WordNet

of or relating to occurring in a tube such as e.g. the Fallopian tube or Eustachian tube; "tubal ligation"; "tubal pregnancy"
trim with piping; "pipe the skirt"
a hollow cylindrical shape (同)tube
a long tube made of metal or plastic that is used to carry water or oil or gas etc. (同)pipage, piping
a tube with a small bowl at one end; used for smoking tobacco (同)tobacco pipe
a tubular wind instrument
play on a pipe; "pipe a tune"
transport by pipeline; "pipe oil, water, and gas into the desert"
ride or float on an inflated tube; "We tubed down the river on a hot summer day"
conduit consisting of a long hollow object (usually cylindrical) used to hold and conduct objects or liquids or gases (同)tubing
electronic device consisting of a system of electrodes arranged in an evacuated glass or metal envelope (同)vacuum_tube, thermionic vacuum tube, thermionic_tube, electron_tube, thermionic_valve
(anatomy) any hollow cylindrical body structure (同)tube-shaped structure
convey in a tube; "inside Paris, they used to tube mail"
place or enclose in a tube
provide with a tube or insert a tube into
a continuous tube formed by a row of elongated cells lacking intervening end walls
an enclosed conduit for a fluid
a bodily passage or tube lined with epithelial cells and conveying a secretion or other substance; "the tear duct was obstructed"; "the alimentary canal"; "poison is released through a channel in the snakes fangs" (同)epithelial duct, canal, channel
provide (a city) with a canal (同)canalize, canalise
long and narrow strip of water made for boats or for irrigation
(astronomy) an indistinct surface feature of Mars once thought to be a system of channels; they are now believed to be an optical illusion
a natural body passageway
a port city on the Atlantic coast of Portugal to the southeast of Lisbon
the amount that a tub will hold; "a tub of water" (同)tubful
a large open vessel for holding or storing liquids (同)vat

PrepTutorEJDIC

らっぱ管,[輸]卵管
卵管
『管』,パイプ,筒(つつ) / (刻み用の)『パイプ』 / 笛;(1本の管から成る)管楽器(フルート・クラリネット・オーボエなど);(パイプオルガンの)音管 / 《複数形で》複数の管から成る楽器;パッグパイプ(bagpipe),パンの笛(Panpipe) / (船で)甲板長の号笛(呼び子);その笛の音 / (鳥の)鳴き声;(人の)かん高い声 / (人間・動物の)管状器官;(特に)気管 / 《しばしば受動態で》(…に)〈水・ガスなど〉‘を'管で送る《+『名』+『to』(『into』)+『名』》 / 〈家・部屋など〉‘に'(…の)配管をする《+『名』+『for』+『名』》 / 〈曲〉‘を'笛で吹く / …‘を'かん高い声で言う(歌う) / (甲板長が)〈船員〉‘を'号笛を吹いて召集する / 〈衣服〉など〉‘に'玉縁飾りをつける,〈ケーキなど〉‘に'砂糖のひも状飾りをする / 笛を吹く / かん高い声で言う(歌う)
(金属・ガラス・ゴムなどの)管,筒 / (絵の具・歯みがきなどの)チューブ / 《米》(列車・地下鉄の)トンネル / 《英》地下鉄(《米》subway) / (ラジオ・テレビなどの)真空管(vacuum tube) / (動植物の)管状器官
送水管;(建物・船などの)通気管;(地下ケーブルなどの)ダクト / (体液を運ぶ)導管,(植物が水・空気を運ぶ)導管
『運河』 / (食道・気菅などの)導菅 / (火星の苗面に見える)運河状の地形
『おけ』,たらい / 《話》'bath 2 / (また tubful)おけ1杯[の量](の…)《+of+名》 / 《話》のろくてぶかっこうな船;《俗》でぶ,太っちょ
チューバ(低音の大型金管楽器)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/30 17:13:36」(JST)

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Tubal (Hebrew: תובל or תבל‎ [tuˈbal]) (Georgian: ტუბალი) in Genesis 10 (the "Table of Nations"), was the name of a son of Japheth, son of Noah.

Early theories

Many authors, following the Jewish historian Josephus (1st century AD), related the name to Iber- Caucasian Iberia. Concerning the question of the ethnic affinity of the population of Tubal, Josephus wrote: "Tobal gave rise to the Thobeles, who are now called Iberes" - Caucasian Iberia. This version was repeated by Patriarch Eustathius of Antioch, Bishop Theodoret, and others. However, Jerome, Isidore of Seville, and the Welsh historian Nennius stated another tradition that Tubal was ancestor to not only Iberians, but also the 'Italians' [i.e., Italic tribes] and 'Spanish' [who were also called Iberians]. A divergent tradition recorded by Hippolytus of Rome (3rd century) lists Tubal's descendants as the "Hettali" (or Thessalians in some later copies), while the Book of the Bee (c. 1222) states that he was progenitor of Bithynians.

The Caucasian Iberians were ancestors of modern Georgians. Some modern Georgians also claim descent from Tubal, Togarmah and Meshech; a Georgian historian, Ivane Javakhishvili, considered Tabal, Tubal, Jabal and Jubal to be ancient Georgian tribal designations.

