding"; "flew down to Florida"
78. becoming progressively lower; "the down trend in the real estate market"
79. being or moving lower in position or less in some value; "lay face down"; "the moon is down"; "our team is down by a run"; "down by a pawn"; "the stock market is down today"
80. being put out by a strikeout; "two down in the bottom of the ninth"
81. bring down or defeat (an opponent)
82. from an earlier time; "the story was passed down from father to son"
83. in an inactive or inoperative state; "the factory went down during the strike"; "the computer went down again"
84. not functioning (temporarily or permanently); "we cant work because the computer is down"
85. paid in cash at time of purchase; "put ten dollars down on the necklace"
86. shut; "the shades were down"
87. travel or traverse (a distance); "This car does 150 miles per hour"; "We did 6 miles on our hike every day"
88. the syllable naming the first (tonic) note of any major scale in solmization (同)doh, ut
89. proceed or get along; "How is she doing in her new job?"; "How are you making out in graduate school?"; "Hes come a long way" (同)fare, make_out, come, get along
90. create or design, often in a certain way; "Do my room in blue"; "I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest" (同)make
91. carry on or function; "We could do with a little more help around here" (同)manage
92. get (something) done; "I did my job" (同)perform
93. prescribed by or according to regulation; "regulation army equipment"
94. (embryology) the ability of an early embryo to continue normal development after its structure has been somehow damaged or altered
95. the state of being controlled or governed
96. the act of bringing to uniformity; making regular (同)regularization, regularisation
97. the act of controlling or directing according to rule; "fiscal regulations are in the hands of politicians" (同)regulating
98. an authoritative rule (同)ordinance
99. English physician who first described Downs syndrome (1828-1896) (同)John L. H. Down

