WordNet

set, plant, or bury in a trench; "trench the fallen soldiers"; "trench the vegetables"
a ditch dug as a fortification having a parapet of the excavated earth
any long ditch cut in the ground
a long steep-sided depression in the ocean floor (同)deep, oceanic abyss
cut a trench in, as for drainage; "ditch the land to drain it"; "trench the fields" (同)ditch
cut or carve deeply into; "letters trenched into the stone"
dig a trench or trenches; "The National Guardsmen were sent out to trench"
fortify by surrounding with trenches; "He trenched his military camp"
a rise in the temperature of the body; frequently a symptom of infection (同)febrility, febricity, pyrexia, feverishness
intense nervous anticipation; "in a fever of resentment"
highly excited; "a fevered imagination"

PrepTutorEJDIC

みぞ,(細長い)堀 / ざんごう / 〈土地〉‘に'みぞを掘る / …をざんごうで固める
〈U〉《しばしばa fever》(身体の異常な)『熱』,発熱 / 〈U〉『熱病』 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…に対する)『興奮』,熱狂《+『for』+『名』》
(比較変化なし)《名詞の前にのみ用いて》熱のある,熱病にかかった / 熱にうかされたような,興奮した / (憎しみなどが)異常に強い

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/11 01:09:33」(JST)

wiki en

Trench fever (also known as "five-day fever", "quintan fever" (febris quintana in Latin), and "urban trench fever"^[1]) is a moderately serious disease transmitted by body lice. It infected armies in Flanders, France, Poland, Galicia, Italy, Salonika, Macedonia, Mesopotamia, and Egypt in World War I^[2]^[3] (three noted sufferers being the authors J.R.R. Tolkien,^[4] A. A. Milne,^[5] and C.S. Lewis^[6]), and the German army in Russia during World War I.^[3] From 1915 to 1918 between one-fifth and one-third of all British troops reported ill had trench fever while about one-fifth of ill German and Austrian troops had the disease.^[2] The disease persists among the homeless.^[7] Outbreaks have been documented, for example, in Seattle^[8] and Baltimore in the United States among injection drug users^[9] and in Marseille, France,^[8] and Burundi.^[10]

Trench fever is also called Wolhynia fever, shin bone fever, Meuse fever, His disease and His–Werner disease (after Wilhelm His, Jr. and Heinrich Werner).

The disease is caused by the bacterium Bartonella quintana (older names: Rochalimea quintana, Rickettsia quintana), found in the stomach walls of the body louse.^[3] Bartonella quintana is closely related to Bartonella henselae, the agent of cat scratch fever and bacillary angiomatosis.

Signs and symptoms

The disease is classically a five-day fever of the relapsing type, rarely exhibiting a continuous course. The incubation period is relatively long, at about two weeks. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden, with high fever, severe headache, pain on moving the eyeballs, soreness of the muscles of the legs and back, and frequently hyperaesthesia of the shins. The initial fever is usually followed in a few days by a single, short rise but there may be many relapses between periods without fever.^[11] The most constant symptom is pain in the legs.^[3] Recovery takes a month or more. Lethal cases are rare, but in a few cases "the persistent fever might lead to heart failure".^[4]^[11] Aftereffects may include neurasthenia, cardiac disturbances and myalgia.^[11]

Pathophysiology

Bartonella quintana is transmitted by contamination of a skin abrasion or louse-bite wound with the faeces of an infected body louse (Pediculus humanus corporis). There have also been reports of an infected louse bite passing on the infection.^[3]^[11]

Diagnosis

Serological testing is typically used to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Most serological tests would succeed only after a certain period of time past the symptom onset (usually a week). The differential diagnosis list includes typhus, ehrlichiosis, leptospirosis, Lyme disease and virus-caused exanthema (measles or rubella).

Treatment

Tetracycline-group antibiotics (doxycycline, tetracycline) are commonly used. Chloramphenicol is an alternative medication recommended under circumstances that render use of tetracycline derivates undesirable, such as severe liver malfunction, kidney deficiency, in children under nine years and in pregnant women. The drug is administered for seven to ten days.