Tabal was a post-Hittite Luwian state in Asia Minor in the 1st millennium BC, and is often connected with Tubal (similar to their neighbors, the Mushki, traditionally associated with Meshech). Some historians further connect Tabal and Tubal with the tribe on the Black Sea coast later known to the Greeks as Tibareni, though this identification is uncertain. The Tibareni and other related tribes, the Chalybes (Khalib/Khaldi) and the Mossynoeci (Mossynoikoi in Greek), were sometimes considered the founders of metallurgy.

According to Catalan legend, Japheth's son Tubal is said to have sailed from Jaffa with his family and arrived at the Francolí river of Iberia in 2157 BC, where he founded a city named after his son Tarraho, now Tarragona. He then proceeded to the Ebro (like Iberia, named after his second son Iber), where he built several more settlements, including Amposta. His third son's name is given as Semptofail. Noah himself is said to have visited them here about 100 years later. Tubal is said to have reigned for 155 years, until he died while preparing to colonize Mauretania and was succeeded by Iber. Other traditions make Tubal son of Japheth (sometimes confounded with Tubal-cain son of Lamech, a figure from before the flood) to be the founder of Ravenna in Italy, Setúbal in Portugal, and Toledo and many other places in Spain. Various authors state that his wife's name was Noya, that he was buried at Cape St. Vincent in Portugal, or that he had 65,000 descendants when he died.^[1] The source for many of these legends seems to have been the Pseudo-Berosus published by Annio da Viterbo in 1498, now widely considered a forgery. However, the earlier Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña by the historian-king Pedro IV of Aragon (c. 1370) includes the basic premises, that Tubal was the first person to settle in Iberia, that the Iberians were descended from him as Jerome and Isidore had attested, and that they had originally been called Cetubales and been settled along the Ebro, before changing their name to 'Iberians' after that river. An earlier scholar-king, Alfonso X of Castile (c. 1280), also included similar details in his history, but claiming Tubal had settled in the "Aspa" mountains (part of the Pyrenees), and deriving the first part of the name Cetubales from cetus, which he said meant "tribe". In his version, they later changed their name to 'Celtiberians'. A still earlier version is found in the history of the Umayyad conquest of Hispania by Tariq ibn Ziyad, written around AD 750 by Abulcasim Tarif Abentarique. It holds that Japheth's son Tubal or (Sem Tofail) divided Iberia among his 3 sons — leaving his eldest Tarraho the northeast section (called Tarrahon, later Aragon); to his second son, Sem Tofail the younger, he left the west, along the ocean (later called Setúbal); and to his youngest, Iber, he left the eastern part, along the Mediterranean, called Iberia. Tubal then built for himself a city he called Morar (today Mérida, Spain) — where Abentarique claimed to have seen a large stone above the main city gate inscribed with these details, which he translated into Arabic.

Modern theories

Basque intellectuals like Poza (16th century) have named Tubal as the ancestor of Basques, and by extension, the Iberians. The French Basque author Augustin Chaho (19th century) published The Legend of Aitor, asserting that the common patriarch of the Basques was Aitor, a descendant of Tubal.

Tubal's sons are given different names in rabbinic sources. In Pseudo-Philo (written c. AD 70), his son's names are Phanatonova and Eteva, and they were given the land of "Pheed". The later mediaeval Chronicles of Jerahmeel gives these sons' names as Fantonya and Atipa, and says they subdued "Pahath"; elsewhere these chronicles include information derived from Jerome, identifying Tubal's descendants with Iberia and Hispania. In still another place, the Chronicles of Jerahmeel reproduces a more detailed legend taken from the earlier Josippon (c. 950): Tubal's descendants, it says, camped in Tuscany and built a city called "Sabino", while the Kittim built "Posomanga" in neighboring Campania, with the Tiber river as the frontier between the two peoples. However, they soon went to war following the rape of the Sabines by the Kittim. This war was ended when the Kittim showed the descendants of Tubal their mutual progeny. A shorter, more garbled version of this story from Yosippon is also found in the later Book of Jasher, known from c. 1625, which additionally names Tubal's sons as Ariphi, Kesed and Taari.

The Arabic dictionary Taj al-Arus by al-Zubaidi (1790) notes that although some Islamic authors make the Khazars descendants of Japheth's son Khasheh (Meshech), others hold both the Khazars and Saqaliba (Slavs) to have come rather from his brother, Tubal.^[2]

