治療活性、(人間の)治療活動

WordNet

any specific behavior; "they avoided all recreational activity"
(chemistry) the capacity of a substance to take part in a chemical reaction; "catalytic activity"
relating to or involved in therapy; "therapeutic approach to criminality" (同)therapeutical
branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『活動』,働き;活力 / 《しばしば複数形で》(種々の)『活動』,行事;(学生の)学内(外)活動,クラブ活動 / 〈U〉(商況・市場などの)活発,活気
治療[上]の
治療学

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/14 09:29:09」(JST)

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For other uses, see Therapy (disambiguation).

Therapy (in Greek: θεραπεία), or Treatment, is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a diagnosis. In the medical field, it is synonymous with the word "treatment". Among psychologists, the term may refer specifically to psychotherapy or "talk therapy".

Preventive therapy or prophylactic therapy is a treatment that is intended to prevent a medical condition from occurring. For example, many vaccines prevent infectious diseases. An abortive therapy is a treatment that is intended to stop a medical condition from progressing any further. A medication taken at the earliest signs of a disease, such as at the very symptoms of a migraine headache, is an abortive therapy.

A supportive therapy is one that does not treat or improve the underlying condition, but instead increases the patient's comfort.^[1] Supportive treatment may be used in palliative care.

Overtreatment is an overutilization, a treatment that is unnecessary or disproportionate to the situation. For example, the treatment of a condition that causes no symptoms and will go away on its own is overtreatment. Similarly, extensive treatment for a condition that could be remedied with very limited treatment is overtreatment. Overtreatment may be caused by overdiagnosis, the identification of harmless abnormalities.

Adverse effects

Main articles: Adverse drug reaction and Adverse effect

In addition to (or in place of) the intended therapeutic effect of a treatment, a therapist may cause undesired (adverse) effects as well. When an adverse effect is weaker than the therapeutic effect, one commonly speaks of a "side effect".

An adverse effect may result from an unsuitable or incorrect dosage or procedure (which could be due to medical error). Some adverse effects occur only when starting, increasing or discontinuing a treatment. Using a drug or other medical intervention which is contraindicated may increase the risk of adverse effects. Patients sometimes quit a therapy because of its adverse effects. The severity of adverse effects ranges from nausea to death. Common adverse effects include alteration in body weight, change in enzyme levels, loss of function, or pathological change detected at the microscopic, macroscopic or physiological level.

Adverse effects may cause a reversible or irreversible change, including an increase or decrease in the susceptibility of the individual to other chemicals, foods, or procedures (e.g. drug interaction).

Difference between preventions, treatments, and cures

A prevention or preventive measure is a way to avoid an injury, sickness, or disease in the first place, and generally it will not help someone who is already ill (though there are exceptions). For instance, many babies in developed countries are given a polio vaccination soon after they are born, which prevents them from contracting polio. But the vaccination does not work on patients who already have polio. A treatment or cure is applied after a medical problem has already started.

A treatment treats a problem, and may lead to its cure, but treatments often ameliorate a problem only for as long as the treatment is continued, especially in chronic diseases. For example, there is no cure for AIDS, but treatments are available to slow down the harm done by HIV and delay the fatality of the disease. Treatments don't always work. For example, chemotherapy is a treatment for some types of cancer. In some cases, chemotherapy may cause a cure, but not in all cases for all cancers. When nothing can be done to stop or improve a medical condition, beyond efforts to make the patient more comfortable, the condition is said to be untreatable. Some untreatable conditions naturally resolve on their own; others do not.

Cures are a subset of treatments that reverse illnesses completely or end medical problems permanently. Many diseases that cannot be cured are still treatable.

Types of therapies

By therapy composition

Treatments can be classified according to the method of treatment:

by matter

by drug: pharmacotherapy, chemotherapy, mesotherapy
by medical device
by gene: gene therapy
by gold: chrysotherapy (aurotherapy)
by hormone: hormone therapy
by organism: biotherapy
- by virus: virotherapy
- by bacteriophage: phage therapy
- by maggot: maggot therapy
by ozone: ozonotherapy
by salt: speleotherapy
by serum: serotherapy
by water: hydrotherapy

by energy

by electric energy
- by electricity: electrotherapy
- by electromagnetic radiation: electromagnetic therapy
- by magnetic energy: magnet therapy
by light: phototherapy
by mechanical: manual therapy as massotherapy & therapy by exercise as in physiotherapy
- by sound: Cymatic therapy, music therapy
by radiation: radiotherapy
by temperature
- by heat: thermotherapy
- by cold: cryotherapy

by human interaction

by counseling, such as psychotherapy
by education
by physical therapy/occupational therapy, massage therapy, or acupuncture
by lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding unhealthy food or maintaining a predictable sleep schedule

by meditation

First or second line

Treatment decisions often follow formal or informal algorithmic guidelines. A first-line therapy (sometimes called induction therapy or primary therapy)^[2] is usually recommended on the basis of clinical evidence for its efficacy in the population at large.^{[citation needed]} If a first-line therapy either fails to resolve the issue or produces intolerable side effects, additional agents (second-line therapies) may be substituted or added to the treatment regimen.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ "CFIDS". CFIDS. http://www.cfids.org/about-cfids/supportive-therapy.asp. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
^ National Cancer Institute > Dictionary of Cancer Terms > first-line therapy Retrieved July 2010

