WordNet

systematic combining of root and modifying elements into single words
a compound made artificially by chemical reactions (同)synthetic substance
involving or of the nature of synthesis (combining separate elements to form a coherent whole) as opposed to analysis; "limnology is essentially a synthetic science composed of elements...that extend well beyond the limits of biology"- P.S.Welch (同)synthetical
of a proposition whose truth value is determined by observation or facts; "`all men are arrogant is a synthetic proposition" (同)synthetical
not genuine or natural; "counterfeit rhetoric that flourishes when passions are synthetic"- George Will
having cleansing power (同)detersive
a surface-active chemical widely used in industry and laundering
a cleansing agent that differs from soap but can also emulsify oils and hold dirt in suspension
wipe away; to wash off or out, cleanse; chiefly in medical use: to clear away foul matter from the body; "This drug is powerful enough to deterge"

PrepTutorEJDIC

総合の,統合的な / 合成の,人造の / にせの,作りごとの / (言語が)総合的な(統語的関係を表すのに,独立した語より屈折形を広く用いるもの) / 合成品,人造物
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/30 19:49:34」(JST)

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For other uses, see Detergent (disambiguation).

Detergents

A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning properties in dilute solutions."^[1] These substances are usually alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard water, because the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxyl (of soap) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water. In most household contexts, the term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent or dish detergent, as opposed to hand soap or other types of cleaning agents. Detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions. Detergents, like soaps, work because they are amphiphilic: partly hydrophilic (polar) and partly hydrophobic (non-polar). Their dual nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds (like oil and grease) with water. Because air is not hydrophilic, detergents are also foaming agents to varying degrees.

Chemical classification of detergents[edit]

Detergents are classified into three broad groupings, depending on the electrical charge of the surfactants.

Anionic detergents[edit]

Typical anionic detergents are alkylbenzenesulfonates. The alkylbenzene portion of these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic. Two different varieties have been popularized, those with branched alkyl groups and those with linear alkyl groups. The former were largely phased out in economically advanced societies because they are poorly biodegradable.^[2] An estimated 6 billion kilograms of anionic detergents are produced annually for domestic markets.

Bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid (DOC), are anionic detergents produced by the liver to aid in digestion and absorption of fats and oils.

Three kinds of anionic detergents: a branched sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, linear sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and a soap.

Cationic detergents[edit]

Cationic detergents are similar to the anionic ones, with a hydrophobic component, but, instead of the anionic sulfonate group, the cationic surfactants have quaternary ammonium as the polar end. The ammonium center is positively charged.^[2]

Non-ionic and zwitterionic detergents[edit]

Non-ionic detergents are characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic headgroups. Typical non-ionic detergents are based on polyoxyethylene or a glycoside. Common examples of the former include Tween, Triton, and the Brij series. These materials are also known as ethoxylates or PEGylates. Glycosides have a sugar as their uncharged hydrophilic headgroup. Examples include octyl thioglucoside and maltosides. HEGA and MEGA series detergents are similar, possessing a sugar alcohol as headgroup.

Zwitterionic detergents possess a net zero charge arising from the presence of equal numbers of +1 and −1 charged chemical groups. Examples include CHAPS.

See surfactants for more applications.

Major applications of detergents[edit]

Laundry detergents[edit]

Main article: laundry detergent

One of the largest applications of detergents is for washing clothes. The formulations are complex, reflecting the diverse demands of the application and the highly competitive consumer market. In general, laundry detergents contain water softeners, surfactants, bleach, enzymes, brighteners, fragrances, and many other agents. The formulation is strongly affected by the temperature of the cleaning water and varies from country to country.

Fuel additives[edit]

Both carburetors and fuel injector components of Otto engines benefit from detergents in the fuels to prevent fouling. Concentrations are about 300 ppm. Typical detergents are long-chain amines and amides such as polyisobuteneamine and polyisobuteneamide/succinimide.^[3]

Biological Reagent[edit]

Reagent grade detergents are employed for the isolation and purification of integral membrane proteins found in biological cells. Advancements in the purity and sophistication of detergents have facilitated structural and biophysical characterization of important membrane proteins such as ion channels,^[4] transporters, signaling receptors, and photosystem II.^[5]

Soapless soap[edit]

Soapless soap refers to a soapfree liquid cleanser with a slightly acidic pH.^[6] Soapless soaps are used in an array of products.