The treatment for bacillary angiomatosis is erythromycin given for three to four months.^[12]

References

^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1095. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
^ ^a ^b Justina Hamilton Hill (1942). Silent Enemies: The Story of the Diseases of War and Their Control. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Francis Timoney, William Arthur Hagan (1973). Hagan and Bruner's Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals. Cornell University Press.
^ ^a ^b John Garth (2003). Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth. HarperCollins Publishers.
^ Humphrey Carpenter; Mari Prichard (1984). The Oxford companion to children's literature. Oxford University Press. p. 351. ISBN 9780192115829.
^ CS Lewis (1955). Surprised By Joy. Harcourt.
^ Milonakis, Eleftherios, and Michael A. Forgione. "Trench Fever". EMedicine. 26 June 2006. 11 June 2007 <http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2303.htm>.
^ ^a ^b Ohl, M. E.; Spach, D. H. (1 July 2000). "Bartonella quintana and Urban Trench Fever". Clinical Infectious Diseases 31 (1): 131–135. doi:10.1086/313890. PMID 10913410.
^ Comer, James A. (25 November 1996). "Antibodies to Bartonella Species in Inner-city Intravenous Drug Users in Baltimore, Md". Archives of Internal Medicine 156 (21): 2491. doi:10.1001/archinte.1996.00440200111014.
^ Raoult, D; Ndihokubwayo, JB; Tissot-Dupont, H; Roux, V; Faugere, B; Abegbinni, R; Birtles, RJ. "Outbreak of epidemic typhus associated with trench fever in Burundi". The Lancet 352 (9125): 353–358. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)12433-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Edward Rhodes Stitt (1922). The Diagnostics and treatment of tropical diseases. P. Blakiston's Son & Co.
^ Beghari S, Rolain J-M, Grau GE; et al. (2006). "Antiangiogenic effect of erythromycin: an in vitro model of Bartonella quintana infection". J Infect Dis 193 (3): 380–6. doi:10.1086/499276. PMID 16388485.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. バルトネラ・クインターナ感染の臨床的特徴、診断、および治療 clinical features diagnosis and treatment of bartonella quintana infections
2. バルトネラによる心内膜炎 endocarditis caused by bartonella
3. HIV感染患者におけるバルトネラ感染症の診断、治療、および予防 diagnosis treatment and prevention of bartonella infections in hiv infected patients
4. HIV感染患者におけるバルトネラ感染症の疫学および臨床症状 epidemiology and clinical manifestations of bartonella infections in hiv infected patients
5. バルトネラ属の基礎生物学 basic biology of bartonella species

English Journal

Palaeopathology and genes: Investigating the genetics of infectious diseases in excavated human skeletal remains and mummies from past populations.

Anastasiou E, Mitchell PD.SourceDivision of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, The Henry Wellcome Building, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK.
Gene.Gene.2013 Jun 19. pii: S0378-1119(13)00770-1. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.017. [Epub ahead of print]
The aim of this paper is to review the use of genetics in palaeomicrobiology, and to highlight the importance of understanding past diseases. Palaeomicrobiology is the study of disease pathogens in skeletal and mummified remains from archaeological contexts. It has revolutionarised our understanding
PMID 23792062

Borrelia recurrentis in head lice, Ethiopia.

Boutellis A, Mediannikov O, Bilcha KD, Ali J, Campelo D, Barker SC, Raoult D.SourceMarseille Université, Marseille, France.
Emerging infectious diseases.Emerg Infect Dis.2013 May;19(5):796-8. doi: 10.3201/eid1905.121480.
Since the 1800s, the only known vector of Borrelia recurrentis has been the body louse. In 2011, we found B. recurrentis DNA in 23% of head lice from patients with louse-borne relapsing fever in Ethiopia. Whether head lice can transmit these bacteria from one person to another remains to be determin
PMID 23648147

Japanese Journal

1 塹壕熱病原体Bartonella quintanaのコロモジラミ体内での増殖部位について(予報)(第59回日本衛生動物学会東日本支部大会講演要旨)

衛生動物 59(2), 103, 2008
NAID 110006812779

塹壕熱起因菌 (Bartonella quintana) に関する研究

日本マイコプラズマ学会雑誌 = Japanese Journal of Mycoplasmology 32, 55-58, 2005-06-01
NAID 10029813003

B21 再興感染症としての塹壕熱および回帰熱に関する疫学調査

衛生動物 56(Supplement), 65, 2005
NAID 110003824528

Related Pictures

What Diseases Can Be Caused By Lice Infestation? | LiceDoctors Entrenched French soldiers picking lice in during the Great War, to stop the spread of The centenary of the discovery of trench fever, an emerging infectious disease of UM Today | Trench fever found among urban people who are homeless Trench Fever Outbreak in Denver: The Factors Involved in B. quintana Transmission Trench fever a risk for Canadians experiencing homelessness | Healthing.ca Trench Fever and Lice in World War I - Owlcation