WordNet

manifesting or characteristic of life; "a vital, living organism"; "vital signs"
performing an essential function in the living body; "vital organs"; "blood and other vital fluids"; "the loss of vital heat in shock"; "a vital spot"; "life-giving love and praise" (同)life-sustaining
the act of spotting or staining something (同)spotting, maculation
(histology) the use of a dye to color specimens for microscopic study

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《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『生命の』,生命に関する(必要な) / 『生き生きしとた』,生気に満ちた,エネルギッシュな / 『きわめて重大な』,肝要な / 『命にかかわる』,致命的な / 生命維持に必要な器官(心臓・肺臓・脳など)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/23 19:23:41」(JST)

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A vital stain in a casual usage may mean a stain that can be applied on living cells without killing them. Vital stains have been useful for diagnostic and surgical techniques in a variety of medical specialties.^[1] In supravital staining living cells that have been removed from an organism, whereas intravital staining is done by injecting or otherwise introducing the stain into the body. The term vital stain is used by some authors to refer to an intravital stain, and by others interchangeably with a supravital stain, the core concept being that the cell being examined is still alive. But in a more strict sense the term vital staining has a meaning contrasting with supravital staining. While in supravital staining the live cells take up the stain, in "vital staining" - the most accepted but apparently paradoxical meaning of this term, the live cells exclude the stain i.e. stain negatively and only the dead cells stain positively and thus viability can be assessed by counting the percentage of total cells that stain negatively. Very bulky or highly charged stains that don't cross live plasma membrane are used as vital stains and supravital stains are those that are either small or are pumped actively into live cells. Since supravital and intravital nature of the staining depends on the dye, a combination of supravital and vital dyes can also be used in a sophisticated way to better classify cells into distinct subsets (e.g. viable, dead, dying etc.).

List of common vital stains

Eosin dye exclusion^[2]^[3]
Propidium iodide, DNA stain that can differentiate necrotic, apoptotic and normal cells.^[4]
Trypan Blue, a living-cell exclusion dye
Erythrosine, which is Red No. 3 in food coloring, can be used as an exclusion dye.
7-Aminoactinomycin D used e.g. in flowcytometric studies of hematopoietic stem cell viability.
Other Vital Stains :
- Janus Green B is a basic dye and vital stain used in histology.

References

^ Rodrigues EB, Costa EF, Penha FM, Melo GB, Bottós J, Dib E, Furlani B, Lima VC, Maia M, Meyer CH, Höfling-Lima AL, Farah ME (2009). "The use of vital dyes in ocular surgery". Survey of Ophthalmology 54 (5): 576–617. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.04.011. PMID 19682624.
^ Hathaway WE, Newby LA, Githens JH (1964). "THE ACRIDINE ORANGE VIABILITY TEST APPLIED TO BONE MARROW CELLS. I. CORRELATION WITH TRYPAN BLUE AND EOSIN DYE EXCLUSION AND TISSUE CULTURE TRANSFORMATION.". Blood 23 (4): 517–525. PMID 14138242.
^ Keren DF (2001). "Section X: Immunopathology". In McClatchey KD. Clinical Laboratory Medicine (2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1384. ISBN 0-683-30751-7.
^ Lecoeur H (2002). "Nuclear apoptosis detection by flow cytometry: influence of endogenous endonucleases". Exp. Cell Res. 277 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1006/excr.2002.5537. PMID 12061813.

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English Journal

LGR5 regulates survival through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and by targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells.

Hsu HC1, Liu YS2, Tseng KC2, Tan BC3, Chen SJ4, Chen HC5.
Cellular signalling.Cell Signal.2014 Nov;26(11):2333-42. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.07.004. Epub 2014 Jul 12.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. The leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) is a newly identified surface marker of colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs). Expression level of LGR5 is commonly elevated in human CRCs.
PMID 25025569

Selection of developmentally competent immature equine oocytes with brilliant cresyl blue stain prior to in vitro maturation with equine growth hormone.

Pereira GR1, Lorenzo PL2, Carneiro GF3, Bilodeau-Goeseels S4, Kastelic JP4, Esteller-Vico A5, Lopez-Bejar M6, Liu IK5.
Zygote (Cambridge, England).Zygote.2014 Nov;22(4):500-4. doi: 10.1017/S096719941200072X. Epub 2013 Feb 1.
Summary Immature oocytes synthesize a variety of proteins that include the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). Brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) is a vital blue dye that assesses intracellular activity of G6PDH, an indirect measure of oocyte maturation. The objective was to evaluate the BCB
PMID 23369728

Identification of Potential Biomarkers for Artificial Cold Exposure-induced Hypertensive Stroke by Proteomic Analysis.

Li XP1, He L1, Wang YD1, Li Y1, Li M1, Peng Y2.
Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association.J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis.2014 Oct 9. pii: S1052-3057(14)00296-1. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.06.014. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: The effect of changing temperature on an individual's cerebrovascular risk is both biologically plausible and supported by epidemiologic evidence. We used a global proteomic-based approach to analyze the expression alterations of proteins in artificial cold exposure (ACE)-induced hyperte
PMID 25307427

Japanese Journal

Screening of dry eye disease in visual display terminal workers during occupational health examinations: the Moriguchi Study

, , , , , , , , ,
Journal of Occupational Health advpub(0), 2015
… They also underwent assessment of conjunctival and corneal vital staining with lissamine green and fluorescein, measurement of tear film breakup time, and Schirmer's test for DED diagnosis. …
NAID 130004848092

Dentin Phosphophoryn Promotes Odontoblast Differentiation in vitro and Induction of Mineralized Tissue-like Matrix in vivo

, ,
Journal of Oral Tissue Engineering 11(3), 201-212, 2014
… Vital pulp therapy is the method for the treatment of reversible pulpitis. … The ultimate goal of vital pulp therapy is to rapidly regenerate dentin of excellent quality by using an external agent that possesses novel properties such as biocompatibility and bioactivity.Dentin phosphophoryn (DPP) is the most abundant of the non-collagenous polyanionic phospho proteins in dentin. … Moreover, ALPase activity and Alizarin red staining were performed for confirmation of mineralization induced by DPP. …
NAID 130004941112