Literature

Ivane Javakhishvili. "Historical-Ethnological problems of Georgia, the Caucasus and the Near East" (a monograph), Tbilisi, 1950, pp. 130–135 (in Georgian)
Giorgi Melikishvili. "About the history of ancient Georgia" (a monograph), Tbilisi, 1959, pp. 9, 13, 14, 18, 72–78, 108–110, 121, 175, 226, 227, 253 (in Russian)
Simon Janashia. "Works", vol. III, Tbilisi, 1959, pp. 2–74 (in Georgian)
Guram Kvirkvelia. "Foreign scientists about the metallurgy of the ancient Georgian tribes" (a monograph), Tbilisi, 1976, pp. 3–90 (in Georgian, Russian summary).
Nana Khazaradze. "The Ethnopolitical entities of Eastern Asia Minor in the first half of the 1st millennium BC" (a monograph), Tbilisi, 1978, pp. 3–139 (in Georgian, Russian and English)
*Electronic edition of G. Pujades, Crónica Universal del Principado de Cataluña (in Spanish)
Jon Ruthven. The Prophecy That Is Shaping History: New Research on Ezekiel's Vision of the End. Fairfax, VA: Xulon Press, 2003. [1]. A major study on the historical geography of Rosh, Meshech, Tubal and the other northern nations listed in Ezekiel 38–39 and elsewhere.

Notes

^ A Brief History of Spain (1700)
^ D. M. Dunlop, History of the Jewish Khazars 1954, p. 13.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 女性の避妊手術 surgical sterilization of women
2. 卵巣癌、卵管癌、および腹膜癌のリスク低減のための日和見卵管切除 opportunistic salpingectomy for ovarian fallopian tubal and peritoneal carcinoma risk reduction
3. 患者情報：女性の永久不妊法（詳細） permanent sterilization procedures for women beyond the basics
4. 漿液性の卵巣癌、卵管癌、および腹膜癌の病因 pathogenesis of ovarian fallopian tubal and peritoneal serous carcinomas
5. 上皮性卵巣癌および卵管癌のリスクの高い女性における、リスクを低減する両側卵管卵巣摘出術 risk reducing bilateral salpingo oophorectomy in women at high risk of epithelial ovarian and fallopian tubal cancer

English Journal

Protective effect of butylated hydroxytoluene on sperm function in human spermatozoa cryopreserved by vitrification technique.

Merino O1, Aguagüiña WE, Esponda P, Risopatrón J, Isachenko E, Isachenko V, Sánchez R.
Andrologia.Andrologia.2015 Mar;47(2):186-93. doi: 10.1111/and.12246. Epub 2014 Feb 24.
Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT), a synthetic analogue of vitamin E, shows antioxidant and antiviral properties and has been successfully used for mammalian sperm cryopreservation. In this study, BHT was included in a vitrification solution to determine its cryoprotective effect on human spermatozoa. Sperm
PMID 24612426

Levonorgestrel decreases cilia beat frequency of human fallopian tubes and rat oviducts without changing morphological structure.

Zhao W1, Zhu Q, Yan M, Li C, Yuan J, Qin G, Zhang J.
Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology.Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.2015 Feb;42(2):171-8. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.12337.
Levonorgestrel, a derivative of progesterone, effectively protects women against unwanted pregnancy as an emergency contraceptive. Previous studies have not been successful in determining the mechanism by which levonorgestrel acts. In the present study we analysed cilia beat action and cilia morphol
PMID 25399777

The effect of tubal sterilization with the Pomeroy technique and bipolar electrocauterization on the ovarian reserve and serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels in a rat model.

Kaya C1, Turgut H2, Cengiz H3, Turan A4, Ekin M3, Yaşar L3.
European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology.Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.2015 Feb;185:108-13. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.12.005. Epub 2014 Dec 13.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of tubal sterilization techniques on the ovarian reserve and serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in rats.STUDY DESIGN: Wistar Hannover rats (n=21) were assigned to the following 3 groups (7 rats/group): Pomeroy technique, bipolar electrocauterization, and
PMID 25553353

Low rates of fimbrial excision at tubal ligation: room for improvement?

Han-Suyin K1, O'Brien D2, Mooney EE3, Downey P4.
European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology.Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.2015 Feb;185:182-3. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.12.009. Epub 2014 Dec 15.
PMID 25547523

Japanese Journal

Efficacy of Ovarian Stimulation and Intrauterine Insemination in Women with Unilateral Tubal Occlusion Diagnosed by Hysterosalpingography (Original)

Yukiyo Saitou,Kouhei Sugimoto,Motoaki Saitou,Hiroshi Hayashi,Nozomu Yanaihara,Tadao Tanaka
Jikeikai medical journal 59(1), 1-4, 2012-03-10
NAID 120004026396

5)卵管線状切開適応の立場に立って((3)卵管妊娠治療と妊孕性温存-卵管線状切開術かMTX療法か,3)生殖,クリニカルディベート,第63回日本産科婦人科学会第63回学術講演会生涯研修プログラム,研修コーナー)

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日本産科婦人科學會雜誌 63(12), "N-180"-"N-185", 2011-12-01
NAID 110008799064

Heterotopic triplet pregnancy : report of a patient with remnant tubal ectopic and intrauterine twin pregnancy after frozen-thawed embryo transfer

OKAMURA Yoshinori,ARAKANE Futoshi,NAGAYOSHI TAURA Yumiko,HONDA Ritsuo,OHBA Takashi,KATABUCHI Hidetaka
Reproductive medicine and biology 10(4), 283-286, 2011-12-01
NAID 10030444536