WordNet

remove the stalk of fruits or berries
any projection that resembles the tail of an animal (同)tail_end
the rear part of an aircraft (同)tail assembly, empennage
(usually plural) the reverse side of a coin that does not bear the representation of a persons head
the posterior part of the body of a vertebrate especially when elongated and extending beyond the trunk or main part of the body
a spy employed to follow someone and report their movements (同)shadow, shadower
a protective covering (as for a knife or sword)
an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part (同)case
protective covering consisting, for example, of a layer of boards applied to the studs and joists of a building to strengthen it and serve as a foundation for a weatherproof exterior (同)overlay, overlayer
enclosed in a protective covering; sometimes used in combination; "his sheathed sword"; "the cats sheathed claws"; "a ships bottom sheathed in copper"; "copper-sheathed"
having a tail of a specified kind; often used in combination

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『尾』,しっぽ / 〈C〉『尾に似た物』;(飛行機・車の)尾部 / 〈C〉(…の)『後部』,末端,終り(底)の部分《+of+名》 / 〈C〉コインの裏側 / 《複数形で》燕尾(えんび)服(tail coat) / 〈C〉《俗》しり,けつ / 〈C〉《俗》尾行者 / …‘に'尾をつける / 《話》〈人〉‘を'尾行する / 〈物・音が〉しだいに減ってゆく,消えてゆく《+away(off, out)》
(刀などの)さや / (動・植物のある部分をおおう)さや;(ケーブルの)鎧装(がいそう)など・体にぴったり合った女性の衣服
さやに納めること / おおい,被覆

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1. 硬膜内神経鞘腫 intradural nerve sheath tumors
2. 頭皮、頸部および胴部の神経ブロック：手技 nerve blocks of the scalp neck and trunk techniques
3. 腹直筋血腫 rectus sheath hematoma
4. 膵体および膵体尾部病変の外科的切除 surgical resection of lesions of the body and tail of the pancreas
5. 超音波内視鏡ガイド下でのtru-cut針を使用した生検 endoscopic ultrasound guided trucut biopsy

English Journal

Promotion of spinal cord axon regeneration by 3D nanofibrous core-sheath scaffolds.

Zamani F, Amani-Tehran M, Latifi M, Shokrgozar MA, Zaminy A.Author information Department of Textile Engineering, Textile Research and Excellence Centers, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.AbstractSince spinal cord injury is a complicated problem, neural tissue repair, and regeneration strategies have received a great deal of attention. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) nanofibrous core-sheath scaffold with nanorough sheath and aligned core were fabricated by a combined electrospinning method with water vortex and two-nozzle system. In vitro and in vivo biological tests were carried out on the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds. The cell morphology and proliferation evaluation of nerve cells on 3D PLGA scaffolds were studied. Cells were properly orientated along the aligned fiber direction of the scaffold. In animal studies, adult rats received a complete lateral hemisection at the T9-T10 level. Scaffolds were engrafted to bridge 3 mm defects of 10 adult rat spinal cords; 10 rats were used as controls. For 8 weeks, motor and sensory recovery by open field locomotor scale, narrow beam and tail flick tests were assessed. Locomotor and sensory scores of grafted animals were significantly better than the control group. Histological findings demonstrated that the scaffold supports the axonal regeneration of injured spinal cords and regenerating axons were seen to enter the graft and extend along its length.
Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.J Biomed Mater Res A.2014 Feb;102(2):506-13. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.34703. Epub 2013 Aug 7.
Since spinal cord injury is a complicated problem, neural tissue repair, and regeneration strategies have received a great deal of attention. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) nanofibrous core-sheath scaffold with nanorough sheath and aligned core were fabricated by a combined electrospinning
PMID 23533050

Type VI secretion and bacteriophage tail tubes share a common assembly pathway.

