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Sex steroids, also known as gonadocorticoids and gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors.^[1] Their effects are mediated by slow genomic mechanisms through nuclear receptors as well as by fast nongenomic mechanisms through membrane-associated receptors and signaling cascades.^[2] The term sex hormone is nearly always synonymous with sex steroid. The polypeptide hormones luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone are usually not regarded as sex hormones, although they play major sex-related roles.

Production

Natural sex steroids are made by the gonads (ovaries or testes),^[3] by adrenal glands, or by conversion from other sex steroids in other tissue such as liver or fat.^[4]

Types

In many contexts, the two main classes of sex steroids are androgens and estrogens, of which the most important human derivatives are testosterone and estradiol, respectively. Other contexts will include progestogens as a third class of sex steroids, distinct from androgens and estrogens. Progesterone is the most important and only naturally occurring human progestogen. In general, androgens are considered "male sex hormones", since they have masculinizing effects, while estrogens and progestogens are considered "female sex hormones"^[5] although all types are present in each sex at different levels.

Sex steroids include:

Progestogens
- Pregnenolone → Progesterone → Allopregnanedione → Allopregnanolone
- 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone → 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
Androgens
- Dehydroepiandrosterone → Androstenedione → Androstanedione → Androsterone
- Androstenediol → Testosterone → Dihydrotestosterone → Androstanediol
Estrogens
- 2-Hydroxyestrone ← Estrone → 16α-Hydroxyestrone
- 2-Hydroxyestradiol ← Estradiol → Estriol → Estetrol

Synthetic sex steroids

There are also many synthetic sex steroids. Synthetic androgens are often referred to as anabolic steroids. Synthetic estrogens and progestins are used in methods of hormonal contraception. Ethinylestradiol is a semi-synthetic estrogen. Specific compounds that have partial agonist activity for steroid receptors, and therefore act in part like natural steroid hormones, are in use in medical conditions that require treatment with steroid in one cell type, but where systemic effects of the particular steroid in the entire organism are only desirable within certain limits.^[6]

References

^ Guerriero, G (April 2009). "Vertebrate sex steroid receptors: evolution, ligands, and neurodistribution". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1163: 154–68. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04460.x. PMID 19456336.
^ Thakur, MK; Paramanik, V (2009). "Role of steroid hormone coregulators in health and disease". Hormone Research. 71 (4): 194–200. doi:10.1159/000201107. PMID 19258710.
^ Brook, CG (1999). "Mechanism of puberty". Hormone Research. 51 Suppl 3 (3): 52–4. doi:10.1159/000053162. PMID 10592444.
^ Catherine Panter-Brick; Agustín Fuentes. "Glossary". Health, Risk, and Adversity - Volume 2 of Studies of the Biosocial Society. Berghahn Books, 2011. p. 280.
^ ElAttar, TM; Hugoson, A (1974). "Comparative metabolism of female sex steroids in normal and chronically inflamed gingiva of the dog". Journal of Periodontal Research. 9 (5): 284–9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1974.tb00683.x. PMID 4281823.
^ Copland, JA; Sheffield-Moore, M; Koldzic-Zivanovic, N; Gentry, S; Lamprou, G; Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou, F; Zoumpourlis, V; Urban, RJ; Vlahopoulos, SA (June 2009). "Sex steroid receptors in skeletal differentiation and epithelial neoplasia: is tissue-specific intervention possible?". BioEssays. 31 (6): 629–41. doi:10.1002/bies.200800138. PMID 19382224.

External links

Sex+Steroid+Hormones at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. ステロイドの中断glucocorticoid withdrawal [show details]
… advised. Prednisone will be the agent discussed, although other glucocorticoid preparations are available . These preparations are available in various strengths (eg, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg for prednisone) and …
2. ステロイド用量の決定因子determinants of glucocorticoid dosing [show details]
… available prednisone tablets are bioequivalent, independent of tablet strength (eg, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg) , and the systemic bioavailability of prednisone and prednisolone are similar. Although the rectal and oral …
3. ステロイドの全身投与の主な副作用major side effects of systemic glucocorticoids [show details]
… inhaled, topical, and intraarticular glucocorticoids; glucocorticoid withdrawal; use during pregnancy; and the clinical manifestations of endogenous glucocorticoid excess are discussed in detail separately …
4. 炎症性腸疾患における代謝性骨疾患metabolic bone disease in inflammatory bowel disease [show details]
…patients with IBD includes lifestyle measures; correction of gonadal steroid and vitamin D deficiency, if these problems exist; minimizing glucocorticoid dose, duration, and type; and pharmacologic therapy, if …
5. 全身性ステロイドに対する過敏反応hypersensitivity reactions to systemic glucocorticoids [show details]
…management of hypersensitivity reactions to systemic glucocorticoids. Topical corticosteroids, usually in the form of skin preparations or inhaled glucocorticoids, can cause contact hypersensitivity, which is …

English Journal

A mechanistic model for studying the initiation of anguillid vitellogenesis by comparing the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and the shortfinned eel (A. australis).

