WordNet

tell the sex (of young chickens)
the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles; "she didnt want to know the sex of the foetus" (同)gender, sexuality
all of the feelings resulting from the urge to gratify sexual impulses; "he wanted a better sex life"; "the film contained no sex or violence" (同)sexual urge
either of the two categories (male or female) into which most organisms are divided; "the war between the sexes"
the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect (同)endocrine, internal_secretion
having sexual differentiation
characterized by sexuality; "highly sexed"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『性』,性別 / 《the~》《形容詞を伴い集合的に》『男性』,『女性』 / 〈U〉(男女(雌雄)間の)相違[の意識] / 〈U〉性に関する事柄(情報) / 〈U〉性交 / 〈ひよこなど〉‘の'性別を見分ける
ホルモン

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/16 05:55:28」(JST)

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Sex steroids, also known as gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors.^[1] Their effects are mediated by slow genomic mechanisms through nuclear receptors as well as by fast nongenomic mechanisms through membrane-associated receptors and signaling cascades.^[2] The term sex hormone is nearly always synonymous with sex steroid. The non-steroid hormones luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone are usually not regarded as sex hormones, although they play major sex-related roles.

Production

Natural sex steroids are made by the gonads (ovaries or testes),^[3] by adrenal glands, or by conversion from other sex steroids in other tissue such as liver or fat.^[4]

Synthetic sex steroids

There are also many synthetic sex steroids. Synthetic androgens are often referred to as anabolic steroids. Synthetic estrogens and progestins are used in methods of hormonal contraception. Ethinylestradiol is a semi-synthetic estrogen. Specific compounds that have partial agonist activity for steroid receptors, and therefore act in part like natural steroid hormones, are in use in medical conditions that require treatment with steroid in one cell type, but where systemic effects of the particular steroid in the entire organism are only desirable within certain limits.^[5]

Types

In many contexts, the two main classes of sex steroids are androgens and estrogens, of which the most important human derivatives are testosterone and estradiol, respectively. Other contexts will include progestogens as a third class of sex steroids, distinct from androgens and estrogens. Progesterone is the most important and only naturally-occurring human progestogen. In general, androgens are considered "male sex hormones", since they have masculinizing effects, while estrogens and progestogens are considered "female sex hormones"^[6] although all types are present in each sex, albeit at different levels.

Sex steroids include:

Androgens:
- Anabolic steroids
- Androstenedione
- Dehydroepiandrosterone
- Dihydrotestosterone
- Testosterone

Estrogens:
- Estradiol
- Estriol
- Estrone

Progestogens:
- Progesterone

References

^ Guerriero, G (April 2009). "Vertebrate sex steroid receptors: evolution, ligands, and neurodistribution.". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1163: 154–68. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04460.x. PMID 19456336.
^ Thakur, MK; Paramanik, V (2009). "Role of steroid hormone coregulators in health and disease". Hormone research 71 (4): 194–200. doi:10.1159/000201107. PMID 19258710.
^ Brook, CG (1999). "Mechanism of puberty". Hormone research. 51 Suppl 3: 52–4. PMID 10592444.
^ Catherine Panter-Brick, Agustín Fuentes. "Glossary". Health, Risk, and Adversity - Volume 2 of Studies of the Biosocial Society. Berghahn Books, 2011. p. 280.
^ Copland, JA; Sheffield-Moore, M; Koldzic-Zivanovic, N; Gentry, S; Lamprou, G; Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou, F; Zoumpourlis, V; Urban, RJ; Vlahopoulos, SA (June 2009). "Sex steroid receptors in skeletal differentiation and epithelial neoplasia: is tissue-specific intervention possible?". BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology 31 (6): 629–41. doi:10.1002/bies.200800138. PMID 19382224.
^ ElAttar, TM; Hugoson, A (1974). "Comparative metabolism of female sex steroids in normal and chronically inflamed gingiva of the dog". Journal of periodontal research 9 (5): 284–9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1974.tb00683.x. PMID 4281823.

External links

Sex Steroid Hormones at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
‹The template EMedicineDictionary is being considered for deletion.› Sex+hormones at eMedicine Dictionary

UpToDate Contents

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1. 性腺刺激ホルモン（ゴナドトロピン）放出ホルモンの生理学 physiology of gonadotropin releasing hormone
2. 高齢男性におけるテストステロン欠乏症の概要 overview of testosterone deficiency in older men
3. 女性における性機能障害：管理 sexual dysfunction in women management
4. 加齢に伴う内分泌の変化 endocrine changes with aging
5. 閉経後のホルモン療法で用いる製剤 preparations for postmenopausal hormone therapy

English Journal

Ready for a fight? The physiological effects of detecting an opponent's pheromone cues prior to a contest.

Garcia MJ1, Williams J2, Sinderman B2, Earley RL2.
Physiology & behavior.Physiol Behav.2015 Oct 1;149:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.014. Epub 2015 May 19.
Reception of pheromone cues can elicit significant physiological (e.g. steroid hormone levels) changes in the recipient. These pheromone-induced physiological changes have been well documented for male-female interactions, but scarcely in same-sex interactions (male-male and female-female). We sough
PMID 26002821

Sex-specific regulation of NUCB2/nesfatin-1: Differential implication in anxiety in obese men and women.

Hofmann T1, Elbelt U2, Ahnis A3, Rose M3, Klapp BF3, Stengel A3.
Psychoneuroendocrinology.Psychoneuroendocrinology.2015 Oct;60:130-7. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.06.014. Epub 2015 Jun 28.
Nesfatin-1 is cleaved from nucleobindin2 (NUCB2) and implicated in the regulation of hunger and satiety as anorexigenic peptide hormone. Circulating NUCB2/nesfatin-1 is elevated in obesity and decreased in anorexia nervosa. In addition, a role in the regulation of stress, anxiety and depression has
PMID 26143537

The contribution of hypothalamic neuroendocrine, neuroplastic and neuroinflammatory processes to lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behaviour in female and male rats: Involvement of glucocorticoid receptor and C/EBP-β.

Adzic M1, Djordjevic J2, Mitic M2, Brkic Z2, Lukic I2, Radojcic M2.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2015 Sep 15;291:130-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.029. Epub 2015 May 27.
Peripheral inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes behavioural changes indicative for depression. The possible mechanisms involve the interference with neuroinflammatory, neuroendocrine, and neurotrophic processes. Apart from heterogeneity in the molecular background, sexual context
PMID 26024764

Japanese Journal

Mating-Induced Increase in Germline Stem Cells via the Neuroendocrine System in Female Drosophila

PLOS genetics 12(6), e1006123, 2016-06
NAID 120005829770

High Excess Risk of Heart Disease Mortality among Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Male Survivors Exposed Near the Hypocenter

Hiroshima Journal of Medical Sciences 65(2), 45-51, 2016-06
NAID 120005829488

性ホルモンと線維化

臨床眼科 70(4), 437-443, 2016-04
NAID 40020782356

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「性ステロイドホルモン」「reproductive hormone」「sex steroid hormone」「gonadal steroid hormone」「sexual hormone」
拡張検索	「sex hormone-binding globulin」
関連記事	「sex」