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》『落下する』,落ちる / 〈人・物が〉『倒れる』《+『down』(『over』)》 / 傷ついて倒れる,倒れて死ぬ / (…まで)垂れ下がる,〈道などが〉下降する《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈目・顔などが〉下を向く,うつむく,沈む / 〈暗やみ・静けさなどが〉(…に)たれ込める;〈災害・責任・病気・眠けなどが〉(…に)降りかかる《+『on』(『upon, over』)+『名』》 / 〈程度・数量・値段などが〉(…まで)『下がる』,減少する《+『to』+『名』》 / 誘惑に負ける,墜落する / (勢力・威信・人望などを)失う《+『from』(『in』)+『名』》 / 〈政権などが〉倒れる,〈要塞などが〉陥落する;(…の手に)落ちる《+『to』+『名』》 / 『なる』,陥る / 〈時・事が〉(…に)当たる,起こる,(しかるべき位置に)来る《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈光線・視線などが〉(…に)向けられる《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』 / (…に)分かれる《+『into』+『名』》 / 〈言葉などが〉(…から)漏れる《+『from』》 / 〈C〉(…から)『落ちること』,落下《+『from』+『名』》;(…への)落下《+『to』(『toward』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(雨・雪などの)降った量《+『of』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》《固有名詞としては単数扱い》滝 / 〈C〉(…から…までの)落差《+『from』+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉倒れること,転倒 / 〈C〉(程度・数量・値段などの)下落,減少,衰退《+『in』+『名』》 / 《単数形で》(…の)陥落,崩壊《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉堕落 / 〈C〉傾斜
2. 『秋』(autumn)
3. (あるところまで)〈数量など〉‘を'『減らす』,小さくする;〈程度・地位など〉‘を'『下げる』《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 《しばしば受動態で》(ある状態・形に)…‘を'『する,』変える,至らせる《+『名』+『to』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (単純な要素・部分に)…‘を'分解する,還元する《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / …‘を'(…に)換算する,約分する《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 《話》〈人が〉減量する / 〈数量などが〉減る;〈程度・位などが〉下がる
4. …'を'『減らす』 / 『減る』,少なくなる / 〈U〉〈C〉(…の)『減少』,縮小《+『in』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)減少量(額)《+『in』(『of』)+『名』》
5. 〈U〉(…を)『失うこと』,紛失《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)『損害』,損失;損失額《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…に)『負けること』,(…の)敗北;失敗《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(状態・程度の)『減少』,低下 / 《複数形で》(戦場における)(人の)損害,此傷者数
6. (穏やかに,礼儀正しく)…'を'『断る』,拒絶する,拒否する / 〈名詞・代名詞・形容詞〉'を'語形変化させる / 『断る』,辞退する / 《文》〈土地などが〉『下に傾く』;〈太陽・月が〉傾く / 《文》『衰える』,衰徴する / 『衰徴』,衰弱
7. 〈U〉〈C〉(…を)『減らすこと』,減少,縮小,格下げ,(…の)割り引き《+『in』+『名』》 / 〈C〉減少(縮小)した量;割引額 / 〈C〉縮図,縮写 / 〈U〉換算約分
8. (高い所から)『下へ』,降りて,地面へ / (地理・地図上)南へ,下町へ;(風・流れなどが)『下(しも)手へ』;《英》(都会・大学から)地方へ,離れて / (価格・品質・温度などが)『下がって』,(数量・スピードなどが)少なく,減じて,(濃度が)薄く / (健康・風の勢いなどが)『衰えて』,気分が沈んで / (時代などが)下がって,…に至るまで / (身分・地位が)下がって / (紙面に)書き留めて,記録して / (頭金を)現金で,即金で / 最後まで,徹底的に / しっかりと,動けないように / (高い所から)…『を下がって』;…『に沿って』;…の向こうに / …の下流に / …以来 / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『下りの』,下への / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(列車・バスなどが)下りの / 《補語にのみ用いて》下に,下がって / 《補語にのみ用いて》弱まった,おさまった;落胆した,元気のない / 《補語にのみ用いて》(勝負で)負けて,すって / 《補語にのみ用いて》《おもに米話》(野球で)アウト / …‘を'打倒する,負かす,撃ち落とす / …‘を'飲み干す,飲み込む / 下り,下降 / 《複数形で》不運,逆境
9. (鳥の)綿毛,うぶ毛,下羽 / (植物・果実の表面の)柔らかい毛
10. なだらかな草原地,丘陵地帯(特にイングランド南部の小高い白亜質の草原地the Downsを言う)
11. 《疑問文・否定文を作る》 / 《否定命令文を作る》 / 《助動詞とbe動詞のどちらも含まない文に用いて付加疑問を作る》 / 《強意語として》 / 《文》《助動詞とbe動詞のどちらも含まない文に用いて倒置文を作る》 / 《あいづちを打つ場合に》 / 《先行する動詞またはそれを含む述部の代用》 / 《so,nor,neitherで始まる簡略文で》 / …‘を'『する』,行う,果たす / 《通例have done,時にbe doneの形で》…‘を'『終える』,済ませる / …‘を'作る,作り出す / …‘を'『処理する』,整える,片付ける / 〈学課〉‘を'『勉強する』,専攻する / 〈利益・害など〉‘を'与える,もたらす / 〈人〉‘に'『役立つ』,用が足りる(serve) / …の速度で進む,距離を行く / …‘を'見物する / 〈劇〉‘を'上演する;…‘の'役を演じる / …の役目(仕事)をする / 《おもに英》…‘を'だます,かつぐ / 《話》…をへとへとにさせる / 『する』;活動する / 《通例have done,時にbe doneの形で》(…を)『終える』,済ます《+『with』+『名』》 / 〈事が〉『運ぶ』;〈人が〉暮らしていく,健康である / 〈物が〉(…に)『間に合う』,十分である;〈人が〉(…に)役に立つ,向く《+『for』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》すべきこと / 〈C〉《おもに英》大宴会,大パーティー / 〈C〉《英話》詐欺,ぺてん
12. ド(全音階の第1音)
13. 〈C〉『規則』,『規定』;法規,条例 / 〈U〉(…の)『規制』,『調整』《+『of』+『名』》 / 正規の,規定どおりの

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/28 20:38:53」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Downregulation is the process by which a cell decreases the quantity of a cellular component, such as RNA or protein, in response to an external variable. An increase of a cellular component is called upregulation.

An example of downregulation is the cellular decrease in the number of receptors to a molecule, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, which reduces the cell's sensitivity to the molecule. This phenomenon is an example of a locally acting negative feedback mechanism.

An example of upregulation is the increased number of cytochrome P450 enzymes in liver cells when xenobiotic molecules such as dioxin are administered (resulting in greater degradation of these molecules).

Most receptor agonists downregulate their respective receptor(s), while most receptor antagonists upregulate their respective receptor(s). The disequilibrium caused by these changes often causes withdrawal when the long-term use of a medication or drug is discontinued.

Upregulation and downregulation can also happen as a response to toxins or hormones, for example in pregnancy, hormones cause cells in the uterus to become more sensitive to oxytocin.

