| Chlamydia trachomatis |
|
| Chlamydia trachomatis in brown |
| Scientific classification |
| Domain: |
Bacteria |
| Phylum: |
Chlamydiae |
| Class: |
Chlamydiae |
| Order: |
Chlamydiales |
| Family: |
Chlamydiaceae |
| Genus: |
Chlamydia |
| Species: |
C. trachomatis |
| Binomial name |
Chlamydia trachomatis[1]
(Busacca 1935) Rake 1957 emend. Everett et al. 1999 |
| Synonyms |
- Rickettsia trachomae (sic) Busacca 1935
- Rickettsia trachomatis (Busacca 1935) Foley and Parrot 1937
- Chlamydozoon trachomatis (Busacca 1935) Moshkovski 1945
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Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligate intracellular human pathogen, is one of four bacterial species in the genus Chlamydia.[2] C. trachomatis is a gram-negative bacterium, therefore its cell wall components retain the counter-stain safranin and appear pink under a light microscope.[3] It can appear as either coccoid or rod shape.[4]
The inclusion bodies of Chlamydia trachomatis were first described in 1942; the Chlamydia trachomatis agent was first cultured in the yolk sacs of eggs by Professor Feifan Tang et al in 1957.[5][6]
C. trachomatis includes three human biovars:
- serovars Ab, B, Ba, or C — cause trachoma: infection of the eyes, which can lead to blindness
- serovars D-K — cause urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal pneumonia, and neonatal conjunctivitis
- serovars L1, L2 and L3 — lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV).[7]
Many, but not all, C. trachomatis strains have an extrachromosomal plasmid.[8]
Chlamydia can exchange DNA between its different strains, thus the evolution of new strains is common.[9]
Contents
- 1 Identification
- 2 Life-cycle
- 3 Clinical significance
- 4 Laboratory tests[14]
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 Further Reading
- 8 External links
Identification
Chlamydia species are readily identified and distinguished from other Chlamydia species using DNA-based tests.
Most strains of C. trachomatis are recognized by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to epitopes in the VS4 region of MOMP.[10] However, these mAbs may also cross-react with two other Chlamydia species, C. suis and C. muridarum.
Life-cycle
Clinical significance
See also: Chlamydia infection
C. trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen (i.e., the bacterium lives within human cells) and can cause numerous disease states in both men and women.[2] Both sexes can display urethritis, proctitis (rectal disease and bleeding), trachoma, and infertility. The bacterium can cause prostatitis and epididymitis in men. In women, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, and acute or chronic pelvic pain are frequent complications. Neonates born to infected mothers are also susceptible to infections of the eye (conjunctivitis) and lung.[11]
C. trachomatis is the single most important infectious agent associated with blindness (trachoma); approximately 84 million worldwide suffer C. trachomatis eye infections and 8 million are blinded as a result of the infection.[12]
Treatment
C. trachomatis may be treated with any of several bacteriostatic antibiotics: macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, etc) or tetracyclines (doxycycline, tetracycline, etc).[13]
Laboratory tests[14]
- Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT). These tests find the genetic material (DNA) of Chlamydia bacteria. These tests are the most sensitive tests available, meaning that they are very accurate and that they are very unlikely to have false-negative test results. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test is an example of a nucleic acid amplification test. This test can also be done on a urine sample.
- Nucleic acid hybridization tests (DNA probe test). A probe test also finds Chlamydia DNA. A probe test is very accurate but is not as sensitive as nucleic acid amplification tests.
- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, EIA). This quick test finds substances (Chlamydia antigens) that trigger the immune system to fight Chlamydia infection.
- Direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA). This quick test also finds Chlamydia antigens.
- Chlamydia cell culture. A test in which the suspected chlamydia sample is grown in a vial of cells. The pathogen infects the cells and after a set incubation time (48 hours) the vials are stained and viewed on a fluorescent light microscope. Cell culture is more expensive and takes longer (two days) than the other tests. The culture must be grown in a laboratory.
See also
- Chlamydial infection
- Translocated actin-recruiting phosphoprotein
References
- ^ J.P. Euzéby. "Chlamydia". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
- ^ a b Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 463–70. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
- ^ "Chlamydia". MicrobeWiki. Department of Biology, Kenyon College. 2006-08-15. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
- ^ "Chlamydia trachomatis". MicrobeWiki. Department of Biology, Kenyon College. 29 April 2011.
- ^ Darougar S, Jones BR, Kinnison JR, Vaughan-Jackson JD, Dunlop EM (December 1972). "Chlamydial infection. Advances in the diagnostic isolation of Chlamydia, including TRIC agent, from the eye, genital tract, and rectum". Br J Vener Dis 48 (6): 416–20. doi:10.1136/sti.48.6.416. PMC 1048360. PMID 4651177.
- ^ Tang FF, Huang YT, Chang HL, Wong KC (1958). "Further studies on the isolation of the trachoma virus". Acta Virol. 2 (3): 164–70. PMID 13594716.
Tang FF, Chang HL, Huang YT, Wang KC (June 1957). "Studies on the etiology of trachoma with special reference to isolation of the virus in chick embryo". Chin Med J 75 (6): 429–47. PMID 13461224.
Tang FF, Huang YT, Chang HL, Wong KC (1957). "Isolation of trachoma virus in chick embryo". J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1 (2): 109–20. PMID 13502539.
