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showing deference (同)deferential, regardful

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verb / verso / 《話》very / velocity / volt[s] / volume / vide

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/19 01:18:40」(JST)

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The vas deferens (plural: vasa deferentia), also called ductus deferens (Latin: "carrying-away vessel"; plural: ductus deferentes), is part of the male anatomy of many vertebrates; they transport sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation.

Structure

There are two ducts, connecting the left and right epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in order to move sperm. Each tube is about 30 centimeters long (in humans) and is muscular (surrounded by smooth muscle). Its epithelium is lined by stereocilia.

They are part of the spermatic cords.

Function in ejaculation

During ejaculation the smooth muscle in the walls of the vas deferens contracts reflexively, thus propelling the sperm forward. This is also known as peristalsis. The sperm is transferred from the vas deferens into the urethra, collecting secretions from the male accessory sex glands such as the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and the bulbourethral glands, which form the bulk of semen.

Significance in contraception

The procedure of deferentectomy, also known as a vasectomy, is a method of contraception in which the vasa deferentia are permanently cut, though in some cases it can be reversed. A modern variation, which is also known as a vasectomy even though it does not include cutting the vas, involves injecting an obstructive material into the ductus to block the flow of sperm.

Investigational attempts for male contraception have focused on the vas with the use of the intra vas device and reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance

Blood supply

The vas deferens is supplied by an accompanying artery (artery of vas deferens). This artery normally arises from the superior vesical artery, a branch of the internal iliac artery.

Variation among vertebrates

Most vertebrates have some form of duct to transfer the sperm from the testes to the urethra. In cartilaginous fish and amphibians, sperm is carried through the archinephric duct, which also partially helps to transport urine from the kidneys. In teleosts, there is a distinct sperm duct, separate from the ureters, and often called the vas deferens, although probably not truly homologous with that in humans.^[1]

In cartilaginous fishes, the part of the archinephric duct closest to the testis is coiled up to form an epididymis. Below this are a number of small glands secreting components of the seminal fluid. The final portion of the duct also receives ducts from the kidneys in most species.^[1]

In amniotes, however, the archinephric duct has become a true vas deferens, and is used only for conducting sperm, never urine. As in cartilaginous fish, the upper part of the duct forms the epididymis. In many species, the vas deferens ends in a small sac for storing sperm.^[1]

The only vertebrates to lack any structure resembling a vas deferens are the primitive jawless fishes, which release sperm directly into the body cavity, and then into the surrounding water through a simple opening in the body wall.^[1]

Pathology

The vas deferens may be obstructed, or may be completely absent (the latter a potential feature of cystic fibrosis), causing male infertility. It can be overcome by testicular sperm extraction (TESE), collecting sperm cells directly from the testicles.

Additional images

Male reproductive system.
Coronal section of pelvis, showing arrangement of fasciæ. Viewed from behind.
The relations of the femoral and abdominal inguinal rings, seen from within the abdomen. Right side.
The spermatic cord in the inguinal canal.
Fundus of the bladder with the vesiculæ seminales.
Vertical section of bladder, penis, and urethra.
Prostate with seminal vesicles and seminal ducts, viewed from in front and above.
Prostate
Microscopic cross section.
Testis, spermatic vessels and vas deferens

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 393–395. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.

External links

SUNY Labs 36:07-0301 - "Inguinal Region, Scrotum and Testes: Layers of the Spermatic Cord"
SUNY Labs 44:02-0301 - "The Male Pelvis: Distribution of the Peritoneum in the Male Pelvis"
Mnemonic at medicalmnemonics.com 2424 319
Cross section at UV pelvis/pelvis-e12-15
inguinalregion at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (testes)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 男性不妊症の原因 causes of male infertility
2. 成人男性における非急性陰嚢疾患の評価 evaluation of nonacute scrotal pathology in adult men
3. 精管切除の概要 overview of vasectomy
4. 男性避妊のための精管切除およびその他の精管閉鎖法 vasectomy and other vasal occlusion techniques for male contraception
5. 鼠径ヘルニアおよび大腿ヘルニアの修復：腹腔鏡技術 inguinal and femoral hernia repair laparoscopic techniques

English Journal

Genetics of male infertility.

Hotaling JM.Author information Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Utah, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. Electronic address: jim.hotaling@gmail.com.AbstractGenetics play an important role in the evaluation of the infertile male. The current limitations of classifying the genetic contribution to male infertility and the importance of phenotyping men are discussed, and the core concepts necessary to interpret most genetic studies are reviewed. The current genetic assays used clinically are discussed in detail. The use and interpretation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane receptor assay are examined in the context of men with clinical bilateral absence of the vas deferens, a karyotype and Klinefelter syndrome, and Y chromosome microdeletions. The role of hormones and epigenetics in evaluating the genetic reproductive potential of men is discussed briefly. A summary of what the field might look like in 2034 is presented.
The Urologic clinics of North America.Urol Clin North Am.2014 Feb;41(1):1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.ucl.2013.08.009. Epub 2013 Oct 23.
Genetics play an important role in the evaluation of the infertile male. The current limitations of classifying the genetic contribution to male infertility and the importance of phenotyping men are discussed, and the core concepts necessary to interpret most genetic studies are reviewed. The curren
PMID 24286764

Molecular analysis of ATP-sensitive K(+) channel subunits expressed in mouse vas deferens myocytes.

