WordNet

utter a characteristic sound; "The cat was crying"
shed tears because of sadness, rage, or pain; "She cried bitterly when she heard the news of his death"; "The girl in the wheelchair wept with frustration when she could not get up the stairs" (同)weep
bring into a particular state by crying; "The little boy cried himself to sleep"
a loud utterance; often in protest or opposition; "the speaker was interrupted by loud cries from the rear of the audience" (同)outcry, call, yell, shout, vociferation
a loud utterance of emotion (especially when inarticulate); "a cry of rage"; "a yell of pain" (同)yell
a fit of weeping; "had a good cry"
the characteristic utterance of an animal; "animal cries filled the night"
proclaim or announce in public; "before we had newspapers, a town crier would cry the news"; "He cried his merchandise in the market square" (同)blazon out
demand immediate action; "This situation is crying for attention"
a cellar or vault or underground burial chamber (especially beneath a church)

PrepTutorEJDIC

(喜び・悲しみ・苦痛などで)『泣く』,涙を流す / 『叫ぶ』《+『out』》 / 〈鳥・獣が〉鳴く,ほえる / …‘と'『叫ぶ』,大声で言う / 〈ニュース〉'を'大声でふれ歩く;〈品物〉'を'呼び売りする / 『叫び[声];(鳥・獣の)鳴き声,ほえ声』 / 『声をあげて泣くこと』,泣き声 / (…に対する,反対する)要求,訴え《+『for』(『against』)+『名』》,(…する)要求《+『to』 do》 / 世論;スローガン,標語
地下室,(特に)教会堂の地下室(小礼拝室・納骨室に用いる)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/04 19:33:21」(JST)

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The human palatine tonsils (PT) are covered by stratified squamous epithelium that extends into deep and partly branched tonsillar crypts, of which there are about 10 to 30.^[1] The crypts greatly increase the contact surface between environmental influences and lymphoid tissue. In an average adult palatine tonsil the estimated epithelial surface area of the crypts is 295 cm², in addition to the 45 cm² of epithelium covering the oropharyngeal surface.^{[citation needed]}

The crypts extend through the full thickness of the tonsil reaching almost to its hemicapsule. In healthy tonsils the openings of the crypts are fissure-like, and the walls of the lumina are in apposition. A computerized three-dimensional reconstruction of the palatine tonsil crypt system showed that in the centre of the palatine tonsil are tightly packed ramified crypts that join with each other, while on the periphery there is a rather simple and sparse arrangement.^{[citation needed]}

The crypt system is not merely a group of invaginations of the tonsillar epithelium but a highly complicated network of canals with special types of epithelium and with various structures surrounding the canals, such as blood and lymphatic vessels and germinal centers.^{[citation needed]}

Macrophages and other white blood cells concentrate by the tonsillar crypts as well, in response to the microorganisms attracted to the crypts. Accordingly, the tonsillar crypts serve a forward sentry role for the immune system, by providing early exposure of immune system cells to infectious organisms which may be introduced into the body via food or other ingested matter.^{[citation needed]}

However, the tonsillar crypts often provide such an inviting environment to bacteria that bacterial colonies may form solidified "plugs" or "stones" within the crypts. In particular, sufferers of chronic sinusitis or post-nasal drip frequently suffer from these overgrowths of bacteria in the tonsillar crypts.^{[medical citation needed]} These small whitish plugs, termed "tonsilloliths" and sometimes known as "tonsil stones," have a foul smell and can contribute to bad breath; furthermore, they can obstruct the normal flow of pus from the crypts, and may irritate the throat (people with tonsil stones may complain of the feeling that something is stuck in their throat).^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Barnes, Leon (2000). Surgical Pathology of the Head and Neck (2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 404. ISBN 9781420002782.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における扁桃摘出：適応 tonsillectomy in adults indications
2. 扁桃の蜂巣炎および膿瘍 peritonsillar cellulitis and abscess
3. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management
4. 小児における身体的診察：HEENT the pediatric physical examination heent
5. 小児における、アデノイド切除同時施行例を含む扁桃摘出に対する麻酔 anesthesia for tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy in children

English Journal

Characterization of Epithelial Progenitors in Normal Human Palatine Tonsils and Their HPV16 E6/E7-Induced Perturbation.