- ^ Fredlund H, Falk L, Jurstrand M, Unemo M (2004). "Molecular genetic methods for diagnosis and characterisation of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: impact on epidemiological surveillance and interventions". APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica 112 (11–12): 771–84. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2004.apm11211-1205.x. PMID 15638837.
- ^ Carlson JH, Whitmire WM, Crane DD et al. (June 2008). "The Chlamydia trachomatis Plasmid Is a Transcriptional Regulator of Chromosomal Genes and a Virulence Factor". Infection and immunity 76 (6): 2273–83. doi:10.1128/IAI.00102-08. PMC 2423098. PMID 18347045.
- ^ Harris SR, Clarke IN, Seth-Smith HM et al. (April 2012). "Whole-genome analysis of diverse Chlamydia trachomatis strains identifies phylogenetic relationships masked by current clinical typing". Nat. Genet. 44 (4): 413–9, S1. doi:10.1038/ng.2214. PMC 3378690. PMID 22406642.
- ^ Ortiz L, Angevine M, Kim SK, Watkins D, DeMars R (2000). "T-Cell Epitopes in Variable Segments of Chlamydia trachomatis Major Outer Membrane Protein Elicit Serovar-Specific Immune Responses in Infected Humans". Infect. Immun. 68 (3): 1719–23. doi:10.1128/IAI.68.3.1719-1723.2000. PMC 97337. PMID 10678996.
- ^ Pokrzywnicka, M.; Krajewski, P.; Kwiatkowska, M. (2005). "Chlamydia infections in the neonatal period". Medycyna wieku rozwojowego 9 (1): 65–69. PMID 16082067. edit
- ^ "Trachoma". Prevention of Blindness and Visual Impairment. World Health Organization.
- ^ Chlamydia Information
- ^ "Chlamydia Tests". Sexual Conditions Health Center. WebMD. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Further Reading
Bellaminutti, Serena; Seracini, Silva; De Seta, Francesco; Gheit, Tarik; Tommasino, Massimo; Comar, Manola (November 2014). "HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis Co-Detection in Young Asymptomatic Women from High Incidence Area for Cervical Cancer". Journal of Medical Virology 86 (11): 1920-1925. doi:10.1002/jmv.24041. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
External links
- Chlamydiae.com
- 342556674 at GPnotebook
- "Chlamydia trachomatis". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 813.
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Sexually transmitted diseases and infections (STD and STI) (primarily A50–A64, 090–099)
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| Bacterial |
- Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
- Chlamydia/Lymphogranuloma venereum (Chlamydia trachomatis)
- Donovanosis or Granuloma Inguinale (Klebsiella granulomatis)
- Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
- Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
- Ureaplasma infection (Ureaplasma urealyticum)
|
|
| Protozoal |
- Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)
|
|
| Parasitic |
|
|
| Viral |
- AIDS (HIV-1/HIV-2)
- Cervical cancer, vulvar cancer & Genital warts (condyloma), Penile cancer, Anal cancer (Human papillomavirus (HPV))
- Hepatitis B (Hepatitis B virus)
- Herpes simplex (HSV1/HSV2)
- Molluscum contagiosum (MCV)
|
|
General
inflammation |
- female
- Cervicitis
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- male
- Epididymitis
- Prostatitis
- either
- Proctitis
- Urethritis/Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)
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|
Index of reproductive medicine
|
|
| Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
- sex determination and differentiation
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| Disease |
- Infections
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- male
- female
- gonadal
- germ cell
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- benign prostatic hypertrophy
- erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation
- sexual dysfunction
- infection
- hormones
- androgens
- estrogens
- progestogens
- GnRH
- prolactin
- Assisted reproduction
- Birth control
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|
- Infectious diseases
- Bacterial diseases: BV4 non-proteobacterial G- (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109)
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|
| Spirochaete |
| Spirochaetaceae |
| Treponema |
- Treponema pallidum
- Treponema carateum (Pinta)
- Treponema denticola
|
|
| Borrelia |
- Borrelia burgdorferi/Borrelia afzelii
- Lyme disease
- Erythema chronicum migrans
- Neuroborreliosis
- Borrelia recurrentis (Louse borne relapsing fever)
- Borrelia hermsii/Borrelia duttoni/Borrelia parkeri (Tick borne relapsing fever)
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|
|
| Leptospiraceae |
| Leptospira |
- Leptospira interrogans (Leptospirosis)
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|
|
| Spirillaceae |
| Spirillum |
- Spirillum minus (Rat-bite fever/Sodoku)
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|
|
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| Chlamydiaceae |
| Chlamydophila |
- Chlamydophila psittaci (Psittacosis)
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae
|
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| Chlamydia |
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Chlamydia
- Lymphogranuloma venereum
- Trachoma
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|
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| Bacteroidetes |
- Bacteroides fragilis
- Tannerella forsythia
- Capnocytophaga canimorsus
- Porphyromonas gingivalis
- Prevotella intermedia
|
|
| Fusobacteria |
- Fusobacterium necrophorum (Lemierre's syndrome)
- Fusobacterium nucleatum
- Fusobacterium polymorphum
- Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat-bite fever/Haverhill fever)
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Index of bacterial disease
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| Description |
|
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| Disease |
- Gram-positive firmicutes
- Gram-positive actinobacteria
- Gram-negative proteobacteria
- Gram-negative non-proteobacteria
- Cholera
- Tuberculosis
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| Treatment |
- Antibiotics
- cell wall
- nucleic acid
- mycobacteria
- protein synthesis
- other
- Antibodies
- Vaccines
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