Receptor downregulation

Mechanism: The Insulin Receptor

The process of downregulation occurs when there are elevated levels of the hormone insulin in the blood. When insulin binds to its receptors on the surface of a cell, the hormone receptor complex undergoes endocytosis and is subsequently attacked by intracellular lysosomal enzymes. The internalization of the insulin molecules provides a pathway for degradation of the hormone as well as for regulation of the number of sites that are available for binding on the cell surface. At high plasma concentrations, the number of surface receptors for insulin is gradually reduced by the accelerated rate of receptor internalization and degradation brought about by increased hormonal binding. The rate of synthesis of new receptors within the endoplasmic reticulum and their insertion in the plasma membrane do not keep pace with their rate of destruction. Over time, this self-induced loss of target cell receptors for insulin reduces the target cell’s sensitivity to the elevated hormone concentration. The process of decreasing the number of receptor sites is virtually the same for all hormones; it varies only in the receptor hormone complex.

Cases

This process is illustrated by the insulin receptor sites on target cells in a person with type 2 diabetes. Due to the elevated levels of blood glucose in an overweight individual, the β-cells (islets of Langerhans) in the pancreas must release more insulin than normal to meet the demand and return the blood to homeostatic levels. The near-constant increase in blood insulin levels results from an effort to match the increase in blood glucose, which will cause receptor sites on the liver cells to downregulate and decrease the number of receptors for insulin, increasing the subject’s resistance by decreasing sensitivity to this hormone. There is also a hepatic decrease in sensitivity to insulin. This can be seen in the continuing gluconeogenesis in the liver even when blood glucose levels are elevated. This is the more common process of insulin resistance, which leads to adult-onset diabetes.

Another example can be seen in diabetes insipidus, in which the kidneys become insensitive to arginine vasopressin.

Reversal

The process of downregulation can be counteracted in the above example. A person with type 2 diabetes can increase their sensitivity to insulin through proper diet and regular exercise, resulting in weight loss; some individuals may even return to their pre-diabetic state by following such a regimen.

See also

• Regulation of gene expression
• Desensitization (medicine)

References

Sherwood, L. (2004). “Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 5th Ed” (p. 680). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Wilmore, J., Costill, D. (2004). Physiology of Sport and Exercise, 3rd Ed (p. 164). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics

External links

• Down-Regulation at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 赤血球産生調節 regulation of erythropoiesis
• 2. ダウン症：臨床的特徴および診断 down syndrome clinical features and diagnosis
• 3. 骨格の正常な発達および骨形成ならびに骨吸収の調節 normal skeletal development and regulation of bone formation and resorption
• 4. インスリン受容体の構造および機能 structure and function of the insulin receptor
• 5. 胃酸分泌の生理学 physiology of gastric acid secretion

English Journal

• Metabolic and transcriptomic changes induced in host during hypersensitive response mediated resistance in rice against the Asian rice gall midge.

• Agarrwal R1, Padmakumari AP2, Bentur JS3,4, Nair S5.
• Rice (New York, N.Y.).Rice (N Y).2016 Dec;9(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s12284-016-0077-6. Epub 2016 Feb 19.
• BACKGROUND: An incompatible interaction between rice (Oryza sativa) and the Asian rice gall midge (AGM, Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason), that is usually manifested through a hypersensitive response (HR), represents an intricate relationship between the resistant host and its avirulent pest. We investiga
• PMID 26892000

• Differential Expression of MicroRNAs in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

• Kara M1, Kirkil G2, Kalemci S3.
• Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University.Adv Clin Exp Med.2016 Jul-Aug;25(1):21-6. doi: 10.17219/acem/28343.
• BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the associations of miRNA with COPD patients.OBJECTIVES: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive and largely irreversible airflow limitation. COPD is one of the most common causes of death globally and it is still a se
• PMID 26935494

• Data on cell cycle in breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231 with ferulic acid treatment.