Jéhannet P, Kruijt L, Damsteegt EL, Swinkels W, Heinsbroek LTN, Lokman PM, Palstra AP.
General and comparative endocrinology. 2019 Aug;279()129-138.
An inverse relation exists between the maturation stage at the start of the oceanic reproductive migration and the migration distance to the spawning grounds for the various eel species. The European eel Anguilla anguilla migrates up to 5-6000 km and leaves in a previtellogenic state. The shortfin
PMID 30796898

Thermal manipulation and GnRHa therapy applied to the reproduction of lambari-do-rabo-amarelo, Astyanax altiparanae females (Characiformes: Characidae) during the non-breeding season.

Brambila-Souza G, Mylonas CC, Mello PH, Kuradomi RY, Batlouni SR, Tolussi CE, Moreira RG.
General and comparative endocrinology. 2019 Aug;279()120-128.
Lambari-do-rabo-amarelo Astyanax altiparanae in the wild reproduce during spring and summer, but females undergo vitellogenesis throughout the year, including the non-spawning winter period when water temperatures are low. The present study investigated the physiological role of temperature modulati
PMID 30769013

Environmental exposure to oestrogenic endocrine disruptors mixtures reflecting on gonadal sex steroids and gametogenesis of the neotropical fishAstyanax rivularis.

Weber AA, Moreira DP, Melo RMC, Ribeiro YM, Bazzoli N, Rizzo E.
General and comparative endocrinology. 2019 Aug;279()99-108.
Discharge of municipal wastewater promotes the entry of diverse oestrogenic compounds into the water bodies. This complex mixture of substances interferes in the steroidogenic pathway, being able to promote severe reproductive impairment in freshwater fish populations. The purpose of the present stu
PMID 30605662

Japanese Journal

The Role of Estrogen Receptor β (ERβ) in the Establishment of Hierarchical Social Relationships in Male Mice

Nakata Mariko,Ågmo Anders,Sagoshi Shoko,Ogawa Sonoko
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience (12), 245, 2018-10
… Male mice establish social rank through agonistic behaviors, which are regulated by gonadal steroid hormone, testosterone, as its original form and aromatized form. …
NAID 120006542233

A 2016 survey on adult height after growth hormone treatment in patients with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency : Combination treatment with anabolic steroid hormone improves adult height in boys

Tanaka Toshiaki,Nakano Yukiko,Nose Osamu,Tokuda Masakuni,Kinoshita Eiichi,Tsuru Noboru,Sanayama Kazunori,Kamijo Takashi,Ogawa Eishin,Kubota Kazuoki,Araki Kumiko,Tanizawa Takakuni,Murashita Mari,Yasuhara Akihiro,Arakawa Kazuo,Hashimoto Nobuko
日本成長学会雑誌 24(1), 35-42, 2018-04
NAID 40021574514

Seasonal changes in circulating gonadal steroid levels and physiological evidence for the presence of intrinsic circannual reproductive cycles in captive finless porpoises <i>Neophocaena asiaeorientalis</i> from the western Inland Sea, Japan

FUNASAKA Noriko,YOSHIOKA Motoi,ISHIBASHI Toshiaki,TATSUKAWA Toshiyuki,SHINDO Hideaki,TAKADA Koji,NAKAMURA Masayuki,IWATA Tomohiko,FUJIMARU Kaoru,TANAKA Taira
家畜繁殖研究會誌 64(2), 145-152, 2018
… We monitored annual fluctuations of gonadal steroid levels in three sexually mature captive finless porpoises (<i>Neophocaena asiaeorientalis</i>; …
NAID 130006699688

「性ステロイドホルモン」

Sex steroid
	Drug class
	Estradiol, an important estrogen sex steroid in both women and men.
Class identifiers
Synonyms	Sex hormone; Gonadal steroid
Use	Various
Biological target	Sex steroid receptors
Chemical class	Steroidal; Nonsteroidal
	In Wikidata

　　[★]

英: sex steroid hormone
同: 性腺ステロイド gonadal steroid、性ホルモン sex hormone
関: 性ホルモン、性腺ステロイドホルモン。エストロゲン、プロゲステロン

「gonadal steroid hormone」

　　[★]

性腺ステロイドホルモン

関: sex hormone、sex steroid hormone

「gonadal」

　　[★]

adj.