UpToDate Contents

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4. 乳癌治療後の患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient following treatment for breast cancer
5. 小児および思春期における身体活動および筋力トレーニング：概要 physical activity and strength training in children and adolescents an overview

English Journal

Cultivar variations in antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic properties of pomelo pulp (Citrus grandis [L.] Osbeck) in Thailand.

Mäkynen K, Jitsaardkul S, Tachasamran P, Sakai N, Puranachoti S, Nirojsinlapachai N, Chattapat V, Caengprasath N, Ngamukote S, Adisakwattana S.SourceResearch Group of Herbal Medicine for Prevention and Therapeutic of Metabolic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; The Medical Food Research and Development Center, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Aug 15;139(1-4):735-43. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.017. Epub 2013 Feb 16.
Pomelo (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) is a native fruit of great economic importance in Southeast Asia. To provide experimental evidence for the antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic properties of pomelo, 6 cultivars, including Kao-Yai (KY), Thong-dee (TD), Kao-Tangkwa (KT), Kao-Numpueng (KN), Ta-Koi (TK),
PMID 23561168

Leukocyte trafficking mechanisms in epilepsy.

Fabene PF, Laudanna C, Constantin G.SourceDepartment of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, Section of Anatomy, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy. Electronic address: paolo.fabene@univr.it.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2013 Aug;55(1):100-4. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.12.009. Epub 2013 Jan 23.
Epilepsy is a chronic disorder that affects 1% of the world population and is characterized by chronically reoccurring seizures. Seizures are initiated by abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Epilepsy requires life long anti-convulsant therapy and current therapies for e
PMID 23351392

Sterically stabilized gelatin microassemblies of noscapine enhance cytotoxicity, apoptosis and drug delivery in lung cancer cells.

Madan J, Pandey RS, Jain UK, Katare OP, Aneja R, Katyal A.SourceDepartment of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Panjab, India. Electronic address: jitenderpharmacy@gmail.com.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces.2013 Jul 1;107:235-44. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.02.010. Epub 2013 Feb 24.
Noscapine, recently identified as anticancer due to its microtubule-modulating properties. It is presently in Phase I/II clinical trials. The therapeutic efficacy of noscapine has been established in several xenograft models. Its pharmacokinetic limitations such as low bioavailability and high ED50
PMID 23502046

Japanese Journal

Sphingosine-1-phosphate as a mediator involved in development of fibrotic diseases

Takuwa Yoh,Ikeda Hitoshi,Okamoto Yasuo,Takuwa Noriko,Yoshioka Kazuaki
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1831(1), 185-192, 2013-01
… The cross-talks include the regulation of S1P production through altered expression and activity of sphingosine kinases in fibrotic lesions, altered expression of S1P receptors, and S1P receptor-mediated transactivation of TGFβ signaling pathway. … The lysophospholipid signaling pathways represent novel, promising therapeutic targets for treating refractory fibrotic diseases. …
NAID 120004966619

Laminin E8 fragments support efficient adhesion and expansion of dissociated human pluripotent stem cells

Miyazaki Takamichi,Futaki Sugiko,Suemori Hirofumi,Taniguchi Yukimasa,Yamada Masashi,Kawasaki Miwa,Hayashi Maria,Kumagai Hideaki,Nakatsuji Norio,Sekiguchi Kiyotoshi,Kawase Eihachiro
Nature communications 3, 2012-12-04
… Here we show that recombinant E8 fragments of laminin isoforms (LM-E8s), which are the minimum fragments conferring integrin-binding activity, promote greater adhesion of hESCs and hiPSCs than do Matrigel and intact laminin isoforms. … This culture system allows robust proliferation of hESCs and hiPSCs for therapeutic applications. …
NAID 120005025430

Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in physiology and diseases

Takuwa Yoh,Okamoto Yasuo,Yoshioka Kazuaki,Takuwa Noriko
BioFactors 38(5), 329-337, 2012-09
… These interactions of S1P regulate NF-κB activity and gene expression, respectively. … Development of S1P receptor agonists and antagonists with improved receptor subtype-selectivity, inhibitors, or modulators of sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes, and their optimal drug delivery system provide novel therapeutic tactics. …
NAID 120004966620