WordNet

be worthy of or have a certain rating; "This bond rates highly"
amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis; "a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5" (同)charge per unit
a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit; "they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour"; "the rate of change was faster than expected"
a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure; "the literacy rate"; "the retention rate"; "the dropout rate"
assign a rank or rating to; "how would you rank these students?"; "The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide" (同)rank, range, order, grade, place
estimate the value of; "How would you rate his chances to become President?"; "Gold was rated highly among the Romans" (同)value
give (hair) the appearance of being fuller by using a rat
a pad (usually made of hair) worn as part of a womans coiffure
any of various long-tailed rodents similar to but larger than a mouse
catch rats, especially with dogs
desert ones party or group of friends, for example, for ones personal advantage
employ scabs or strike breakers in
standing or position on a scale
a local tax on property (usually used in the plural)

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『割合』,『率』 / 〈C〉《the~,a~》『速度』(speed),進度 / 〈C〉『値段』,『相場』;料金 / 〈U〉等級(class),(…)等 / 《複数形ぃ》《英》地方税 / (…の金額に)…‘の'『値段を決める』,見積もる《+『名』+『at』+『名』》 / …‘を'『評価する』,みなす / 《米話》…‘に'値する,‘の'価値がある / 『評価される』;みなされる
…‘を'どなりつける
『ネズミ』 / ひきょう者,裏切り者 / ネズミをつかまえる / 《話》(人を)裏切る,密告する《+『on』+『名』〈人〉》
〈C〉〈U〉（品質・技量などによる）格づけ,評価 / 〈C〉（個人・会社の経済的な）信用度 / 〈C〉(トン・馬力による)(船舶・車)の等級 / 〈C〉(テレビ・ラジオの)視聴率

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1. 緊急血液透析 acute hemodialysis prescription
2. 血液透析装置の概要 overview of the hemodialysis apparatus
3. 腹膜透析における溶質クリアランスおよび限外濾過の機序 mechanisms of solute clearance and ultrafiltration in peritoneal dialysis
4. 持続的腹膜透析における溶質クリアランスおよび限外濾過の問題 problems with solute clearance and ultrafiltration in continuous peritoneal dialysis
5. 血液透析時の血行動態の不安定性：概要 hemodynamic instability during hemodialysis overview

English Journal

Microencapsulation of pulp and ultrafiltered cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) extracts and betanin stability during storage.

Vergara C1, Saavedra J2, Sáenz C3, García P1, Robert P4.Author information 1Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Tecnología Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Casilla 133, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.2Escuela de Ingeniería de Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Waddington 716, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile; DATACHEM Agrofood: Data Analysis and Applied Chemometrics Research Group, Chile.3Departamento de Agroindustria y Enología, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Casilla 1004, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.4Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Tecnología Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Casilla 133, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: proberts@uchile.cl.AbstractPulp (CP) and ultrafiltered (UF) cactus pear extracts were encapsulated with Capsul (C) by applying a central composite design (CP-C and UF-C systems) by spray-drying. To evaluate the effect of the extract, microparticles obtained under optimal conditions were characterised and stored at 60°C. Betacyanin and betaxanthin encapsulation efficiency reached values above 98% for both systems studied. This efficiency was attributed to strong interactions between betalains and the polymer. Betalain degradation in CP-C and UF-C microparticles followed pseudo-first order kinetics. The betacyanin degradation rate constant was significantly higher for CP-C than for UF-C. These results suggested that the mucilage or higher sugar content of CP increased the hygroscopicity of the CP-C microparticles, leading to the degradation of betalain. The hydrolysis pathway was the main mechanism of betanin degradation during microparticle storage. These results demonstrate the potential utility of both CP-C and UF-C microparticles as natural colourants for healthy foods.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Aug 15;157:246-51. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.037. Epub 2014 Feb 18.
Pulp (CP) and ultrafiltered (UF) cactus pear extracts were encapsulated with Capsul (C) by applying a central composite design (CP-C and UF-C systems) by spray-drying. To evaluate the effect of the extract, microparticles obtained under optimal conditions were characterised and stored at 60°C. Beta
PMID 24679777

A new way to apply ultrasound in cross-flow ultrafiltration: application to colloidal suspensions.