生殖腺の、性腺の

関: genital gland、gonad、gonad gland

「gonad」

　　[★]

n.

(解剖)生殖巣、生殖腺、性腺、性巣

関: gonadal

[pmid19456336-1] Guerriero, G (April 2009). "Vertebrate sex steroid receptors: evolution, ligands, and neurodistribution". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1163: 154–68. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04460.x. PMID 19456336.

[pmid19258710-2] Thakur, MK; Paramanik, V (2009). "Role of steroid hormone coregulators in health and disease". Hormone Research. 71 (4): 194–200. doi:10.1159/000201107. PMID 19258710.

[pmid10592444-3] Brook, CG (1999). "Mechanism of puberty". Hormone Research. 51 Suppl 3 (3): 52–4. doi:10.1159/000053162. PMID 10592444.

[4] Catherine Panter-Brick; Agustín Fuentes. "Glossary". Health, Risk, and Adversity - Volume 2 of Studies of the Biosocial Society. Berghahn Books, 2011. p. 280.

[pmid4281823-5] ElAttar, TM; Hugoson, A (1974). "Comparative metabolism of female sex steroids in normal and chronically inflamed gingiva of the dog". Journal of Periodontal Research. 9 (5): 284–9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1974.tb00683.x. PMID 4281823.

[pmid19382224-6] Copland, JA; Sheffield-Moore, M; Koldzic-Zivanovic, N; Gentry, S; Lamprou, G; Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou, F; Zoumpourlis, V; Urban, RJ; Vlahopoulos, SA (June 2009). "Sex steroid receptors in skeletal differentiation and epithelial neoplasia: is tissue-specific intervention possible?". BioEssays. 31 (6): 629–41. doi:10.1002/bies.200800138. PMID 19382224.

v t e Pharmacology: major drug groups
Gastrointestinal tract/ metabolism (A)	stomach acid Antacids H₂ antagonists Proton pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals/Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Anti-diabetics Vitamins Dietary minerals
Blood and blood forming organs (B)	Antithrombotics Antiplatelets Anticoagulants Thrombolytics/fibrinolytics Antihemorrhagics Platelets Coagulants Antifibrinolytics
Cardiovascular system (C)	cardiac therapy/antianginals Cardiac glycosides Antiarrhythmics Cardiac stimulants Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers renin–angiotensin system ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Renin inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics Statins Fibrates Bile acid sequestrants
Skin (D)	Emollients Cicatrizants Antipruritics Antipsoriatics Medicated dressings
Genitourinary system (G)	Hormonal contraception Fertility agents SERMs Sex hormones
Endocrine system (H)	Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Sex hormones Thyroid hormones/Antithyroid agents
Infections and infestations (J, P, QI)	Antimicrobials: Antibacterials (Antimycobacterials) Antifungals Antivirals Antiparasitics Antiprotozoals Anthelmintics Ectoparasiticides IVIG Vaccines
Malignant disease (L01–L02)	Anticancer agents Antimetabolites Alkylating Spindle poisons Antineoplastic Topoisomerase inhibitors
Immune disease (L03–L04)	Immunomodulators Immunostimulants Immunosuppressants
Muscles, bones, and joints (M)	Anabolic steroids Anti-inflammatories NSAIDs Antirheumatics Corticosteroids Muscle relaxants Bisphosphonates
Brain and nervous system (N)	Analgesics Anesthetics General Local Anorectics Anti-ADHD agents Antiaddictives Anticonvulsants Antidementia agents Antidepressants Antimigraine agents Antiparkinson agents Antipsychotics Anxiolytics Depressants Entactogens Entheogens Euphoriants Hallucinogens Psychedelics Dissociatives Deliriants Hypnotics/Sedatives Mood Stabilizers Neuroprotectives Nootropics Neurotoxins Orexigenics Serenics Stimulants Wakefulness-promoting agents
Respiratory system (R)	Decongestants Bronchodilators Cough medicines H₁ antagonists
Sensory organs (S)	Ophthalmologicals Otologicals
Other ATC (V)	Antidotes Contrast media Radiopharmaceuticals Dressings Senotherapeutics

リンク元	「性ステロイドホルモン」
拡張検索	「gonadal steroid hormone」
関連記事	「gonadal」「gonad」

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案内

案内

gonadal steroid