ditch

　 　 　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. make an emergency landing on water
2. a long narrow excavation in the earth
3. any small natural waterway
4. crash or crash-land; "ditch a car"; "ditch a plane"
5. forsake; "ditch a lover"
6. of something done as a final recourse (especially to prevent a crisis or disaster); "a last-ditch attempt"
7. a spade with a long handle for digging narrow ditches (同)long-handled spade
8. a ditch to supply dry land with water artificially
9. a ditch for carrying off excess water or sewage
10. a laborer who digs ditches (同)mud digger

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (地面に掘った)『溝』,堀,潅漑(かんがい)用水路,排水溝 / …‘に'溝を掘る,溝を巡らせる / 〈車など〉‘を'溝へ落とす;〈列車〉‘を'脱線させる / 〈飛行機〉‘を'水上に不時着させる / 《俗》…‘を'突然に捨てる(見捨てる) / 水上に不時着する
2. 絶体絶命の,死力を尽くした

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/11/27 05:10:03」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Ditch (disambiguation).

A well maintained ditch in the Netherlands

Ditches at the Ouse Washes nature reserve.

Waterplants growing in a ditch in the Netherlands, showing Sagittaria sagittifolia to the right.

A ditch is a small to moderate depression created to channel water. A ditch can be used for drainage, to drain water from low-lying areas, alongside roadways or fields, or to channel water from a more distant source for plant irrigation. Ditches are commonly seen around farmland, especially in areas that have required drainage, such as The Fens in eastern England and much of the Netherlands.

Roadside ditches may provide a hazard to motorists and cyclists, whose vehicles may crash into them and get damaged, flipped over or stuck, especially in poor weather conditions, and in rural areas.

In Anglo-Saxon, the word dïc already existed and was pronounced "deek" in northern England and "deetch" in the south. The origins of the word lie in digging a trench and forming the upcast soil into a bank alongside it. This practice has meant that the name dïc was given to either the excavation or the bank, and evolved to both the words "dike"/"dyke" and "ditch". Thus Offa's Dyke is a combined structure and Car Dyke is a trench, though it once had raised banks as well. In the midlands and north of England, a dike is what a ditch is in the south, a property boundary marker or small drainage channel. Where it carries a stream, it may be called a running dike as in Rippingale Running Dike, which leads water from the catchwater drain, Car Dyke, to the South Forty Foot Drain in Lincolnshire (TF1427). The Weir Dike is a soak dike in Bourne North Fen, near Twenty and alongside the River Glen.

Sustainability of drainage ditches

Drainage ditches play major roles in agriculture throughout the world. Improper drainage systems accelerate water contamination, excessively desiccate soils during seasonal drought, and become a financial burden to maintain. Industrial earth-moving equipment facilitates maintenance of straight drainage trenches, but entrenchment results in increasing environmental and eventually profound economic costs over time.

Sustainable channel design can result in ditches that are largely self-maintaining due to natural geomorphological equilibrium. Slowed net siltation and erosion result in net reduction in sediment transport. Encouraging development of a natural stream sinuosity and a multi-terraced channel cross section appear to be key to maintain both peak ditch drainage capacity, and minimum net pollution and nutrient transport.

Flooding can be a major cause of recurring crop loss—particularly in heavy soils—and can severely disrupt urban economies as well. Subsurface drainage to ditches offers a way to remove excess water from agricultural fields, or vital urban spaces, without the erosion rates and pollution transport that results from direct surface runoff. However, excess drainage results in recurring drought induced crop yield losses and more severe urban heat or desiccation issues.

Controlled subsurface drainage from sensitive areas to vegetated drainage ditches makes possible a better balance between water drainage and water retention needs. The initial investment allows a community to draw down local water tables when and where necessary without exacerbating drought problems at other times.

Water diversion ditches

Particularly in Colorado, the term ditch is also applied to open aqueducts that traverse hillsides as part of transbasin diversion projects. Examples include the Grand Ditch over La Poudre Pass, the Berthoud Pass Ditch, and the Boreas Pass Ditch.

See also

• Acequia
• Canal
• Drainage system (agriculture)
• Irrigation
• Nullah
• Rhyne
• Trench
• Watertable control

External links

• Barbagallo, Tricia (June 1, 2005). "Black Beach: The Mucklands of Canastota, New York" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-04. 