• Park E1.
• Data in brief.Data Brief.2016 Feb 12;7:107-10. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.02.001. eCollection 2016.
• Inhibition to repair DNA metabolism to respond to damaged DNA can lead to genetic instability, resulting in cancer cell death (Audeh et al., 2010; Bryant et al., 2005; Farmer et al., 2005; Lukas et al., 2003; Tutt et al., 2010) [1], [2], [6], [8], [11]. Despite of various studies demonstrating eff
• PMID 26958638

Japanese Journal

• 口腔扁平上皮癌におけるMicroRNA-596を介したLGALS3BP発現抑制の新たな制御機構の探索

• Li Hui
• 口腔病学会雑誌 = The journal of the Stomatological Society, Japan 82(2), 55-61, 2015-07
• NAID 40020549887

• Sulforaphane down-regulates SKP2 to stabilize p27[KIP]¹ for inducing antiproliferation in human colon adenocarcinoma cells

• Chung Yuan-Kai,Chi-Hung Or Richard,Lu Chien-Hsing [他],Ouyang Wei-Ting,Yang Shu-Yi,Change Chia-Che
• Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 119(1), 35-42, 2015-01
• … Of note, sulforaphane-induced anti-proliferation was accompanied with down-regulation of SKP2, leading to the stabilization and thus up-regulation of p27^<KIP1>. … Additionally, sulforaphane was found to down-regulate SKP2 mainly through transcriptional repression, as sulforaphane lowered SKP2 mRNA expression and the SKP2 promoter activity. …
• NAID 110009892230

• Resistance to high-fat diet-induced obesity in male heterozygous Pprc1 knockout mice

• Zhai Nan,Sun Chen,Gu Weiqiong,He Xin,Shan Aijing,Sun Hanxiao,Lu Nan,Cui Bin,Ning Guang
• Endocrine Journal 62(7), 633-644, 2015
• … In skeletal muscle of Pprc1+/- mice, Pprc1 level showed haplo-insufficiency with down-regulation of Pgc1b and Pgc1a, whereas in adipose tissue, Pprc1 expression remained normal, with significant compensatory increase of other Pgc1 family members to induce an up-regulation of respiratory chain genes. …
• NAID 130005089857

Related Links

• ダウンレギュレーション - プロバイダーなら ぷらら

しかし、それを越えて継続使用すると左のグラフのように、急激なゴナドトロピン分泌の低下が起こり、卵巣が刺激されなくなるので女性ホルモンも閉経レベルに低下します。（ダウンレギュレーション。）

• Down-regulation | インターネット内の検索結果 | cyclopaedia.net

心筋の電気的特性や組織構造が変化し不整脈が発生する基質ができる。房室ブロック に伴う遷延する徐脈は,Iks の down regulation から QT 延長を来たし TdP を来たす ことが実験的に報告されている 2,3)。また,房室ブロックは遺伝的背景が QT ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「decrease」「reduce」「reduction」「decline」「downregulation」
拡張検索	「receptor down-regulation」
関連記事	「regulation」「do」「down」

「decrease」

　　[★]

• vt.vi.

• 減少する/させる。縮小する/させる。(力・温度など)低下する/させる、衰える/衰えさせる

• n.

• 減少、縮小、低下。減少/縮小/低下の数/量/額/率/度合い

関

decline、depression、diminish、diminution、down-regulate、down-regulation、downregulate、downregulation、drop、fall、lessen、loss、lower、lowering、reduce、reduction、taper

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「reduce」

　　[★]

• vt.

• 減少させる、縮小させる、減らす、(化学)還元する

• vi.

• (細胞などが)縮小する

関

decline、decrease、diminish、diminution、down-regulate、down-regulation、downregulate、downregulation、fall、lessen、loss、reduction、taper

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「reduction」

　　[★]

• n.

• 減少、低下、縮小、減力、節減、(化学)還元

関

decline、decrease、depression、diminish、diminution、down-regulate、down-regulation、downregulate、downregulation、drop、fall、hypoergy、loss、lower、lowering、parsimony、reduce、retrenchment

　 　 　

「decline」

　　[★]

• n.

• 減退、減少、低下、衰え

• v.

• 低下する、減退する

関

decrease、depression、diminish、diminution、down-regulate、down-regulation、downregulate、downregulation、drop、fall、loss、lower、lowering、reduce、reduction

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「downregulation」

　　[★]

• n.

• 下方制御、下向き調節、発現低下、(発現量などの)減少、ダウンレギュレーション

関

decline、decrease、diminish、diminution、down-regulate、down-regulation、downmodulation、downregulate、fall、loss、receptor down-regulation、reduce、reduction

「receptor down-regulation」

　　[★]

• 受容体ダウンレギュレーション

関

down-regulation、downregulation

「regulation」

　　[★]

• 制御、調節、レギュレーション、(法律)規制

関

accommodation、accommodative、adjust、adjustment、baffle、control、modulate、modulation、regulate、regulatory

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「do」

　　[★]

• v.

• する、行う

関

carry out、conduct、execute、make、perform、practice、undertake

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「down」

　　[★]