Iwasa K, Zhu HL, Shibata A, Maehara Y, Teramoto N.Author information Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.AbstractBACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: ATP-sensitive K(+) (KATP ) channels, which are composed of KIR 6.x associated with sulphonylurea receptor (SUR) subunits, have been detected in native smooth muscle cells, but it is currently not known which of these is expressed in mouse vas deferens myocytes.
British journal of pharmacology.Br J Pharmacol.2014 Jan;171(1):145-57. doi: 10.1111/bph.12437.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: ATP-sensitive K(+) (KATP ) channels, which are composed of KIR 6.x associated with sulphonylurea receptor (SUR) subunits, have been detected in native smooth muscle cells, but it is currently not known which of these is expressed in mouse vas deferens myocytes.EXPERIMENTAL AP
PMID 24117345

Frequency dependence of excitation-contraction of multicellular smooth muscle preparations: the relevance to bipolar electrosurgery.

Vladimirova IA, Lankin YN, Philyppov IB, Sushiy LF, Shuba YM.Author information Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine; State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine.AbstractBACKGROUND: Bipolar electrosurgical tissue welding uses forceps-like electrodes for grasping the tissues and delivering high-frequency electric current (HFEC) to produce local heat, desiccation, and protein denaturation, resulting in the fusion of the contacting tissues. Although in this technique no electric current is flowing through the whole body to cause electric injury, depending on the frequency of applied energy, it may produce local excitation of intramural nerves, which can propagate beyond the surgical site potentially causing harmful effects.
The Journal of surgical research.J Surg Res.2014 Jan;186(1):119-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.08.012. Epub 2013 Sep 3.
BACKGROUND: Bipolar electrosurgical tissue welding uses forceps-like electrodes for grasping the tissues and delivering high-frequency electric current (HFEC) to produce local heat, desiccation, and protein denaturation, resulting in the fusion of the contacting tissues. Although in this technique n
PMID 24157266

Japanese Journal

Ovicides paralithodis (Nemertea, Carcinonemertidae), a new species of symbiotic egg predator of the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815) (Decapoda, Anomura)

Kajihara Hiroshi,Kuris Armand M.
ZooKeys 258, 1-15, 2013-01-14
… A preliminary molecular phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of 28S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genes among selected monostiliferous hoplonemertean species supported the monophyly of Carcinonemertidae, suggesting that within the lineage of the family, evolution of the unique vas deferens, Takakura's duct, preceded loss of accessory stylets and accessory-stylet pouches. …
NAID 120005228151

小児陰嚢水腫・精索水腫の新手術法 : われわれの腹膜鞘状突起・内精筋膜一括閉鎖術の実際

松川泰廣,吉利エレーナ幸江,萩原健
日本小児外科学会雑誌 48(2), 193-197, 2012-04-20
【目的】われわれは陰嚢水腫・精索水腫(以下水腫)に対し水腫切開なしの腹膜鞘状突起高位切離閉鎖を行ってきたが,最近は腹膜鞘状突起・内精筋膜を一括して切離閉鎖する新術式を採用している.それらの結果と手技の実際を詳述する.【方法】Nuck水腫8例を含む小児の450水腫に対し腹膜鞘状突起閉鎖術および腹膜鞘状突起・内精筋膜一括閉鎖術を行った.手術法:水腫を穿刺し水腫液を排液した.鼠径部皺壁上に小切開をおき, …
NAID 110009437104

Useful Techniques for Artificial Fertilization of the Ommastrephid Squid Illex argentinus

SAKAI Mitsuo,BRUNETTI Norma E.,IVANOVIC Marcela L.,ELENA Beatriz,SAKURAI Yasunori
Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ 45(3), 301-308, 2011
… High fertilization rates were obtained from spermatophores (76-95%) and spermatozoa from the vas deferens (73-87%), but no fertilization was observed using spermatozoa from testes. …
NAID 130002147943

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「精管」「deferent canal」「deferent」
関連記事	「VAS」「vas」

「精管」

Vas deferens
	Male Anatomy
	Vertical section of the testis, to show the arrangement of the ducts.
Latin	Vas deferens (plural: vasa deferentia),; Ductus deferens (plural: ductus deferentes)
Gray's	subject #259 1245
Artery	Superior vesical artery, Artery of the ductus deferens
Lymph	external iliac lymph nodes, internal iliac lymph nodes
Precursor	Wolffian duct
MeSH	Vas+Deferens