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dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc

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(都市計画の)区画制,地区制
(ガラス・流れなどが)透明な,澄んだ / (表現・文体が)明りょうな,明白な

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/13 10:48:48」(JST)

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The zona pellucida (plural zonae pellucidae, also egg coat or pellucid zone) is a glycoprotein layer surrounding the plasma membrane of mammalian oocytes. It is a vital constitutive part of the oocyte. The zona pellucida first appears in unilaminar primary oocytes. It is secreted by both the oocyte and the follicular cells. The zona pellucida is surrounded by the cumulus oophorus. The cumulus is composed of cells that care for the egg when it is emitted from the ovary.^[1]

This structure binds spermatozoa, and is required to initiate the acrosome reaction. In the mouse (the best characterised mammalian system), the zona glycoprotein, ZP3, is responsible for sperm binding, adhering to proteins on the sperm plasma membrane (GalT). ZP3 is then involved in the induction of the acrosome reaction, whereby a spermatozoon releases the contents of the acrosomal vesicle. The exact characterisation of what occurs in other species has become more complicated as further zona proteins have been identified.^[2]^[3]

In humans, five days after the fertilization, the blastocyst performs zona hatching; the zona pellucida degenerates and decomposes, to be replaced by the underlying layer of trophoblastic cells.

The zona pellucida is essential for oocyte death and fertilization.

In some older texts, it has also been called zona striata and stratum lucidum^[4] (not to be confused with the stratum lucidum of the skin).

Immunocontraception

Glycoproteins in ZP1, 2, 3 and 4 are targets for immunocontraception in mammals.

In non-mammalian animals, the zona pellucida (called vitelline layer) plays an important role in preventing cross-breeding of different species, especially in species that fertilize outside of the body (e.g. fish).

The zona pellucida is commonly used to control wildlife population problems by immunocontraception. When the zona pellucida of one animal species is injected into the bloodstream of another, it results in sterility of the second species due to immune response. This effect can be temporary or permanent, depending on the method used. In New Jersey, immunocontraception using porcine zona pellucida has been trialled for the control of deer populations, for example using the products "SpayVac" and "GonaCon".^[5]

Zona pellucida glycoproteins

There are four major zona pellucida glycoproteins, termed ZP1-4. ZP1, ZP3 and ZP4 bind to capacitated spermatozoa and induce the acrosome reaction. Successful fertilization depends on the ability of sperm to penetrate the extracellular matrix that surrounds the egg. In the mouse:

ZP3 allows species-specific sperm binding
ZP2 mediates subsequent sperm binding
ZP1 cross-links ZP2 and ZP3.

Data with native human protein are not currently available.

Additional images

First stages of segmentation of a mammalian ovum
Section of vesicular ovarian follicle of cat, x 50
The initial stages of human embryogenesis

References

^ Gilbert, Scott (2013). Developmental Biology. Sinauer Associates Inc. p. 123. ISBN 9781605351926.
^ Conner, SJ; Hughes, DC (2003). "Analysis of fish ZP1/ZPB homologous genes--evidence for both genome duplication and species-specific amplification models of evolution". Reproduction 126 (3): 347–52. doi:10.1530/rep.0.1260347. PMID 12968942.
^ Conner, S.J.; Lefièvre, L; Hughes, DC; Barratt, CL (2005). "Cracking the egg: Increased complexity in the zona pellucida". Human Reproduction 20 (5): 1148–52. doi:10.1093/humrep/deh835. PMID 15760956.
^ Wigham, J. T. (1936). "Endometrioma and other similar abnormalities". Irish Journal of Medical Science 11 (6): 279–80. doi:10.1007/BF02956856.
^ "Community-Based Deer Management". New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2015.

External links

Histology image: 18404loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Female Reproductive System: ovary, cumulus oophorus "
Histology image: 14805loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Female Reproductive System: ovary, multilaminar primary follicle"
Anatomy photo: Reproductive/mammal/ovary2/ovary7 - Comparative Organology at University of California, Davis - "Mammal, canine ovary (LM, High)"
Image at um.edu.mt
Image at um.edu.mt

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Ovulation, fertilization and preimplantation embryonic development in raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides).

Xu B1, Feng HL2.
Animal reproduction science.Anim Reprod Sci.2017 Jan;176:78-84. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.12.001. Epub 2016 Dec 2.
A study involving 32 sexual mature females was conducted to characterize ovulation, fertilization and early embryonic development in vivo in raccoon dogs. Oocytes and embryos were collected from the oviducts and uteri, evaluated by stereomicroscopy. Ovulation occurred 25-32h after a female first acc
PMID 27939185

Alkaline phosphatase added to capacitating medium enhances horse sperm-zona pellucida binding.

Bucci D1, Giaretta E2, Merlo B2, Iacono E2, Spinaci M2, Gadani B2, Mari G3, Tamanini C2, Galeati G2.
Theriogenology.Theriogenology.2017 Jan 1;87:72-78. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.08.003. Epub 2016 Aug 13.
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is present in equine seminal plasma and spermatozoa, but its functional role is not fully understood yet. Being that, sperm-oocyte interaction in equine species has been reported to be enhanced at a slightly basic pH, this work aimed at verifying whether exogenous alkaline
PMID 27634394

Two pathways regulate cortical granule translocation to prevent polyspermy in mouse oocytes.

Cheeseman LP1, Boulanger J1, Bond LM1, Schuh M1,2.
Nature communications.Nat Commun.2016 Dec 19;7:13726. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13726.
An egg must be fertilized by a single sperm only. To prevent polyspermy, the zona pellucida, a structure that surrounds mammalian eggs, becomes impermeable upon fertilization, preventing the entry of further sperm. The structural changes in the zona upon fertilization are driven by the exocytosis of
PMID 27991490

Japanese Journal

プロナーゼを用いた透明帯菲薄化処理が牛胚の発育及び受胎率に及ぼす影響 (日本獣医師会学会学術誌) -- (産業動物臨床・家畜衛生関連部門)

谷山敦,西野要治,井上哲郎 [他]
日本獣医師会雑誌 = Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 67(11), 833-838, 2014-11
NAID 40020263197

An attempt to induce antibody production for immunocontraception in the Hokkaido sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) by immunization with a porcine zona pellucida synthetic peptide

Kobayashi Kohei,Asano Makoto,Yanagawa Yojiro [他]
Mammal study 39(1), 59-64, 2014-03
NAID 40020034952

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「透明帯」「clear zone」「pellucid zone」
関連記事	「pellucida」「zona」「pellucid」

「透明帯」

Zona pellucida
	Human ovum: The zona pellucida is seen as a thick clear girdle surrounded by the cells of the corona radiata.
Identifiers
Gray's	p.38
MeSH	A05.360.490.690.950
Dorlands; /Elsevier	z_01/12869767
FMA	18674
	Anatomical terminology