Hengl N1, Jin Y2, Pignon F2, Baup S2, Mollard R2, Gondrexon N2, Magnin A2, Michot L3, Paineau E4.Author information 1Laboratoire Rhéologie et Procédés, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Grenoble-INP, CNRS, UMR 5520, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France. Electronic address: hengl@ujf-grenoble.fr.2Laboratoire Rhéologie et Procédés, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Grenoble-INP, CNRS, UMR 5520, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.3Laboratoire Environnement et Minéralurgie, CNRS-Université de Lorraine UMR 7569, 15 Avenue du Charmois, BP 40, 54501 Vandœuvre Cedex, France.4Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS-Université Paris XI UMR 8502, Bat. 510, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.AbstractA new coupling of ultrasound device with membrane process has been developed in order to enhance cross-flow ultrafiltration of colloidal suspensions usually involved in several industrial applications included bio and agro industries, water and sludge treatment. In order to reduce mass transfer resistances induced by fouling and concentration polarization, which both are main limitations in membrane separation process continuous ultrasound is applied with the help of a vibrating blade (20 kHz) located in the feed channel all over the membrane surface (8mm between membrane surface and the blade). Hydrodynamic aspects were also taking into account by the control of the rectangular geometry of the feed channel. Three colloidal suspensions with different kinds of colloidal interaction (attractive, repulsive) were chosen to evaluate the effect of their physico-chemical properties on the filtration. For a 90 W power (20.5 W cm(-2)) and a continuous flow rate, permeation fluxes are increased for each studied colloidal suspension, without damaging the membrane. The results show that the flux increase depends on the initial structural properties of filtered dispersion in terms of colloidal interaction and spatial organizations. For instance, a Montmorillonite Wyoming-Na clay suspension was filtered at 1.5 × 10(5)Pa transmembrane pressure. Its permeation flux is increased by a factor 7.1, from 13.6 L m(-2)h(-1) without ultrasound to 97 L m(-2)h(-1) with ultrasound.
Ultrasonics sonochemistry.Ultrason Sonochem.2014 May;21(3):1018-25. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.11.008. Epub 2013 Nov 21.
A new coupling of ultrasound device with membrane process has been developed in order to enhance cross-flow ultrafiltration of colloidal suspensions usually involved in several industrial applications included bio and agro industries, water and sludge treatment. In order to reduce mass transfer resi
PMID 24291307

The Use of Regional Citrate Anticoagulation Continuous Venovenous Haemofiltration in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

Shum HP1, Ming-Chit Kwan A, Chan KC, Yan WW.Author information 1Department of Intensive Care, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital (shumhp@ha.org.hk), ORCID: 0000-0001-7002-3548 Department of Intensive Care, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital (kmc804@ha.org.hk), ORCID: 0000-0001-6032-518X Department of Intensive Care, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital (chankck@ha.org.hk), ORCID: 0000-0002-1786-541X Department of Intensive Care, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital (yanww@ha.org.hk), ORCID: 0000-0003-1257-715X.AbstractPatients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) frequently requires continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Additional anticoagulation for the CRRT circuit is usually not employed, but this may increases the risk of clot embolisation, which shortens oxygenator lifespan and increases patient's risk. We report our experience on the use of regional citrate anticoagulation continuous venovenous haemofiltration (RCA-CVVH) connected to an ECMO circuit, which could be useful during low heparin / heparin-free ECMO situations. RCA-CVVH was performed using AK200US machine with a blood flow of 150ml/min, Acid Citrate Dextrose Solution pre-filter infusion at 240ml/hr, ultrafiltration rate of 2040ml/hr, and post-dilutional online generated replacement fluid infused as appropriate. The circuit was aimed to run for 30hrs. From May 2009 - May 2013, 63 patients received ECMO and 29 received RCA-CVVH. The median total CVVH time was 131hrs (IQR: 61-224hrs) and haemofilter life was 27.2hrs (IQR: 25.7-28.5hrs). No haemofilter or oxygenator was changed due to clotting. Their hospital mortality was 27.6%. There were eight patients, who were judged to be too sick for anticoagulation, received predilution CRRT during the same period. Their hospital mortality was 75%. In conclusion, online post-dilutional RCA-CVVH connected to an ECMO circuit is a feasible, safe, and effective CRRT technique.
ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992).ASAIO J.2014 Apr 10. [Epub ahead of print]
Patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) frequently requires continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Additional anticoagulation for the CRRT circuit is usually not employed, but this may increases the risk of clot embolisation, which shortens oxygenator lifespan and increases pati
PMID 24727536

Japanese Journal

人工心肺中におけるリアルタイム血液粘度測定法の開発と有用性

中村淳史
体外循環技術 41(2), 123-130, 2014
人工心肺（cardiopulmonary bypass：CPB）を使用した開心術では、血液温やヘマトクリット値の変化に伴い、血液粘度がCPB開始時から終了時まで変動する。血液粘度は患者の循環動態に影響を及ぼすため、CPB中の有効なパラメータであると思われるが、一般的なモニタリング項目とはなっていない。本研究では、現在のCPBにおいて使用されている限外濾過回路を利用してリアルタイムに血液粘度を測定で …
NAID 130004876278

血液透析における血管内容積のシミュレーション

布江田友理,片山俊郎,佐藤哲大,大山俊治,金谷重彦,湊小太郎
生体医工学 52(1), 42-49, 2014
… Then, we estimated the water movement rate, r, and the maximum excess volume in extravascular, VO. …
NAID 130004494221

血液透析濾過器における境膜内溶質濃度の検討

関野政昭
化学工学論文集 39(5), 433-438, 2013
血液透析濾過処方において，中高分子量領域の溶質除去には透析操作に加えて限外濾過操作が欠かせない．当操作では，中高分子量溶質と透析濾過膜の双方から決定される膜パラメーター（溶質透過係数と篩係数）と限外濾過量いかんでは，血液側境膜での溶質濃度分布は通常の透析パターンと異なり，逆浸透膜やナノ濾過膜で見られるような濃度分極層を形成すると想定される．本稿では既報の血液透析濾過器シミュレーションモデルに，この …
NAID 130004463927