WordNet

of this earth or world; "temporal joys"; "our temporal existence"
not eternal; "temporal matters of but fleeting moment"- F.D.Roosevelt
of or relating to or limited by time; "temporal processing"; "temporal dimensions"; "temporal and spacial boundaries"; "music is a temporal art"
of or relating to the temples (the sides of the skull behind the orbit); "temporal bone"
form a pattern; "These sentences pattern like the ones we studied before"
a model considered worthy of imitation; "the American constitution has provided a pattern for many republics"
make light, rapid and repeated sounds; "gently pattering rain" (同)pitter-patter
a quick succession of light rapid sounds; "the patter of mice"; "the patter of tiny feet"
having patterns (especially colorful patterns)

PrepTutorEJDIC

時の,時間の / この世の,現世の;俗界の / 一時的な,はかない
こめかみの
(壁紙・織物などの)『模様』,柄,デザイン / 『模範』,手本 / 『原型』,ひな型 / (行動・性資の)『型』,様式パターン / (…の型)・手本に従って)…‘を'型どる,作る,まねる《+『名』+『upon』(『on, after』)+『名』》 / …‘を'模様をつける
〈雨などが〉パラパラ降る / 〈子供・動物などが〉パタパタ走る / (…の)パラパラ(パタパタ)イウ音《+『of』+『名』》
《時にa~》早口ぺらぺらしゃべること…早口のせりふ / おしゃべり,むだ話 / (ある職業・階級の)仲間言葉,符ちょう / 早口に話す,ぺらぺらしゃべる / 〈祈り・詩など〉‘を'早口に唱える

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/16 21:02:40」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Computer simulation of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, which has non-equilibrium thermodynamics

Spatialtemporal patterns are patterns that occur in a wide range of natural phenoma and are characterized by a spatial and a temporal patterning. The general rules of pattern formation hold. In contrast to "static", pure spatial patterns, the full complexity of spatiotemporal patterns can only be recognized over time. Any kind of traveling wave is a good example of a spatiotemporal pattern. Besides the shape and amplitude of the wave (spatial part), its time-varying position (and possibly shape) in space is an essential part of the entire pattern.

Exception or rule?

The distinction between spatial and spatio-temporal patterns in nature is not clear-cut because a static, invariable pattern will never occur in the strict sense. Even rock formations will slowly change on a time-scale of 10,000s up millions of years, therefore the distinction lies in the time scale of change in relation to human experience. Already the snapshot state of a dune will usually be taken as an example of a purely spatial pattern although this is clearly not the case. It is thus apt to say that spatiotemporal patterns in nature are the rule rather than the exception.

Physics

Many hydrodynamical systems show s.t. pattern formation:

Rayleigh-Bénard convection
Taylor-Couette flow
Liquid crystal instabilities

Chemistry

Any type of reaction-diffusion system that produces spatial patterns will also, due to the time-dependency of both reactions and diffusion, produce spatiotemporal patterns.

Biology

Neurobiology

Neural networks, both artificial and natural, produce a virtually unbounded variety of s.t. patterns, both in sensory perception, learning, thinking and reasoning as well as in spontaneous activity. It has for example been demonstrated that spiral waves, signatures of many excitable systems can occur in neocortical preparations.^[1]

Communication

All communication, language, relies on spatiotemporal encoding of information, producing and transmitting sound variations or any type of signal i.e. single building blocks of information that are varied over time. -Even though written language appears to exist only as a (2D) spatial concatenation of letters - strings, it must be decoded sequentially over time. Any kind of language that is understood by organisms is thus eventually a transcoding of neural s.t. signals and will - in successful communication - evoke similar patterns of neural activity in the recipient as they existed in the sender. For example, the warning call of a bird when it perceives a predator will produce a similar type and degree of alarmedness (eventually a certain kind of neural activity pattern) in other individuals even though they have not yet seen or heard the potential attacker.

Even artificial languages, e.g. computer languages, are not read and interpreted in one step, but sequentially, thus, their meaningfully arranged vocabulary (e.g. "computer code") can be seen as a s.t. pattern.

Genetics

As a particular type of language, the "static" (neglecting random transcription errors, recombination and mutation) DNA and its transcription pattern over time yields biologically essential s.t. patterns. Gene regulatory networks are responsible for regulation the time course of gene expression level which can be analyzed using expression profiling.

Literature

Daniel Walgraef (2012). Spatio-Temporal Pattern Formation: With Examples from Physics, Chemistry, and Materials Science. ISBN 9781461218500.

References

^ Xiaoying Huang, William C. Troy, Qian Yang, Hongtao Ma, Carlo R. Laing, Steven J. Schiff, and Jian-Young Wu (November 3, 2004). "Spiral Waves in Disinhibited Mammalian Neocortex". J Neurosci. 24 (44): 9897–9902. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2705-04.2004. PMC 4413915. PMID 15525774.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 痙攣発作およびてんかんの病態生理 pathophysiology of seizures and epilepsy
2. Localization-related (focal) epilepsy: Causes and clinical features
3. 女性型脱毛症（女性のアンドロゲン性脱毛症）：病態、臨床的特徴および診断 female pattern hair loss androgenetic alopecia in women pathogenesis clinical features and diagnosis
4. 巨細胞（側頭）動脈炎の診断 diagnosis of giant cell temporal arteritis
5. 成人におけるてんかんの外科的治療 surgical treatment of epilepsy in adults

English Journal

Study of temporal trends in mercury concentrations in the primary flight feathers of Strix aluco.

Varela Z1, García-Seoane R2, Fernández JA2, Carballeira A2, Aboal JR2.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2016 Aug;130:199-206. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.04.006. Epub 2016 Apr 26.
Temporal trends in Hg concentrations were determined in the primary flight feathers of 146 specimens of Strix aluco which had died in various Wildlife Recovery Centres in Galicia (NW Spain) between 1997 and 2014. The aim of the study was to determine whether standardization of a primary flight feath
PMID 27123972

Preferential tumor cellular uptake and retention of indocyanine green for in vivo tumor imaging.

Onda N1,2, Kimura M2, Yoshida T2, Shibutani M2.
International journal of cancer.Int J Cancer.2016 Aug 1;139(3):673-82. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30102. Epub 2016 Apr 4.
Indocyanine green (ICG) is a fluorescent agent approved for clinical applications by the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. This study examined the mechanism of tumor imaging using intravenously administered ICG. The in vivo kinetics of intravenously administered ICG were de
PMID 27006261

Spatial and temporal dynamics of visual search tasks distinguish subtypes of unilateral spatial neglect: Comparison of two cases with viewer-centered and stimulus-centered neglect.

Mizuno K1,2,3, Kato K4, Tsuji T1, Shindo K1,3, Kobayashi Y1,5, Liu M1.
Neuropsychological rehabilitation.Neuropsychol Rehabil.2016 Aug;26(4):610-34. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2015.1051547. Epub 2015 Jun 10.
We developed a computerised test to evaluate unilateral spatial neglect (USN) using a touchscreen display, and estimated the spatial and temporal patterns of visual search in USN patients. The results between a viewer-centered USN patient and a stimulus-centered USN patient were compared. Two right-
PMID 26059555