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Effects of ditch-buried straw return on water percolation, nitrogen leaching and crop yields in a rice-wheat rotation system.

• Yang H1, Xu M2, Koide RT3, Liu Q1, Dai Y1, Liu L4, Bian X1.
• Journal of the science of food and agriculture.J Sci Food Agric.2016 Mar;96(4):1141-9. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.7196. Epub 2015 Apr 24.
• BACKGROUND: Crop residue management and nitrogen loss are two important environmental problems in the rice-wheat rotation system in China. This study investigated the effects of burial of straw on water percolation, nitrogen loss by leaching, crop growth and yield. Greenhouse mesocosm experiments we
• PMID 25847361

• Metal Distribution and Contamination Assessment in Drainage Ditch Water in the Main Rice/Vegetable Area of Sichuan Hilly Basin.

• Kumwimba MN1,2,3,4, Zhu B5,6, Wang T7,8, Yuan Z1,2, Muyembe DK9.
• Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.Bull Environ Contam Toxicol.2016 Feb;96(2):248-53. doi: 10.1007/s00128-015-1706-2. Epub 2015 Dec 12.
• In order to assess the impact of four land use changes on metal concentrations in the hilly Sichuan Basin of China, 71 surface water samples were collected in July and November 2014. Samples from residential ditch water were found to have higher metal concentrations than those in other types of ditc
• PMID 26662271

• The fate of fusion Cry1Ab/1Ac proteins from Bt-transgenic rice in soil and water.

• Liu Y1, Li J2, Luo Z2, Wang H3, Liu F2.
• Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2016 Feb;124:455-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.11.025. Epub 2015 Nov 28.
• Toxin proteins form transgenic crops entering into the environment are likely affect non-target organisms. To investigate the entry route and fate of fusion Cry1Ab/1Ac proteins from transgenic rice expressing insecticide toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in soil and water, we conducted greenho
• PMID 26624932

• Ditch network sustains functional connectivity and influences patterns of gene flow in an intensive agricultural landscape.

• Favre-Bac L1, Mony C1, Ernoult A1, Burel F1, Arnaud JF2.
• Heredity.Heredity (Edinb).2016 Feb;116(2):200-12. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2015.90. Epub 2015 Oct 21.
• In intensive agricultural landscapes, plant species previously relying on semi-natural habitats may persist as metapopulations within landscape linear elements. Maintenance of populations' connectivity through pollen and seed dispersal is a key factor in species persistence in the face of substantia
• PMID 26486611

Japanese Journal

• 多摩地域の円形周溝墓の系譜 (特集 方形周溝墓 : 発見と研究50周年)

• 月刊考古学ジャーナル (674), 17-21, 2015-09
• NAID 40020591206

• 関東地方における古墳時代の方形周溝墓 (特集 方形周溝墓 : 発見と研究50周年)

• 月刊考古学ジャーナル (674), 13-16, 2015-09
• NAID 40020591197

• 方形周溝墓の最前線 (特集 方形周溝墓 : 発見と研究50周年)

• 月刊考古学ジャーナル (674), 5-8, 2015-09
• NAID 40020591186

• 20608 湿式クラッチの摩擦材形状による流動特性の変化

• 日本機械学会関東支部総会講演会講演論文集 2015(21), "20608-1"-"20608-2", 2015-03-20
• NAID 110009948345

Related Links

• Ditch - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary

a long narrow excavation dug in the earth (as for drainage). See ditch defined for English-language learners » · See ditch defined for kids ». Examples of DITCH. He drove the car into the ditch. <after skidding on the ice, our car went right into ...

• Ditch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A ditch is usually defined as a small to moderate depression created to channel water. In Anglo-Saxon, the word dïc already existed and was pronounced "deek" in northern England and "deetch" in the south. The origins of the word lie in ...

• ditchの意味 - 英和辞書 - goo辞書

[名]水路, みぞ；どぶ；（おおいのない）掘り割り.be driven to the last ditchどたん場に 追い込まれる.die in a ditchのたれ死ぬ.die in ［at］ the last ditch力をつくして最後まで 戦う.━━[動](他)1 〈ある場所... - goo辞書は国語、英和、和英、中国語、百科事典等 から ...

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