Brunet YR, Hénin J, Celia H, Cascales E.Author information Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée CNRS - UMR 7255 Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.AbstractThe Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a widespread macromolecular structure that delivers protein effectors to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic recipient cells. The current model describes the T6SS as an inverted phage tail composed of a sheath-like structure wrapped around a tube assembled by stacked Hcp hexamers. Although recent progress has been made to understand T6SS sheath assembly and dynamics, there is no evidence that Hcp forms tubes in vivo. Here we show that Hcp interacts with TssB, a component of the T6SS sheath. Using a cysteine substitution approach, we demonstrate that Hcp hexamers assemble tubes in an ordered manner with a head-to-tail stacking that are used as a scaffold for polymerization of the TssB/C sheath-like structure. Finally, we show that VgrG but not TssB/C controls the proper assembly of the Hcp tubular structure. These results highlight the conservation in the assembly mechanisms between the T6SS and the bacteriophage tail tube/sheath.
EMBO reports.EMBO Rep.2014 Jan 31. [Epub ahead of print]
The Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a widespread macromolecular structure that delivers protein effectors to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic recipient cells. The current model describes the T6SS as an inverted phage tail composed of a sheath-like structure wrapped around a tube assembled by stack
PMID 24488256

A View to a Kill: The Bacterial Type VI Secretion System.

Ho BT1, Dong TG1, Mekalanos JJ2.Author information 1Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.2Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: john_mekalanos@hms.harvard.edu.AbstractThe bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) is an organelle that is structurally and mechanistically analogous to an intracellular membrane-attached contractile phage tail. Recent studies determined that a rapid conformational change in the structure of a sheath protein complex propels T6SS spike and tube components along with antibacterial and antieukaryotic effectors out of predatory T6SS(+) cells and into prey cells. The contracted organelle is then recycled in an ATP-dependent process. T6SS is regulated at transcriptional and posttranslational levels, the latter involving detection of membrane perturbation in some species. In addition to directly targeting eukaryotic cells, the T6SS can also target other bacteria coinfecting a mammalian host, highlighting the importance of the T6SS not only for bacterial survival in environmental ecosystems, but also in the context of infection and disease. This review highlights these and other advances in our understanding of the structure, mechanical function, assembly, and regulation of the T6SS.
Cell host & microbe.Cell Host Microbe.2014 Jan 15;15(1):9-21. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.11.008. Epub 2013 Dec 11.
The bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) is an organelle that is structurally and mechanistically analogous to an intracellular membrane-attached contractile phage tail. Recent studies determined that a rapid conformational change in the structure of a sheath protein complex propels T6SS spike
PMID 24332978

Japanese Journal

Rapid microcystis cyanophage gene diversification revealed by long- and short-term genetic analyses of the tail sheath gene in a natural pond.

Kimura Shigeko,Sako Yoshihiko,Yoshida Takashi
Applied and environmental microbiology 79(8), 2789-2795, 2013-04
… Here, to determine the phage gene diversification throughout the coevolution of host and phage in a natural environment, we investigated the genetic diversity and temporal changes in Microcystis cyanophage populations using a total of 810 sequences of the Ma-LMM01-type cyanophage tail sheath gene (g91) from 2006 to 2011 in a natural pond. …
NAID 120005244665

Diurnal infection patterns and impact of Microcystis cyanophages in a Japanese pond.

Kimura Shigeko,Yoshida Takashi,Hosoda Naohiko,Honda Takashi,Kuno Sotaro,Kamiji Rikae,Hashimoto Ryoya,Sako Yoshihiko
Applied and environmental microbiology 78(16), 5805-5811, 2012-08
… Here we investigated the infection pattern of Microcystis cyanophage by following the abundances of the Ma-LMM01-type phage tail sheath gene g91 and its transcript in a natural population. …
NAID 120004873991

Overview of Studies on <I>Bacillus subtilis</I> (<I>natto</I>) Bacteriophages and the Prospects

NAGAI Toshirou
Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ 46(4), 305-310, 2012
… A phage JNDMP (Group I) has a head (diameter, 60 nm) and a flexible tail (7 × 200 nm) and requires magnesium ions for propagation. … A virulent phage ONPA (Group II) has a head (diameter, 89 nm) and a contractile tail (9 × 200 nm) with a sheath (width, 23 nm) and requires no additional magnesium ions for propagation. …
NAID 130002147998