Borax-based washing detergent

References[edit]

^ "IUPAC Gold Book - detergent". Goldbook.iupac.org. 2012-08-19. Retrieved 2013-01-12.
^ ^a ^b Eduard Smulders, Wolfgang Rybinski, Eric Sung, Wilfried Rähse, Josef Steber, Frederike Wiebel, Anette Nordskog, "Laundry Detergents" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_315.pub2
^ Werner Dabelstein, Arno Reglitzky, Andrea Schütze, Klaus Reders "Automotive Fuels" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheimdoi:10.1002/14356007.a16_719.pub2
^ Doyle DA, Morais Cabral J, Pfuetzner RA, Kuo A, Gulbis JM, Cohen SL, Chait BT, MacKinnon R (1998). "The structure of the potassium channel: molecular basis of K+conduction and selectivity". Science 280(5360): 69–77
^ Yasufumi Umena, Keisuke Kawakami, Jian-Ren Shen & Nobuo Kamiya. Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 A. Nature 2011; 473: 55–60. doi:10.1038/nature09913
^ Tyebkhan G (2002). "Skin cleansing in neonates and infants-basics of cleansers". Indian J Pediatr 69 (9): 767–9. doi:10.1007/BF02723687. PMID 12420908.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Detergents.

About.com: How Do Detergents Clean
Detergents and Surfactants
Campbell tips for detergents chemistry, surfactants, and history related to laundry washing, destaining methods and soil.

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English Journal

Conformational changes induced by detergents during the refolding of chemically denatured cysteine protease ppEhCP-B9 from Entamoeba histolytica.

Zamudio-Prieto O1, Benítez-Cardoza C2, Arroyo R3, Ortega-López J4.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2014 Jul;1844(7):1299-306. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.04.009. Epub 2014 Apr 24.
EhCP-B9, a cysteine protease (CP) involved in Entamoeba histolytica virulence, is a potential target for disease diagnosis and drug design. After purification from inclusion bodies produced in Escherichia coli, the recombinant EhCP-B9 precursor (ppEhCP-B9) can be refolded using detergents as artific
PMID 24769005

Occurrence of preservatives and antimicrobials in Japanese rivers.

Kimura K1, Kameda Y2, Yamamoto H3, Nakada N4, Tamura I5, Miyazaki M6, Masunaga S7.
Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2014 Jul;107:393-9. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.008. Epub 2014 Feb 18.
We established a method for the simultaneous analysis of seven preservatives and five antimicrobials in water. These chemicals are widely used in cosmetics, and their presence in river water is of concern. We used the method to test 13 sites in Japanese rivers and streams contaminated by domestic wa
PMID 24556546

Chemometrics quality assessment of wastewater treatment plant effluents using physicochemical parameters and UV absorption measurements.

Platikanov S1, Rodriguez-Mozaz S2, Huerta B2, Barceló D3, Cros J4, Batle M4, Poch G5, Tauler R6.
Journal of environmental management.J Environ Manage.2014 Jul 1;140:33-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.03.006. Epub 2014 Apr 12.
Chemometric techniques like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS) are used to explore, analyze and model relationships among different water quality parameters in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Different data sets generated by laboratory analysis and by a
PMID 24726963

Japanese Journal

Use of cassette-electrode microbial fuel cell for wastewater treatment(ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Miyahara Morio,Hashimoto Kazuhito,Watanabe Kazuya
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 115(2), 176-181, 2013-02
… The present study modified CE-MFC for its application to wastewater treatment and examined its utility in a long-term (240 days) experiment to treat a synthetic wastewater, containing starch, yeast extract, peptone, plant oil, and a detergent (approximately 500 mg of total chemical oxygen demand [COD] per liter). …
NAID 110009592567

Molecular Characterization and Surfactant Utilization of Scolecobasidium Isolates from Detergent-Rich Indoor Environments

ABE NIICHIRO,HAMADA NOBUO
Biocontrol science 16(4), 139-147, 2011-12-10
… <I>Scolecobasidium</I>, generally found in outdoor samples, were isolated from detergent-rich indoor environments. … isolates from detergent-rich indoor environments were examined to find the genetic and biological differences between the indoor and outdoor isolates. … could utilize both surfactants generally included in soaps or synthetic detergents as nutrients. …
NAID 10030447651

C11 洗濯用洗剤をつかったルミネセンス教材 : 身近な素材を活用した電磁気系教材の開発

中野寛之,佐伯平二,一柳勝宏,森豪
日本理科教育学会東海支部大会研究発表要旨集 (57), C11, 2011-11-26
身近な素材を活用した電磁気系ハンズオン教材の開発を行っている。その中で今回は、洗濯用合成洗剤を使ったルミネセンス(蛍光)教材の開発を行った。本研究では、洗濯用洗剤から簡便に蛍光成分を抽出する方法を見出し、その蛍光液をつかった教材への活用を検討した。開発した蛍光インクや蛍光スライムの作製方法を示すとともに、実際にそれらの教材を用いた教員研修の事例を紹介する。
NAID 110009630767