Kang SY1, Kannan N2, Zhang L3, Martinez V4, Rosin MP1, Eaves CJ5.
Stem cell reports.Stem Cell Reports.2015 Dec 8;5(6):1210-25. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.09.020. Epub 2015 Oct 29.
Human palatine tonsils are oropharyngeal lymphoid tissues containing multiple invaginations (crypts) in which the continuity of the outer surface epithelium is disrupted and the isolated epithelial cells intermingle with other cell types. We now show that primitive epithelial cells detectable in vi
PMID 26527383

Markers of squamocolumnar junction cells in normal tonsils and oropharyngeal cancer with and without HPV infection.

Morbini P1, Capello GL2, Alberizzi P3, Benazzo M4, Paglino C5, Comoli P6, Pedrazzoli P5.
Histology and histopathology.Histol Histopathol.2015 Jul;30(7):833-9. doi: 10.14670/HH-11-590. Epub 2015 Feb 3.
HPV infection has been identified recently as the causative agent of a subset of squamous cell carcinomas arising in oropharyngeal tonsils. Factors influencing the susceptibility of tonsillar epithelium to HPV-induced oncogenesis are far from being elucidated. A 5-protein signature including cytoker
PMID 25644820

[Expression of EV71-VP1, PSGL-1 and SCARB2 in Tissues of Infants with Brain Stem Encephalitis].

Li M, Kong XP, Liu H, Cheng LX, Huang JL, Quan L, Wu FY, Hao B, Liu C, Luo B.
Fa yi xue za zhi.Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi.2015 Apr;31(2):97-101, 104.
OBJECTIVE: To understand the correlation of enterovirus 71 (EV71), P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), and scavenger receptor B2 (SCARB2) and to explore the possible pathway and mechanism of EV71 infection by observing the expression of EV71, PSGL-1 and SCARB2 in tissues of infants with brain
PMID 26245084

Japanese Journal

掌蹠膿疱症(PPP)における扁桃陰窩上皮細胞の解析

小柴茂,氷見徹夫
口腔・咽頭科 = Stomato-pharyngology 24(1), 91-96, 2011-03-31
NAID 10028176544

掌蹠膿疱症（ＰＰＰ）における扁桃陰窩上皮細胞の解析

小柴茂,氷見徹夫
口腔・咽頭科 24(1), 91-96, 2011
掌蹠膿疱症 (PPP) 患者36例と反復性扁桃炎 (RT) 患者36例の扁桃組織を抗ケラチン抗体を用いて免疫染色し, リンパ上皮共生部 (lympho-epithelial symbiosis: LES) における扁桃陰窩上皮の構造を比較した. はじめにLESが拡大する際にみられる扁桃陰窩上皮が胚中心 (Germinal center) を全周性に取り囲む所見をCLG (Circular lymp …
NAID 130004553112

へん桃炎の治療指針について　　ＩｇＡ腎症に対するへん桃摘出術の適応基準

赤木博文,西崎和則
口腔・咽頭科 17(2), 197-204, 2005
IgA腎症は, 腎糸球体にIgAを主体とした沈着物を認める慢性糸球体腎炎である.扁桃摘出術が腎生存率を向上させるという多くのエビデンスが蓄積されている.IgA腎症の重症度分類は, 腎病理組織所見から行うのがよいと考える.扁桃摘出術の適応は, 腎生検によってIgA腎症を確定診断し, 重症度分類 (腎病理組織障害度) で予後比較的不良群までのI, II, III群, および血清クレアチニン値2.0mg …
NAID 130004844590

「扁桃陰窩」

Tonsillar crypts
	Low-power microscope magnification of a cross-section through one of the tonsillar crypts (running diagonally) as it opens onto the surface of the throat (at the top). Stratified epithelium (e) covers the throat's surface and continues as a lining of the crypt. Beneath the surface are numerous nodules (f) of lymphoid tissue. Many lymph cells (dark-colored region) pass from the nodules toward the surface and will eventually mix with the saliva as salivary corpuscles (s).
Details
Identifiers
Latin	cryptae tonsillares
TA	A05.2.01.015
FMA	76579
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]